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Jurisdicción Universal Sobre Crímenes Internacionales Su Aplicación En España Tesis Doctoral Jurisdicción universal sobre crímenes internacionales Su aplicación en España UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID FACULTAD DE DERECHO DEPARTAMENTO DE DERECHO INTERNACIONAL PÚBLICO Jurisdicción universal sobre crímenes internacionales Su aplicación en España Tesis doctoral Jacqueline Hellman Moreno Bajo la dirección del Dr. Antonio Remiro Brotóns Madrid, 2011 1 Jurisdicción universal sobre crímenes internacionales Su aplicación en España Agradecimiento: Al director de la presente tesis, el Profesor Doctor D. Antonio Remiro Brotóns, mi más profunda gratitud por su tiempo, paciencia y dedicación. Muchas gracias Profesor Brotóns por el privilegio de haber estado bajo su tutela académica durante estos años. 2 Jurisdicción universal sobre crímenes internacionales Su aplicación en España Índice: Capítulo primero: Soberanía de los Estados y su reflejo en el ejercicio de la jurisdicción penal (pág. 15) I. Nociones básicas relativas al concepto de soberanía.............................pág. 17 1. 1. Antecedentes y rasgos generales de la soberanía................................pág. 18 1. 2. Los tres distintos ámbitos del concepto actual de soberanía...............pág. 24 II. La soberanía bajo el amparo y la evolución del Derecho Internacional.........................................................................................pág. 25 2. 1. Concepto actual de la soberanía fruto de las contrariedades de la política internacional.........................................................................................pág. 29 2. 2. ¿Asistencia humanitaria como límite de la soberanía?........................pág. 32 III. Dimensión territorial y atisbos de una dimensión extraterritorial de la soberanía.................................................................................................pág. 37 3. 1. Alcance de la legalidad de la jurisdicción extraterritorial...................pág. 43 a. ¿En qué consiste la actividad jurisdiccional extraterritorial de un Estado?....................................................................................................pág. 47 b. ¿Existencia de títulos habilitadores que legitiman el ejercicio de la jurisdicción extraterritorial?....................................................................pág. 48 Capítulo segundo: Principio de jurisdicción universal (pág. 54) I. Breves consideraciones en torno al principio de jurisdicción universal..................................................................................................pág. 58 II. Evolución histórica del principio de jurisdicción universal y su regulación por el Derecho Internacional...................................................................pág. 61 3 Jurisdicción universal sobre crímenes internacionales Su aplicación en España 2. 1. Los orígenes del principio de jurisdicción universal: la piratería como supuesto clásico....................................................................................pág. 61 2. 2. Las consecuencias normativas de la Segunda Guerra Mundial.............pág. 66 a. La primera expresión del principio de jurisdicción universal con la constitución del Tribunal Militar Internacional de Nüremberg................pág. 66 b. Los efectos de los Convenios de Ginebra de 1949 y los Protocolos Adicionales de 1977..................................................................................pág. 74 c. La peculiaridad del principio de jurisdicción universal en los convenios surgidos tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial.................................................pág. 83 III. Rasgos esenciales, alcance y límites del principio de jurisdicción universal...............................................................................................pág. 87 3. 1. La aceptación convencional y doctrinal del principio de jurisdicción universal...............................................................................................pág. 87 3. 2. El principio aut dedere aut iudicare....................................................pág. 89 3. 3. El principio ne bis in idem y el carácter subsidiario del principio de jurisdicción universal...........................................................................pág. 95 3. 4. ¿Existencia de una jurisdicción universal pura o in absentia?............pág. 99 IV. Breves apuntes acerca del principio de jurisdicción universal como elemento fundamental de justicia........................................................pág. 110 Capítulo tercero: Los crímenes del Derecho Internacional como objeto material del principio de jurisdicción universal (pág. 114) I. El principio de jurisdicción universal como paradigma de la persecución de delitos especialmente odiosos y atentatorios contra la humanidad y/o comunidad internacional.....................................................................pág. 115 II. Las peculiaridades de los crímenes sujetos al Derecho Internacional.......................................................................................pág. 117 4 Jurisdicción universal sobre crímenes internacionales Su aplicación en España 2. 1. El genocidio, los crímenes contra la humanidad, los crímenes de guerra y el crimen de agresión, constituyen la base de la aplicación del principio de jurisdicción universal.....................................................................pág. 119 a. El genocidio...........................................................................................pág. 123 b. Crímenes contra la humanidad...............................................................pág. 135 c. Crímenes de guerra.................................................................................pág. 143 d. Crimen de agresión................................................................................pág. 149 2. 2. Otros delitos graves que han llevado a la adopción de medidas estatales represivas............................................................................................pág. 158 a. Tortura....................................................................................................pág. 159 b. Desaparición forzosa de personas..........................................................pág. 163 c. Ejecuciones extrajudiciales....................................................................pág. 165 d. Terrorismo internacional........................................................................pág. 167 III. La regulación española de los crímenes de Derecho Internacional: artículo 607 y siguientes del Código Penal español...........................................pág. 172 a. Delito de genocidio (artículo 607)..........................................................pág. 172 b. Los delitos de lesa humanidad (artículo 607 bis)...................................pág. 174 c. Los crímenes de guerra (artículo 609)....................................................pág. 177 Capítulo cuarto: La aplicación del principio de jurisdicción universal en la práctica judicial española (pág. 179) I. Sucintas apreciaciones en torno a la nueva y vieja regulación española en materia de jurisdicción universal...........................................................pág. 180 1. 1. Contenido y alcance normativo del viejo artículo 23.4 de la Ley Orgánica del Poder Judicial...............................................................................pág. 185 5 Jurisdicción universal sobre crímenes internacionales Su aplicación en España II. Jurisprudencia relevante en la aplicación del precepto legal 23.4 de la LOPJ...................................................................................................pág. 190 2. 1. La primigenia invocación del principio de jurisdicción universal....pág. 191 a. Auto de la Audiencia Nacional de 4 de noviembre de 1998 por el que se considera competente la justicia española para perseguir delitos de genocidio, torturas y terrorismo cometidos en Argentina.........................................pág. 191 b. Auto de la Audiencia Nacional de 5 de noviembre de 1998 por el que se considera competente la justicia española para perseguir delitos de genocidio, torturas y terrorismo cometidos en Chile................................................pág. 202 2. 2. Vaivenes jurisprudenciales del principio de jurisdicción universal...pág. 215 i. El asunto Guatemala.................................................................................pág. 217 a. Auto de la Audiencia Nacional de 13 de diciembre de 2000...................pág. 217 b. Sentencia del Tribunal Supremo de 25 de febrero de 2003.....................pág. 222 c. Sentencia del Tribunal Constitucional de 26 de septiembre de 2005.......pág. 231 ii. El asunto Cavallo.....................................................................................................pág. 240 2. 3. Consagración del principio de jurisdicción universal: Scilingo..........pág. 246 a. Sentencia de la Audiencia Nacional de 19 de abril de 2005...................pág. 246 b. Sentencia del Tribunal Supremo de 1 de octubre de 2007......................pág. 258 2. 4. Otros procesos relevantes...................................................................pág. 267 i. Aplicación del principio de universalidad en sentido estricto...............pág. 269 a. Tíbet y Falun Gong................................................................................pág. 269 b. Investigación por genocidio y delitos de lesa humanidad ocurridos en Lhasa (2008)....................................................................................................pág. 272 c. Bombardeo en Gaza..............................................................................pág.
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