11, January-June 2021

Volume: 11, January-June 2021

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT IN SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

e-ISSN:2455-5142; p-ISSN: 2455-7730

Cognitive Developments, Geographical Models and Theories

Dr Mohammadhossein Ramesht, Azhar Abbas Sabr, Kamal Mohammed Ayyash

Isfahan University, Department of Geography, Geomorphology Speciality

Paper Received: 17th May, 2021; Paper Accepted: 12th June, 2021; Paper Published: 13th June, 2021

How to cite the article:

Dr Mohammadhossein Ramesht, Azhar Abbas Sabr, Kamal Mohammed Ayyash, Cognitive Developments,

Geographical Models and Theories, IJDSSH, January-June 2021, Vol 11, 22-44

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT IN SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES Volume: 11, January-June 2021

ABSTRACT

Theories and models in geography are an expression of a new conception or understanding of a phenomenon or process that geographers attempt to gain the attention of others by suggesting conceptual metaphors[2]. The theory can be understood simply as understanding something else that the researcher is trying to express in words that can have the closest

meaning to his discoveries such as "the butterfly effect expressing an objective truth in the

communication system". The theory of atmospheric phenomena must be considered an abstract concept of tangible things and in the realm of perception of the human mind and a question of nature the theories and models are always supported by a knowledge base so that the theory cannot exist and has been found to have no epistemological roots so when classifying geographical theories it appears from It is necessary to design cognitive systems

first because the foundation of any theory is supported by the conceptual system of its

cognitive system. Epistemology has seen both “scientific” and “spatial” and geography has recently seen the introduction of many theories into the cognitive system. The importance of theories lies more in the schemas that organize the researcher's belief and of course the researcher's belief in facts. They differ objectively scientifically Darwin, for example, derived from biology data for his mental schema and beliefs, called evolution proposed by biologist

Bertlinvi, from the same data that Darwin studied, another mental schema and belief, called

general systems theory. All these differences are due to the cognitive system that affects the researcher's knowledge or instinct, and in this system the researcher's beliefs and mental plans are formed.

Keywords: conceptual metaphor, mental schemas, scientific epistemology, spatial

epistemology

INTRODUCTION scholars and how they deal with geographical At first it may be necessary to pay issues, many are less convinced of this attention to a few short points in order to be importance and some focus on the aspects of more consistent with the audience in applications, unaware that there is no explaining the principles of theory in practical method or suggestion that manifests geography. These points are: Although without theoretical and epistemological models and theories have a prominent role in support. Another important point neglected shaping the type of visions of researchers and by the geographical community is the lack of

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proper understanding and the inability to sciences is not a problem, but designing it translate models and theories of other without a geographical translator will distort sciences into geographical language. Of the identity of geographical knowledge. Any course, it is normal for a theory to be theory or model that wants to enter geography introduced into the sciences (eg physics) and from other sciences must accept some after a while other fields of knowledge (eg changes, it must choose the closest metaphor geography) will enter but geoscientists must that can express this principle in geography as be able to translate its metaphors into the its name, and secondly, for new perceptions geographical sciences. For example, in language. It is therefore mentioned in this oceanographer John Stone [1] (1989) for the article that terms such as modernism, first time, after extensive scientific study, positivism, postmodernism, post- attributed the entry of evolutionary thinking structuralism, etc. may not be seen and may into geography to the efforts of seem odd with what are generally known as geomorphologist William Morris Davis. He theoretical ideas in sociology, architecture, believed that Davis had translated Darwin's and other space sciences. The difference statement into a general model of between these methods is that many of these geomorphology in a deductive manner. words were first coined in other sciences such Davis' understanding and ability not to as sociology and philosophy and here we introduce Darwin's principles directly into have tried to use geographical concepts to geography but first to choose a new name for avoid imitating others and to protect the them within the framework of the theory of identity of geographical knowledge. "geographic distance" and use Darwin's principles in geographical language in the DISCUSSION form of conceptual metaphors such as Every theory and model, regardless of the "childhood", "maturity" and "consideration" knowledge presented, belongs to a specific were translated geographically and in In fact, cognitive apparatus and conceptual system. environmental changes in geomorphology The cognitive system can be compared to a have been presented in an algebraic temporal computer operating system to approximate model as the latest theory in the evolution of the mind. We can say that humans encounter the Earth's crust, so few people can four cognitive systems in the process of understand this adaptation of Darwin. For any cognition. geographer it should be clear that quoting and borrowing an idea or theory from other

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These four devices are: decisions based on their cognitive system. It 1- The device of interpretive knowledge should not be overlooked that what comes (nihilism) here should not be considered a history of 2- Scientific knowledge device geography because it merely attempted to 3- Organ of Knowledge (Spatial) show the intellectual developments of the 4- The apparatus of interpretive geographers and of course the primacy and knowledge chronological retardation of these Each of these devices has specific default developments are not considered here. The settings on the basis of which they are scientific knowledge system and its impact on distinguished from each other and it is the production of geographical models and common for the researcher to choose each of theories. these devices by default. The device will look The apparatus of scientific epistemology is at the world around it. Usually each cognitive inherited, and it is a remnant of Cartesian system has a specific composition. In this thought, which begins with some important way, the researcher uses his literature without assumptions, which are the separation talking about his cognitive system, and his between the subject and the object, the affiliation with his chosen knowledge system perception of the world in the world of is determined. For example when a person energy and matter, and the dependence on uses concepts like output, input, feedback, tangible things and testability, which is inertia etc. in ordinary slang then it is clear referred to as the Charter of Scientific that he belongs to the systematic system of Thought. Every knowledge system can create epistemology. Apart from written and destinations conversational literature, each cognitive Different view and later theories on his system has its own way of studying conceptual world. In the system of scientific phenomena and thus in such literary and epistemology, three perspectives or models methodological assumptions models and can be considered, namely “evolutionary”, theories are formed. If we want to be satisfied “stochastic” and “environmental” the fruit of with the history of geography in the modern this system in the field of geography. In these era and ignore what was seen in the field of three perspectives many theories in geographical thinking before this era, we geography have been addressed and have had have witnessed the emergence of many important influences on the world's public models and theories in geography. And space and geography (Fig. 1). models in human behavior and categorized

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Figure 1: Three epistemological theories from the perspective of the scientific system in geography

Foucault refers to two evolutionary and analyzing the morphological changes of stochastic models as paleontology and living organisms. That is why this group of genealogy in the historical and social researchers in geography emphasizes sciences. The evolutionary perspective of observation. Davis believed that the formal geography is a translation of Darwin's changes of the landscape occur in three intellectual principles of geography and was successive algebraic frames of time in the first introduced to geography by Davis (1850- form of "youth", "maturity" and "old age" and 1934) a Harvard geographer according to thus the first steps were taken to make Stoddart (1966). With Darwin's ideas on geography scientific at the time. This view geomorphology he was able to tackle the was extended to human geography through theory of "geographical distance" and create the work of Ratzel and Mackinder (Hartland), Davis' geomorphology that had undisputed Huntington (Environmental Algebra) and dominance in American geography for Thomas Malthus (Malthus' Idea in Population decades. From this point of view, many Geography (Schowie, 2003: 87). names have been mentioned in the In Davis' era the methodology of geographical literature. The foundations of geography also changed and became a Davis' theory of "geographic distance" rest on method known as the historical method. In the analysis of form in the context of time. In the historical method time is the main focus fact, the main focus of his analysis is to of analysis and every change is attributed to change the shape of the sample. The same time. The course of development in this principle was the basis of Darwin's method of methodology has an algebraic and

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predetermined direction and therefore the with the environment (Pabli Yazdi, 2003: 7) basis of this view is considered the main and overcoming nature, which was a hostile factor in the emergence of geographical relationship, and the war between nature The algebra. In general, the impact of this human being is one of the human honors in viewpoint on geography can be summarized this era (Al-Shatri 1391: 43). The important in several main axes, which are the theories based on this view of geography can geographical index of that era. In this era, be summarized as follows: issues such as determinism, apartheid, Geographical distance theory, gradient slavery, nationalism and the legitimacy of theory, sub-theory, Ratzel's biospace theory, aggression were considered in geography. In Hartland's theory, de Seversky's theory, this period, the "exploitation" of the Mahan's theory, environmental algebra environment was considered the most theory, Malthus-sem theorem, ergodic theory important strategic goal of man's relationship (Fig. 2).

Figure 2: Selected Theories of Evolutionary Perspective in Geography RANDOM PERSPECTIVE 1- In this perspective, man is presented as an intelligent creature and a maker of The foundations of the stochastic view can machines. be seen as a violation of the foundations of 2- The change in phenomena is random. the evolutionary view by analyzing 3- The frequency of change is the basis of phenomena in a cyclical and random orbit historical studies. In other words, the and considering changes to be pointless and stochastic view is a time-independent not a historical interpretation of man. In short, model that considers change as an the sum of their views can be summed up in a alternation and repetition of few short phrases:

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phenomena and the human being as an world. Random thinking led the European intelligent and active being. community to accept territorial unity, They focus on empirical processes rather monetary union, parliamentarism, etc. instead than observation. Disaster scientists relied on of nationalism which only resulted in two many documents to disprove evolutionary world wars and the world underwent a principles, but later discoveries in genetics fundamental transformation. The general have played an important role in discrediting result of the dominance of this view in human and discrediting Darwin's evolutionary and natural geography was very diverse and principles. Geneticists have found that what appeared in various fields. The human happened in nature, called "a change of relationship with the environment was animal and plant species, is not a change but defined as a business relationship with the what is ultimately a change is a feature slogan of winning and the basic tenet of the archived in their genetic memory and has to environment was changed to the concept of do with the change." The random view of “enjoying” the environment. After these geography led to the emergence of many developments, how to take advantage of the schools of thought in both physical and environment became subject to the definition human geography. In general, the of standardization in the methods of achievement of the dominance of this view in exploitation and human industrial activities geography can be summarized as follows: became limited to the use of the most Possibility in the field of human advanced technological methods. So in this geography Geomorphology of a process in period great emphasis was placed on the physical geography Adaptation and development of technology and quantitative coexistence with the environment in geography. determining the human relationship with the In fact, the technology central to environment Codification of civil rights, geography was considered valuable. The women, and minorities in the field of important theories based on this view of anthropology Regional rapprochement in the geography can be summarized as follows. political sphere. Geostorm theory, King's theory, interrupt In the political sphere, regional theory of spatial change, Dostoevsky's theory, convergences have replaced rivalries between plutonian theory, pocket flower theory, nationalism and ethnicity and radically regression theory and attachment theory, transformed Europe and other parts of the catastrophe theory (Fig. 3).

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Figure 3: Selected Stochastic Perspective Theories in Geography

ENVIRONMENTAL PERSPECTIVE community. The view of separation between physical and human geography is not With the change in the concept of human- followed as before as the concept of ecology to-human society in geography another view has gradually replaced ecology and ecological was born known as the ecological view. This capacity or ecological potential of the change was mostly influenced by sociologists environment has been introduced followed by of geography, so Hallen defines the the strategy of “owning” and “protecting the emergence of geography as “the science of environment” as the main tenet of regional human ecology” (Shockwee, 1996). In this geography. This view has been defined in view, the individual role of man in human many cases by technocrats and their society was realized. In geography, it must be engineering behaviour. I have objected and considered a precursor to the emergence of have not considered dealing with nature with geospatial. In this model not only the concept reason merely as a tool. During this period of man has changed but also the concept of environmental law, wildlife law, and river environment and the relationship between law were defined and concepts such as man and the environment so that the geoparks, protected areas, closed areas, environment has become a "reciprocal" national parks, and wetlands were developed. relationship and a comprehensive At the same time, environmental methodological approach has been replaced organizations, dozens of grassroots and by induction in studies. Vidal Delablach demographic organizations have been (1926) was able to create a "regional formed, and many initiatives have been geography" during this period and brought established in international forums such as about a major change in the geographers' 29

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UNESCO or its affiliated organizations to geography based on this view have followed protect natural resources. Other achievements the general principles of the evolutionary of this period include the establishment of model with little change but can be political parties such as the Green Party, the summarized as ecology theory (green International Environmental Staff Awards ecology), central ecological theory, clergy and the Grassland and Forest Protection theory, peripheral limb theory and genetic Organization. Important theories presented in algebra theory is mentioned (Fig. 4).

Figure 4: Selected Theories of Environmental Perspective in Geography death his book General System Theory was SPACE THEORY (SYSTEM) revealed. He presented Systematic Knowledge System as a theory but the Bertalinvi was one of the pioneering experts of the Scientific System were well biologists who established systemic aware of his trick because they saw that the epistemology in 1936. Although he was not principles of Systematic Epistemology clearly able to publish his ideas during his lifetime, contradict those of the Scientific System (Fig. he died in (1971) on the anniversary of his 5).

Figure 5: A system of three spatial cognitive viewpoints

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The most important differences between "scientific method" is not responsible for the principles of systems knowledge theory understanding geographical issues. Schaeffer and the principles and foundations of a (1953) later established that what Hartson scientific knowledge system are: proposed was a new epistemological system -Determination. and that this was not limited to geography but The universe is a mixture of energy, any other knowledge presented in this matter, and information. conceptual and epistemological system would Knowledge is the discovery of the find such a problem with scientific relationship between phenomena so that the epistemology. In other words, 'geospatial' relationships in this view are the basis of could be called a translation of 'systematic analysis. perspective' in geography and this translation Valuation of fuzzy logic in studies. was appropriate. Because the term "system" The design of this cognitive apparatus in is a conceptual metaphor in the field of geography should be attributed to biological knowledge. Simultaneously with Hartshorne's work and the theory of the introduction of the spatial perspective in exceptionalism in geography. Richard geography, the French expanded the same Hartshorne (1939) sparked controversy with meaning (the spatial point of view in the publication of The Nature and the geography) under the name "chromatic Geographer and the Extraordinary Plan in geography". At the beginning of the twentieth Geography. In his study, he reached the century a major change occurred in the field inefficiency of the "scientific apparatus" in of geospatial ideas in Europe. Paul Lowell expressing geographical facts, and by published this development in his book The suggesting the exceptional nature of the New Geography. Intelligent analysis and geography method from other sciences, he listing the limits of Scientific Epistemology expressed his understanding of the "exception and the capabilities of Geospatial. Also, the theory" in geography. He believed that valuable work of 'presentation' in the scientific principles and foundations can be introduction of 'Geospatial' which attempted used in all sciences but in geography this to analyze the structures and forms of spatial method is ineffective and knowledge of communication cannot be overlooked (Fred, geography is excluded from all other 1987: 101). Others, such as Ness have done sciences. He was unaware of systematic valuable work in defining space and of course thinking but his practical experience in the Peter Haggett's seminal work in the field of field of geography taught him that the space geography. With the publication of the

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famous book "The New Geographical and differences and to understand how Formation", he was able to identify and structures relate to the organization of the explain the principles of spatial thinking in environment. The second concept in spatial geography. This book was translated in Iran methodology focuses on the relationship by Godarzi Nejad (1375). between the components of the system. With the introduction of systems theory Because in this view what creates the into geography the methods of geography structure in the system is how the components also changed and causal relationships gave relate to each other. That is why the nature of way to cyber relationships and the human the mathematical models that have been relationship with the environment changed to developed to determine the relationship “adaptation” and “environmental between the elements in this device is sustainability”. One of the most important different from that of algebraic mathematics. concepts influencing the spatial method is the Discussions of new mathematics such as change in the definition of the system as a correlations, sets, matrices, Markov chains, whole with identity. The method of working etc. including mathematics methods used in in this device rather than the inductive this device. The use of symbols is also method was deductive-inductive. In common in system epistemology and a geospatial methodology it is an attempt to symbol is defined for each function of the dissect structural patterns, their similarities system (Fig. 6).

In general, the design of 'space' and 'spatial With the introduction of spatial thinking in perspective' in physical geography has also geomorphology new concepts such as state given rise to a new geomorphology known as theory, dynamic equilibrium, geometry, and 'systematic geomorphology' (Samer Field, static and dynamic systems were introduced. 1998). Human geography was not deprived of these developments and with the emergence of 32

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geospatial multiculturalism was recognized SPATIAL EPISTEMOLOGY MODELS and new human schemes were introduced and IN GEOGRAPHY the cultural man became the pillar of human Important models arising from space geography analysis. Meanwhile, human system in geography can be divided into three cultural identity played a prominent role in categories: structuralism, perspective the knowledge of geography and the (impression) and function and under each of ethnographic method was widely promoted in these models consider case theories, geography, new concepts such as positive geometry theory, butterfly effect, complexity, feedback, interruptions, coercive diffusion theory, dynamic equilibrium, etc. In irregularities, entropy and the use of other human geography the most important and concepts such as "dynamic equilibrium", influential paradigm has been "structuralism" "sustainable equilibrium" and "stable which is the main focus of many equilibrium" in The study of common environmental studies. The Swedish geospatial. In the concept of time and space "Haggrand Strand" theory has played a very in geography there has been a wide semantic important role not only in medicine but also change that we have not seen before in in many other sciences related to geography, geographical literature. Among them are especially in the field of cultural geography terms such as “reaction time”, “inertia time”, and how to disseminate lifestyles. The “shock time” and “response time”. The paradigm of "functionalism" and concept of equilibrium in this system is very "perspective" in space geography was able to broad and is considered in relation to a attract the attention of many geographers. The particular relationship of how the components landscape model acted as a catalyst for in the system are related and its various entering into another cognitive apparatus patterns such as “ Stable equilibrium, called the “Explanatory Epistemology dynamic equilibrium, and sustainable Apparatus”. In the Physical Geography of equilibrium have been identified and Australia (1818-2002), Gurley (1927-2002) achieved. and Hack (1913-1991) were among the

pioneers of systems thinking over the past

few decades and had a profound influence on

methodology, literature, concepts, and

theorizing and had physical geography.

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THE STRUCTURAL MODEL IN THE SPATIAL BEHAVIOR MODEL IN SPATIAL EPISTEMOLOGY SPATIAL EPISTEMOLOGY APPARATUS The performance of systems is usually In many cases the architecture of the affected by the structure and content of the system is such that the overall performance of perspective in which they are placed. the system depends and the influence of However, there are systems whose operation which plays a major role in the way and is independent of the structure and landscape pattern of behavior of the system. Those who in which they are located. These systems are acknowledge and believe in the fundamental formed more under the influence of the and vital role of structure in the functioning components of the mental image of the of the system are called "structuralists". members of society from space and thus approach the perception. In other words, the LANDSCAPE MODEL IN SPATIAL researcher in the spatial behavior viewpoint KNOWLEDGE DEVICE focuses more on the mental image of the The landscape model has been more society to understand the understanding of the prominent in the field of human geography type of perception and people's understanding but it must be admitted that advanced of the space in which they live because this explanations have been made in the field of view believes that the mental image of people explanatory geomorphology in this field. In from space has an effective factor in people's the landscape school more emphasis is placed behavior, performance and decision. To on the fact that systems and their behavior understand these systems and their behavioral rather than following the characteristics and patterns. It is necessary to re-read their mental structures of the system is more than the picture. function of the landscape in which they are placed.

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CONSEQUENCES OF SPATIAL United Nations. The Rio Conference was held MODELS IN GEOGRAPHY and guidelines were developed. The most important consequence of the Environmental treaties such as Kyoto, Paris, "spatial outlook" rule was the end of the etc. were signed and "climate change" was undisputed dominance of the "scientific put on the agenda of researchers as an epistemology apparatus" in the global environmental problem. academic community. The "methodological Important theories based on this view of view" created a semantic system geography can be found in theories such as encompassing a variety of sciences including Case theory, complexity, dynamic the humanities and even technology and soon equilibrium, more butterfly effect in physical became the main discourse of academics. geography, climatology and geomorphology), Many activities have been carried out at the diffusion theories, Loch's theory, von international level including the Thunen's theory, Randelli's theory, whole city establishment and support of environmental theory and Kristaller's theory summarized in disciplines and studies with a systematic Human geography (Fig. 7). approach and environmental planning by the

Figure 7: Selected theories in spatial epistemology

THE APPARATUS OF EXPLANATORY can be considered an exemplary achievement EPISTEMOLOGY of this system. What Descartes said about An exegetical cognitive system cognition as a subject and an object has been (sometimes referred to as a method) is challenged in our time to question the distinguished from other cognitive systems foundations of Cartesian epistemology. The (scientific and spatial) Cognitive geography problem today is not to estimate sensory 35

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perceptions over rational ones. The subject is interpretive cognitive system, anthropology another and this is the skepticism of the develops into anthropology, linguistics into foundations of Cartesian epistemology. The linguistics, and geography into geography. fact that humans are the self and the world outside us is considered a being has called for a serious review today. Hence, in an

Figure 8: Explanatory epistemology apparatus The concept of man in geography is an relation to “environment” in geography and interpretation of the historical, ecological and the principle of this relationship have been cultural man in the scientific and spatial changed from previous concepts such as system, which is what Martin Heidegger “exploitation,” “utility,” “enjoyment,” and calls. Environment in geography for living “sustainability environment” to The space The means and “relationship” in 'productivity' which is itself a special self- defining geography with “environment” in limiting relationship is replaced (Fig.)

Figure (9): Replacing the concepts of the human relationship with the environment in different geographical models

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In other words, interpretive geography describes the phenomenon of does not define man's relationship to the phenomenological geography. Shkoye Nez in environment but rather acknowledges man's his book "Environmental Philosophy" which relationship to the world. This issue is well was quoted from John Wright, on page 127 of reflected in the work of Iranian empiricists in his book, discusses the subject of mental this field even at the beginning of the books image geography as a result of psychologists they wrote. The explanatory epistemology of and it is close from the perspective of tangible objects gives equal validity to occult phenomenological geography. The first book and meta-object concepts and in this way the in the field of phenomenological identity of human mental images are re- geomorphology was published by validated and analyzed (Pabli Yazdi Khaniki, Muhammadian (1399) and Zangeh Asadi and 1980: 7 and Shkoui, 1384: 127). In this Muhammadian (1398) publishing the method, experience is the basis for cognition, principles and foundations of but the concept of experience is phenomenological geomorphology in the fundamentally different. The human field of physical geography. experience differs from that of other animals Joan (2016) and Wathiq (1398) in Human in this world. In this epistemological system Geography criticize and describe space in this the human experience is shaped into the field. Episodic geography in Iran was geographical and cultural system and thus formally applied with the works of Tagari, interpretation is generated rather than specific Mahmoudi, and Nima Elahi, and entered the and dogmatic assumptions. Gilbert (1818- field of cognitive science with the works of 1918) was one of the first geographers to Rahdan, Baba Jamali, Muhammadian, and have serious and valuable work in the field of Sepahvand. In Cognitive Geography in the interpretive epistemology. Twentieth-century Geographical Domain of Health, Sipahuand geographer Gilbert for the first time among explained the mechanism of the effect of geographers of this age uses terms such as cognition on homelessness and nostalgia. antecedent and consequence to express such a concept in the famous Report (Henry, 1886). PHENOMENOLOGICAL He formally abandons Cartesian dualism and PERSPECTIVE THEORIES IN the multiple hypothesis by substituting the GEOGRAPHY positivist hypothesis with zero and one. Paul STELLAR CLIMATE THEORY Claudel (1977) in his book, The New Waiting for me introduced a new concept Geography, only mentions but never in her 2014 studies, which she articulated

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under the "Astronomical Climate Theory". its position in the surrounding space and that She believes that "spatial identity" is not the only the essential and essential elements of same everywhere and focuses on the each place cannot be effective in creating the historical memory of places. In other words, dignity and order for that point alone. For realize that in nature there is a hidden space example, the concept of Iran is a spatial and that controls the function of terrestrial factors context-oriented concept, and Iranian is the and components on a scale beyond objective result of such a situation. That is, if we environments. This space places more transfer Iran with all its population and emphasis on the "historical memory" of the territory to Africa or the United States, the place. In simpler language it extends the same concept of Iran will not appear in the present principles that apply to historical and social situation. memory to history and the natural memory of places and is considered to apply to regional LANDSCAPE LANGUAGE THEORY areas as well. She explains that the reason for Weston Spirne published The Landscape choosing such a title for this theory focuses Language Theory in 1947, in which he on a concept that transcends climate and its demonstrated that geographical landscapes issues. "Choose" in this term denotes beyond have a structure similar to language and can the atmosphere, as "Fredded" which means therefore be interpreted as literary texts and beyond what is seen. The same argument was that humans are able to read landscapes in made in the interpretation and arrangement of dealing with landscapes. Blessed Elahi in the rural settlements of the Zagros by Nuguan 1393 to address This command in geography (1396). He presents the phenomenon that is must use terms such as land text and land called in the positivist view of physical context to create five other aspects of geography as merely a danger as a center of geographical texts and name this group under attraction for permanent residence in the the title transstext in physical geography. tribal region (Zagros). MIRROR IDENTITY THEORY COGNITIVE ATTITUDE THEORY Mahmoudi introduced this theory in 2014 This theory which was first introduced in and consolidated the relationship between the psychology and its geographical translation natural world and the human worlds in asserts that the location of the points has a geography. The meaning of the mirror great influence on their regional identity. This identity is a kind of inseparable whole, a theory also recognizes the fact that each place complex group that attempts to explain and finds its identity and existential role based on justify the reason for the historical unity and

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territorial integrity of Iran by relying on the SPATIAL IDENTITY THEORY concept of spatial interconnectedness by Spatial identity is a conceptual metaphor that relying on spatial identity. Most geographical includes several semantic points. and social thinkers have considered the - Spatial identity expresses a special existence of ethnic, religious, linguistic and spatial feature that distinguishes other pluralism as a separating and places. challenging factor in the national - Spatial identity reveals a special convergence of territories. The Iranian mirror attraction to human perception and identity theory asserts that according to the understanding in a way that mingles principles that govern ecosystems, diversity is with him and establishes a not only a cause of national differentiation relationship with him and difference but this rule in the civilization - The identity of the place is a reminder of Iranian societies has been a factor in the of the historical memory that took stability, unity and cohesion of historical Iran. place in that place. The mirror identity theory asserts that civil - Spatial identity must be considered as stability in Iran stems from its social diversity semantic metaphors by which people and pluralism and this statement derives from consider themselves to belong to that the first law of social ecosystems. place. ENGINEERING THEORY - Every place can have a place and This theory defines the relationship order in space but spatial identity is between man and the environment as a the dignity and arrangement of a place relationship and not a relationship and a in space that made it habitable. belief that these relationships cause In this definition the issue of housing is phenomena such as (the ratio of two considered as the identity of the place, the hydrogen molecules and one molecule of dignity and arrangement of the place in space. oxygen is what creates water and with a Spatial identity theory was tacitly proposed in concept definition (such as the golden number 2014 with the publication of the relationship that defines beauty) Mokhtari (2011) explain between Iranian cities and lakes in the fourth this concept In geography and tried to express period and later expanded by Baba Jamali on the concept of ecological balance in these the relationship between cities and lakes in proportions. the fourth period (2001), Taziri (2014) and Mahmoudi (2016). The most important issue addressed in this theory is to explain why

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there are biological patterns and habitats for of natural history, i.e. spatial identity, social human societies because in this theory an and cultural identity, and so on. independent identity is given to biological COGNITIVE GEOGRAPHY THEORIES patterns like city, village, tribe etc. The theory GEOGRAPHICAL SYSTEM THEORY of human societies indicates that it is difficult. Rahdan published a study in 2016 explaining this theory. According to him, a HELLER SPACE PLANNING THEORY geographical system is a system of concepts, The theory of "space planning" was words and terms that provide and support founded in London by Heller Hanson (1984) each other conceptually and create a semantic and developed according to the definitions of organization in the field of understanding, space. In other words, the logic of space perception, experience and method of shaping planning is derived from the conceptual load the minds of its inhabitants, environment, that is given to space and its formulation. linguistic differences and constitute cultural, Because many believe that planning in space behavioral and social organizations into a follows certain unwritten rules and principles complete identity and unity. In other words, a that have a special logic. Various methods of geographical system is a system that shapes spatial analysis have been developed based on environmental, linguistic, cultural, this idea such as analysis of the space plan, behavioral, spatial and social differences and and the general idea in this theory is the indicates how they are distributed and related possibility of deconstructing space into to each other. The geographical device component elements and analyzing them in a focuses the sensory and objective perceptions network of geographical text that expresses of societies on specific facts about the the relationships and coherence of this space environment, and thus diversifies the (Jamshidi, 2003: 20). One of the foundations understanding of the land dwellers from of the space planning method is the existence objective experiences. This is why place as a of a two-way relationship between space healer does not bring the same cultural values patterns and socio-cultural patterns which this and results in different geographical systems method seeks to discover by applying the and while preserving the value of the inputs, concept of composition in residential spaces it presents different forms of it depending on (Heller, 2007: 201). In this sense, the the perception of the inhabitants of that land. arrangement of settlements can be considered as an objective crystallization of the domains

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EARTH MEANING THEORY is, they express their understanding of this The theory of the meaning of the Earth meaning. So it should come as no surprise should be seen as an expansion of the that they, like others who live at lower or geographical system on a planetary scale and higher latitudes, have not understood such more emphasizing that the bottom of any precise concepts of the Earth's rotation as to Earth can be read like a text. Reading and base their cultural organization on it. The understanding this text is an experience that meaning of the Earth can put other aspects of the inhabitants of that land learn and this semantics before us in the cycle of human reading does not require literacy in school but understanding such as the discovery of biological literacy is shaped by emotional meaning and the creation of Meaning and wisdom in simple language the experience interpretation of meaning. and understanding that each land teaches and shows to its inhabitants can be called based REFERENCES on social and cultural behaviour, i.e. land. This theory was presented by 1- Entezari, Mojgan, (2014), Stellar Mohammadian in an article of the same name Climate, Geography and and by asking why only Iranians and some Environmental Planning, University of regions of the same age in Iran chose the Isfahan, Volume 25, Number 1, pp. solar date and why they celebrate Nowruz, 10-1. Tirgah and the Welda festival, he deals with 2- Babajmali, Farhad, (2014), Allometry the fact that Iranians have understood these of Ice Production and Spatial Identity concepts from their homeland with their of Central Iran Habitats, Geography emotional wisdom because in this place the and Environmental Planning, They clearly understand such natural events University of Isfahan, Volume 25, and thus Iranian society has its own Number 1, pp. 11-24. understanding of the environment and the 3- Babajmali, Farhad, (2012), meaning of the earth. They show the structure Components of Geomorphology and to others by expressing cultural behavior and Its Effects on Civic Identity, Case of course other nations may have defined Study: Mental Civilization and Non- other concepts for them. Therefore the Mental Civilization in Central Iran, inhabitants of this region by understanding PhD Thesis, University of Isfahan. this meaning express the collective behaviors 4- Bertalenfi, Ludwigfon (1374,) that they exhibit and we call it culture. That Fundamentals, Evolution and

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