“Gender” and “Space” in Tehran

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“Gender” and “Space” in Tehran “Gender” and “Space” in Tehran Dissertation for the Obtainment the Academic Degree of Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften (Dr.-Ing.) Faculty of Architecture, Urban Planning and Landscape Planning University of Kassel by: Minoosh Sadoughianzadeh Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ulla Terlinden Consultant: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Kerstin Doerhoefer Day of Disputation: 26.11.08 Vol. 1 Contents Volume 1 Erklaerung (Declaration) 7 Zusammenfassung 8 Abstract 11 Acknowledgements 14 Introduction 15 Part One, General Chapter One: Theoretical framework Introduction 17 Gender, Sex 18 Patriarchy, Internalization of Oppression 22 Space 26 Space and Gender Identity 27 Difference 28 Difference, Space 30 Internalization of Spatial Oppression 31 Hypotheses 31 References 33 Part Two, Case Study Chapter Two: Tehran, General knowledge Geographical situation 39 Tehran development through political and socio-economical process 40 Population 44 Literacy, Education 54 Dependency rate, Labor force, Employment 57 Changing situations of women in Iran 61 References 85 2 Chapter Three: Case Study in Tehran, Method and Methodology Method and Methodology 87 Samples 91 Variables and Indicators 92 The Logic of the Questions 94 Notes 97 The Diagram of variables & indicators 98 References 99 Chapter Four: Gender Identity Introduction 101 Category no. 1: Attitudes towards women’s employment 102 Category no. 2: Attitudes towards women financial independence 104 Category no. 3: Attitudes towards social role of women & men in society 106 Category no. 4: Attitude towards existing social differences between men and women 107 Category no. 5: Attitude towards appropriate educational level 108 General Groups of gender attitudes 109 Conclusion 112 Chapter Five: “Gender” & “Private Space of the House” Introduction 127 Category no.1: Parents preferences about their girls’ and boys’ necessity to private room 128 Category no. 2: Parents preferences about the closeness of children’s room to parents’ 129 Category no. 3: Parents preferences about children’s rooms position whether they are overlooked by (or overlooking to) other places or not 130 Category no. 4: Parents preferences whether their boys or girls open the apartment door 131 3 Category no. 5: Parents preferences whether their boys or girls answer to the phone 132 Category no. 6: Parents preferences whether their boys or girls entertain the guests 132 Conclusion 134 Chapter Six: “Gender” and “Semi Private Semi Public Spaces” Introduction 153 Category no. 1: Parents attitudes towards the ways their children use courtyard space 154 Category no. 2: Parents attitudes towards the ways their children use overlooked balconies 156 Category no. 3: Parents attitudes towards the way their children use semi public spaces of neighborhood 159 Category no. 4: Parents attitudes towards the ways their children do the grocery shopping 159 Category no. 5: Parents attitudes towards the issue that which one of their children take the garbage out in the evening 162 Category no. 6: Parents preferences towards their children watering the courtyard’s flower bed or the flowerbed in front of the door 164 Category no. 7: Parents preferences towards their children cleaning shared staircase 168 Category no. 8: Parents attitudes towards their children using roof 169 Category no. 9: Parents preferences towards their children hanging the clothes up in courtyards, balconies or roofs. 169 Conclusion 172 Chapter Seven: “Gender” and “Public Space” Introduction 181 Category no. 1: Parents attitudes towards the way their children go to educational spaces 182 4 Category no. 2: Parents attitudes towards the condition their children could drive in the city 186 Category no. 3: Parents attitudes towards the way their children do their personal shopping 187 Category no. 4: Parents attitudes towards the condition their children spend their free times in the city 192 Category no. 5: Parents attitudes towards the ultimate time in the evening their children could stay out of home 197 Category no. 6: Parents attitudes towards the condition their children could cycle in the neighborhood or the city 201 Category no. 7: Parents attitudes towards the condition their children could ride a motorbike in the city 204 Category no. 8: Parents attitudes towards the condition their children could educate in other city far from family 205 Category no. 9: Parents attitudes towards the condition their children do official or banking affairs 207 Category no. 10: Parents attitudes towards the condition their children could work to earn money 210 Conclusion 212 Chapter Eight: Conclusions Introduction 223 Gender Identity 224 Spatial Identity 225 Hypotheses Appraisal 230 Gender, Space in Tehran through a systematic approach 230 Parallel Social Powers in Tehran 236 Epilogue, Suggestions 249 References 253 5 Volume 2 Appendixes Gender Identity, Qualitative investigati ons, 3 - 61 Gender Identity and Private Space, Qualitative Investigations 62 - 105 Gender Identity and Semi Private, Semi Public Spaces, Qualitative Investigations 106 - 158 Gender Identity and Public Spaces, Qualitative Investigations 159 - 228 Questionnaire 229 - 233 6 Erklärung (Declaration) Hiermit versichere ich, dass ich die vorliegende Dissertation selbständig und ohne unerlaubte Hilfe angefertigt und andere als die in der Dissertation angegebenen Hilfsmittel nicht benutzt habe. Alle Stellen, die wörtlich order sinngemäß aus veröffentlichten oder unveröffentlichten Schriften entnommen sind, habe ich als solche kenntlich gemacht. Kein Teil dieser Arbeit ist in einem anderen Promotions- oder Habilitationsverfahren verwendet worden. 7 Zusammenfassung Generell behandelt die Studie das Verhältnis zwischen den „Geschlechtern" und dem „Lebensraum“ in der heutigen Zeit und innerhalb der Hauptstadt Teherans. Das Geschlecht als sich ständig veränderndes Phenomen differenziert sich innerhalb der Gesellschaft und im laufe der Zeit. Die „Betrachtungsweise der Geschlechter“ oder die “Identität der Geschlechter“, welche die Einstellung im Hinblick auf die Probleme der Geschlechter beinhaltet, ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil innerhalb der Forschung der sozialen Identität der Einwohner Teherans. Der „Raum“ aus physikalischen und sozialen Bestandteilen bestehend, wurde hier recherchiert mit dem Schwerpunkt auf die „räumlichen Verhältnisse”, also die Einstellung zur Nutzung des „Lebensraumes“, einschließlich privater Räume, halb privater/halb öffentlicher Räume und öffentlicher Bezirke der Stadt. Betrachten wir die systematische Organisation der Gesellschaft, stellen wir fest, daß durch die wechselseitige Beziehung "Geschlecht" und "Raum", als zwei variable Bestandteile dieser Organisation interagieren. Diese Studie recherchiert die unterschiedlichen Identitäten der „Geschlechter“ im Hinblick auf ihre Assoziation zu „Räumlichkeiten“. Es behandelt die „räumliche Manifestation“ der Geschlechter, ebenso wie umgekehrt den Einfluß der „räumlichen Identität“ auf die Entwicklung des Genus. Die Hypothesen bezüglich dieser Studie lauten wie folgt: • Die „Identität der Geschlechter“ reflektiert sich in der „Identität des Raumes“. Verschiedene Identitäten der Geschlechter in der Stadt Teheran haben verschiedene Betrachtungsweisen des Raumes, mit anderen Worten, sie identifizieren den Raum durch unterschiedliche Wertvorstellungen. • Da „Geschlechter Identität“ patriarchale Unterdrückung verinnerlicht, wird es ebenso mit räumlicher Unterdrückung assoziiert. • Innerhalb der gleichen sozialen Schicht, zeigen unterschiedliche „Geschlechter Identitäten“, in Bezug auf Männer und Frauen ähnliche Qualitäten, im Gegensatz zu den „Geschlechter Identitäten“ anderer sozialer Schichten. Diese Situation 8 finden wir ebenso in der „räumlichen Perspektive oder Betrachtungsweise" von Frauen und Männern „gleicher sozialen Schichten“ wieder. • Der oben genannten Hypothese zufolge fällt das Ausmaß der "räumlichen Unterdrückung“ innerhalb verschiedener sozialer Schichten Tehrans entsprechend der Örtlichkeit unterschiedlich aus. Im Laufe dieser Studie wurden in Tehran Eltern, in deren Haushalt, sowohl eine Tochter als auch ein Sohn leben, bezüglich der unterschiedlichen Aktivitäten und Verhaltensweisen ihrer Kinder in unterschiedlichen Räumlichkeiten befragt, um eben die Wechselwirkung dieser beiden Phenomene darzustellen. Das Ergebnis verdeutlicht die paralellen Meinungsänderungen der jeweiligen Eltern in Bezug auf die Wechselwirkung der beiden Faktoren "Geschlecht“ und „Raum" - bestätigt wurde eine starke Verbindung der beiden, sodaß sie als integrierte Komponenten betrachtet werden können. Es wurde ebenfalls deutlich, dass dieses „variable Konzept“ sich innerhalb der Geschlechter unterscheidet, denn es zeigt sich, dass die Mutter im Gegensatz zu dem Vater, gerechtere Ansichten in Bezug auf „Geschlecht - Raum“ vertreten. Ein Unterschied findet sich ebenso im Vergleich von "sozialen Klassen“ und "Bildungsniveau", sprich: die Identität von „Geschlecht-Raum“ zeigt sich innerhalb der Mittel - und Oberschichten gerechter und aufgeschlossener. Das Verhältnis vom Status der Versorger innerhalb dieser Familien zu den Haushältern ist partnerschaftlicher und offener. Letztendlich verändert sich die Identität von „Geschlecht - Raum“ durch den Wohnort innerhalb der Stadt von Süden nach Norden. Diese Studie zeichnet inhomogene Aspekte im Hinblick auf „Geschlecht – Raum“ bezüglich des Lebens in Tehran; Mit anderen Worten wird dieser widersprüchliche Lebensstil in Tradition und Moderne der Iranischen Gesellschaft manifestiert, jedoch repräsentiert er gleichzeitig den Wandel hin zur modernen sozialen
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