Selva Vida De La Destruccion De La Amazonia Al Paradigma De La Regeneracion

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Selva Vida De La Destruccion De La Amazonia Al Paradigma De La Regeneracion p SELVA VIDA DE LA DESTRUCCION DE LA AMAZONIA AL PARADIGMA DE LA REGENERACION coordinadores Stefano Varese – Frédérique Apffel-Marglin – Roger Rumrrill SELVA VIDA DE LA DESTRUCCION DE LA AMAZONIA AL PARADIGMA DE LA REGENERACION Stefano Varese Coordinación Frédérique Apffel-Marglin Róger Rumrrill – Grupo Internacional de Trabajo sobre Asuntos Indígenas, IWGIA – Programa Universitario México Nación Multicultural – Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México – CASA, Fondo Editorial Casa de las Américas SELVA VIDA DE LA DESTRUCCION DE LA AMAZONIA AL PARADIGMA DE LA REGENERACION Stefano Varese; Frédérique Apffel-Marglin; Róger Rumrrill (coordinadores) © Frédérique Apffel-Marglin; Róger Rumrrill; Stefano Varese, 2013 Diseño gráfico: Jorge Monrás Producción editorial: Alejandro Parellada Traducción castellana de los ensayos de Apffel-Marglin, Bodley, Denevan y Hvalkof: Abby Corbett Revisión final del castellano: Bárbara Galindo Rodrigues Marcos y Stefano Varese Ilustración de portada: Rember Yahuarcani L. Hecho el Depósito Legal en la Biblioteca Nacional del Perú Catalogación Huridocs (CIP) Título: Selva Vida: de la destrucción de la Amazonía al paradigma de la regeneración Autores: Fréderique Apffel-Marglin; Stefano Varese; Guillermo Delgado P.; Róger Rumrill; Alexandre Surrallés; Alberto Chirif; John Bodley; William M. Denevan; Søren Hvalkof; Nemesio Rodriguez Mitchel ISBN: 978-87-92786-37-1 Idioma: castellano Index: 1. Pueblos Indígenas – 2. Movimiento indígena Área Geográfica: América Latina Editorial: IWGIA Fecha de publicación: octubre de 2013 Este libro ha sido posible gracias al apoyo del Centro Sachamama para la Regeneración Biocultural, Lamas, Perú y del Indigenous Research Center of the Americas, Universidad de California, Davis. GRUPO INTERNACIONAL DE TRABAJO SOBRE ASUNTOS INDIGENAS Classensgade 11 E, DK 2100 - Copenhague, Dinamarca Tel: (+45) 35 27 05 00 - Fax: (+45) 35 27 05 07 E-mail: [email protected] - Web: www.iwgia.org PROGRAMA UNIVERSITARIO MEXICO NACION MULTICULTURAL DE LA UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTONOMA DE MEXICO Río Magdalena 100 - Col. La Otra Banda, 01090 - México, D.F. Tel: (52+55) 56 16 00 20 - E-mail: [email protected] www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx FONDO EDITORIAL CASA DE LAS AMERICAS 3ra, No 52, esq. G, El Vedado 10400, La Habana - Cuba Tel: 838 2716 /8382706 al 09 - E-mail: [email protected] / [email protected] www.casadelasamericas.org/ www.laventana.casa.cult.cu A los millones de indígenas víctimas del genocidio euroamericano, A los miles de pueblos y comunidades indígenas en resistencia, Y a los bosques, árboles, animales, plantas, aguas, aires y todo lo intangible que de- fienden con su inteligencia y con su fuerza espiritual. Iri oshekeni atsiripeni ibamitanaero anintaero antamimashiki akante iroperori kipatsini paita oñabakae atsimika ashitobae, iro iyootane aisati ishintsinkapero ishiretsini akisa- kobentero iro ashí añantari A los millones de indígenas que nos enseñaron a amar la naturaleza como expresión de lealtad al suelo que nos vio nacer, con su inteligencia y con su fuerza espiritual defendámoslo con nuestras propias vidas. Pablo Jacinto Santos, Pueblo Asháninka Tukuy ñañakunapaq wauqekunapaqpis, tukuy runakunata kay patapachapi kawsa- kunku, paykunapaq chay sapa p'unchay lluqsiqta, tutaq samayniqtapis qhuyayta yachachikuyku. Intiwanpaq, sallqapaq, antiq jalqapaq, sachapachapaq, pisqupaq, yakupaq, quillapaq, achachilakunapaqpis, tukuykunapachaq kawsaqta qowayku mana sunquqniykuta nanawankupaqchu. Allin pacha kachun ari A todas nuestras hermanas y hermanos, mujeres y hombres que moran en este mun- do/tiempo, a ellos/ellas que nos enseñaron a amar al día que nace y la noche que descansa. Al sol, a la naturaleza, a las alturas andinas, a la selva, a los pájaros, al agua, a la luna, a los espíritus de las montañas, a todo/a lo/la que habita la tierra y que nos dan vida para que nuestros corazones no duelan. Que sea pues en hora buena. Guillermo Delgado, Quechua de Oruro/Cochabamba CONTENIDO PRÓLOGO Carlos de Senna Figueiredo……………………………....................... .................... 9 INTRODUCCIÓN A TRES VOCES Varese, Apffel-Marglin y Rumrrill ......................................................................... 17 I Tierra Negra: don de los pueblos amazónicos a la regeneración global Frédérique Apffel-Marglin………………………………………………….….. .. 31 II La ética cosmocéntrica de los pueblos indígenas de la Amazonía: elementos para una crítica de la civilización Stefano Varese……………..…………… ....................................................... 61 III Suma Qamaña-Sumaq Kawsay, Vivir en Socionatura Guillermo Delgado P...................................................................................... 83 IV Extirpación de idolatrías, extractivismo desenfrenado, chamanismo amazónico y la utopía social indígena del siglo XXI Róger Rumrrill ............................................................................................ 103 V Destino, muerte y regeneración entre los Candoshi Alexandres Surrallés ...................................................................................117 VI Auges y caídas de las organizaciones indígenas Alberto Chirif………..…… .......................................................................... 135 VII Los Asháninka: custodios de la biodiversidad en la Amazonía peruana John Bodley…………………………………………………………………..... 163 VIII Nueva escritura de la historia preeuropea de la Amazonía William M. Denevan ................................................................................... 179 IX Victoria Ashéninka: espacio, territorio y economía en el Gran Pajonal de la Amazonía peruana Søren Hvalkof………………………………………………………………….. 191 X A MANERA DE EPÍLOGO: Pueblos indígenas amazónicos - apuntes para una utopía discreta Nemesio Rodriguez Mitchel………………… .............................................. 229 REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS………………………………………………..... .. 255 AUTORES QUE COLABORAN EN SELVA VIDA ................................................... 273 8 9 Carlos de Senna Figueiredo PROLOGO l registro definitivo de las atrocidades cometidas por nuestra civilización contra Elos pueblos indígenas de América no está terminado. Ha sido larga y sufrida la historia de los indios desde la llegada del invasor europeo. Y las prácticas de genocidio y etnocidio persisten. Sin embargo, de la larga noche de horrores hemos de amanecer. La amenaza del desarrollo mercantil contra los indios y la selva es permanente. Destruimos su buen vivir y ¿qué les ofrecemos a los indios como modo de vida? ¿Qué les damos a cambio de su alegría de vivir, su dominio de la belleza, sus mitos y su relación armoniosa con el ambiente? ¿Qué se nos ocurre canjear por su espíritu solidario, su ternura con los niños, su respecto a la memoria de los antepasados y su relación desinteresada con lo divino? Nuestras sociedades americanas, gobernadas por principios de utilidad mone- taria, fallaron en hacer una efectiva reforma agraria, en mejorar la educación bá- sica, en propiciar la participación popular en las decisiones, en el producto y en el ingreso, en hacer de la ética un fundamento de la condición humana, en estimular la creatividad, en impedir el lavado de cerebros de la población media, en eliminar el crimen organizado, en detener la especulación financiera e impedir los desequilibrios ecológicos. Fracasamos, fracasamos mucho. Lo sagrado no es parte de nuestra experiencia. ¿Qué nos toca hacer? ¿Mirar hacia las islas y los bosques que nos seducen con sus refugios? ¿Huir hacia la geografía como Gauguin en su búsqueda ingenua y trá- gica de lo universal? ¿Proclamar el fin de la historia y olvidar para siempre nuestro tiempo de origen, el siglo XX de las guerras continentales, de las guerras coloniales, de las guerras civiles y las ocupaciones, el siglo de los asesinatos en masa, de Aus- chwitz, Gulag y Ruanda? No será esta la opción. Nuestro rechazo a la sociedad actual y a determinadas tendencias que no nos gustan nada, acércanos al mundo prístino de los indios como a una utopía. Nos atañe entonces hacer lo que sea fundamental en medio a la crisis planetária en que vivimos. Nos toca propiciar el diálogo con el mundo indígena para ampliar los horizontes de la civilización moderna. Hemos de darles nuestras manos e invitarlos a construir en la Amazonía un espacio multiétnico y pluricultural. Un espacio generoso que pueda servir de germen para la propagación de proyectos nacionales creativos y socialmente responsables (Varsavsky 1971: Proyectos Nacionales). La enorme cuenca fluvial amazónica propicia la integración de Perú, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, Bolivia y Brasil. Gracias a este potencial 10 SELVA VIDA: DE LA DESTRUCCION DE LA AMAZONIA AL PARADIGMA DE LA REGENERACION compartido, podremos asegurar a nuestras poblaciones umbrales decentes de ali- mentación, vivienda, vestuario, salud, educación y seguridad. Las actuales diferen- cias en el consumo de bienes y servicios básicos entre los grupos sociales se anula- rán. La reforma agraria contemplará los aspectos sociales con el mismo interés que los económicos. Las mejores cualidades individuales serán estimuladas por la coo- peración solidaria, el trabajo en equipo y la comunicación estrecha entre la gente. La lucha competitiva se hace innecesaria mientras que la familia, antes limitada, se integra a núcleos sociales más amplios. El gran ayuntamiento de los países, como algo que se pueda concebir como una sola nación, fomentará la autonomía de pensamiento y cultura y, por ende, la creatividad. ¿Un sueño imprudente? No es así. Los actos de resistencia
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