INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HUMAN

EDITORS-IN-CHIEF

ROß KITCHIN National Institute of Regional and Spatial Analysis (NIRSA) John Hume Building, National University of Ireland Maynooth, County Kildare Ireland

NIGEL THRIFT University House, University of Warwiek Coventry UK

ELSEVIER

AMSTERDAM • BOSTON. HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD PARIS. SAN DrEGG. SAN FRANCISCO. SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • ToKYO CONTENTS

Senior Editors v Section Editors vii Guide to use of the Encyclopedia ix Contributors xi Contents xxxvii Subject Classification lxiii Foreword by Mary Robinson lxxv Foreword by Rob Kitchin lxxvii

VOLUME 1

A Activism L M Takahashi Activist P Routledge 7 Actor-Network Theory/Network Geographies G T J6hannesson and J 0 Beerennokit 15 Affect J 0 Dewsbury 20 Africa G A Myers 25 Ageing and Health G J Andrews 31 Ageing and Mobility A M Warnes 36 Ageism and Age L Maxey 42 Agglomeration A Malmberg 48 Agoraphobia J Davidson 54 Agrarian Transformations J Renes 58 Agricultural Land Preservation K B Beesley and 0 Ramsey 65 Agriculture, Sustainable T Marsden 70 Agri-Environmentalism and Rural Change C Potter 79 Aid V Desai 84 Arnenaqernent du Territoire: Territorial Development P Merlin 91 Americas R B Kent and K AButIer 99 Anarchism/Anarchist Geography MM Breitbart 108 Anglo-American/ Anglophone Hegemony M B Aalbers and U Rossi 116 Animal Geographies C Wilbert 122 Animal Welfare, Agricultural H Buller 127

xxxvii xxxviii Contents

Antarctica S Chaturvedi 133 Anthropogeography (Atter Ratzei) J Lossau 140 Anthropology and KW Butzer 148 Anti-Geopolitics U Ostender 152 Anti-Urbanism T S/ater 159 Apartheid/Post-Apartheid J Battersby-Lennard 167 Applied Geography M Pacione 174 Archives M Kurtz 179 Arctic M Kurtz and A Watson 184 Art and Cartography C D'/gnazio 190 Artiticial Intelligence and Expert Systems Y Leung 207 Asia T Oakes 214 Atlases J Siemer and HAsche 220 Australasia C Gibson 225 Autobiography M Purcell 234 Autoethnography K Besio 240 Auto-Photography M E Thomas 244 Avant-Garde/Avant-Garde Geographies JD Dewsbury 252 Aviation TM Vow/es 257

B Balkans V Rey and 0 Groza 265 Barnes, T. S Reimer 273 Beaujeu-Garnier, J. M-C Robic 275 Becoming D P McCormack 277 J R Go/d 282 Belonging A Tay/or 294 Berkeley School M Wil/iams 300 Berry, B. R W Lake 305 Biodiversity R PNeumann 308 Biodiversity Mapping H Hazen 314 Biopolitics A A Lehtinen 320 Bobek, H. H Fassmann 324 Body, The L Johnston 326 Borderlands D Wastl-Wa/ter 332 Bowman, I. J Dittmer 340 Brain Drain J Crush and C Hughes 342 Brandt Commission RB Potter and S Lloyd-Evans 348 Brown Agenda J Beall 355 Butter Zone G Preve/akis 362 Business Services John R Bryson 368 Contents xxxix

c Capital and Space R J Das 375 Capitalism R Le Heran 382 Capitalism and Division of Labor M Brayshay 390 Care/Caregiving N M Yantzi enä M W Skinner 402 Cartographic Animation M Harrower 408 Cartography in Islamic Societies S Brentjes 414 Cartography, History of C Delano-Smith enä R J P Kain 428 Case Study Approach S W Hardwick 441 Cassa per il Mezzogiorno F Martinelli 446 Categorical Data Analysis S D Withers 456

VOLUME 2 c Cellular Automata PM Torrens Census Geography W Friesen 5 Census Mapping D Martin 12 Central Business District G A Rice 18 Central Place Theory J Malczewski 26 Chaos and Complexity G Chapman 31 Chicago School D Sibley 40 Child Labor S Punch 45 Children and Mapping V Filippakopoulou and B Nakos 50 Children/Childhood F Smith and N AnseIl 58 Chinese Urbanism L J C Ma 65 Chinese- WS Tang 72 Choice Modeling J-C Thill 78 Christaller, W. R Capello 84 Christian Geography H Aay 86 Chronic Disease K Robinson and S J Elliott 92 Citation Geography M Batty and R Carvalho 97 Citizenship V Chouinard 107 Citizenship and Governmentality, Rural L Cheshire and M Woods 113 City Marketing E J McCann 119 City- S Davoudi 125 Civil Society C Mcllwaine 136 Claval, P. M Benare 142 Climate Change J C Sweeney 147 xl Contents

Cloke, P. M Phil/ips 156 D R Montello 160 Cohen, S. N Kliot 167 Cold War T W Luke 170 Colonialism I ALester 175 Colonialism 11 D Atkinson 182 Colonialism, Internal R J Das and S Chilvers 189 Color, Mapping A L Griffin 195 Commodity Chains M Hassler 202 Communicable Diseases, Globalization ot JR Oppong 209 Communist and Post-Communist Geographies J Titner 214 Community S C Aitken 221 Competitiveness N Lewis 226 Complementary and Alternative Medicine G J Andrews 234 Complexity Theory, Nonlinear Dynamic Spatial Systems D O'Sul/ivan 239 Computational Human Geography H Couclelis 245 Concentrated Deconcentration B Lambregts 251 Conservation and Ecology M Jay and M Morad 259 Consumption D Leslie 268 Content Analysis J Baxter 275 Corbridge, S. M S Kumar 281 Core-Periphery Models B Remirez 286 Corporate Responsibilities A Hughes and F Wray 292 Corridor and Axis Development LAlbrechts and T Tasan-Kok 298 Cosgrove, D. KD Lilley 305 Cosmopolitanism J Binnie, J J Holloway, S MiJlington, and C Young 307 Counter-Mapping R Rundstrom 314 Counterurbanization C JA Mitchell and C R Bryant 319 Cox, K. H van der Wusten 325 Creativity A Currah 327 Crime/Fear of Crime H Koskela 334 Critical Cartography D Wood and J Krygier 340 U Best 345 Critical Geopolitics J P Sharp 358 Critical GIS N Schuurman 363 Critical Rationalism (After Popper) 0 Bennett 369 Critical Realism/Critical Realist Geographies Andy C Pratt 379 Critical Theory (After Habermas) M PhiJIips 385 Cross-Cultural Research T Skelton 398 Cultural Capital J L Waters 404 Cultural Economy A C Pratt 407 Contents xli

Cultural Geography C Gibson and G Waitt 411 Cultural G Helms 425 Cultural Politics S Rycroft 431 Cultural Studies and Human Geography o Bell 437 Cultural Turn C Philo 442 Culture K JMee 451 Culture/Natures J Sundberg and J Dempsey 458 Cumulative Causanon E Delaney and J W Harrington, Jr. 464 Cyberspace/Cyberculture o Bell 468

VOLUME 3

D Darby, H. c. RA Butlin Darwinism (and Social Darwinism) H Winlow 4 Dear, M. J. A Latham 12 Debt David Simon 16 C Barnett 23 Defensible Space E Warwick 31 Deforestation J J Metz 39 De-Industrialization A Pike 51 De-Localization A Kalogeressis and L Labrianidis 60 Democracy C Barnett and M Low 70 Demography P Rees 75 Dependency E Hartwiek 91 Desertification C J Barrow 96 Determinism/Environmental Determinism H Ernste and C Philo 102 Development I K 0 Willis and MS Kumar 111 Development 11 B Kort 117 Developmentalism M Watts 123 Devolution M Keating 131 Dialectical Reasoning and Dialectical Materialism E Swyngedouw 137 Dialogism (After Bakhtin) J Hol/oway and J Kneale 143 Diaries (Video, Audio or Written) P Meth 150 Diaspora K McKittrick 156 Dicken, P. JV Beaverstock 162 Difference/Politics of Difference T Jazeel 164 Diffusion LA Brown 170 Digital Data, and H Southal/ 185 Digital Divide T Unwin and G de Bastion 191 xlii Contents

Digital Earth GA Elmes, 0 Weiner, and G O'Alessandro-Scarpari 198 Disability and Chronic Illness R Wilton and J Evans 205 Discourse T Gresswell 211 Discourse Analysis LOBerg 215 Disease Diffusion ASchcerström 222 Disease Mapping T Koch 234 Distance G H Pirie 242 Dudley Stamp, L. 0 Linehan 252 Dutch Human Geography H Ernste and L Smith 255 Dwelling 0 Jones 266

E East Asian Miracle G Dixon 273 EastIWest A Bonnett 280 e-Business and e-Commerce KE Gorey and M I Wilson 285 Ecological Fallacy 0 Sui 291 Ecology P McManus 294 Economic Crises M Webber 304 Economic Development, Rural 0 Storey 310 TJ Barnes 315 Economic Geography, Quantitative E Sheppard and P Plummer 328 Economics and Human Geography JR Faulconbridge and S Hall 332 Economies, Alternative S Healy 338 Economies, Borderland M Tykkyläinen 345 Economies, Branch Plant H 0 Watts 354 Econornies, Imagined A Gameron 361 Economy, Informal S Turner 367 Ecotourism 0 A FenneIl 372 Edge Cities N A Phelps 377 Edge Effects I Yamada 381 Education N Lewis 389 Electoral Cartography A Kavanagh 396 Electoral Districts J I Leib and G R Webster 399 Electoral Geography G Pattie and R Johnston 405 Embeddedness M Hess 423 Embodied Knowing R Longhurst 429 Emigration B SA Yeoh 434 Emotional Geographies J Devidson and M Smith 440 Emotional Knowing L Bondi 446 Empire M Power 453 Empowerment R Scheyvens 464 Contents xliii

Enlightenment Geography G W J Withers 471 Enterprise Discourse P M O'Neill 487 Entrepreneurship E Stam 492 Entropy-Maximising Models R Johnston and G Pattie 499 Environment SEden 505 Environment, Historical Geography of S W Trimbfe, M P Gonzen, and EK Z Zygmut 517 Environmental Hazards G A Tobin and B E Montz 521 Environmental Health S J Elliott 528 Environmental Justice AA Lehtinen 535 Environmental Policy G Cocklin 540 Environmental Regulation P McManus 546 Environmental Security J Barnett 553 Environmental Studies and Human Geography G Sneddon 558 Environmentalism A Davies 565 Epidemiological Transition K McGracken and 0 R Phi/fips 571 Equity J Wifes and A Kobayashi 580 Error (Propagation and Modeling) S Gopaf 586 Ethical Issues in Research R Dowfing 595 Ethnic Conflict 0 Yiftachef 601 Ethnic Economies L Lo 608 Ethnicity W Li and E Skop 615 Ethnicity and Resistance, Historical Geographies of o P Nally 620 Ethnography K E Till 626 Ethnomethodology/Ethnomethodological Geography E Laurier 632 Eurocentrism J Sundberg 638 Europe M Kuus 644 Europe of JW Scott 649 Evans, E. E. M G Keane 658 Evolutionary Aigorithms N Xiao 660 Existentialism/Existential Geography 0 Seamon and J Sowers 666 Experimental Design S Bell 672 Exploration S A Royfe 676 Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis S Dall'erba 683 Export Processing Zones F Wu 691 Extended Metropolitan Region VF S Sit 697

VOLUME 4

F Factor Analysis and Principal-Components Analysis FWang Fair Trade L T Raynofds 8 xliv Contents

Famine P J Atkins 14 Fatherland/Homeland R Kaiser 21 Feminism and Work J Pollard 29 Feminism, Maps and GIS M Pav/ovskaya 37 Feminism/ L C Johnson 44 Feminist Geography, Prehistory of S Baw/by and J Tivers 59. Feminist Groups within Geography KM Morin 64 Feminist Methodologies 0 Thien 71 Feminist Political Economy RB Sarma 79 Fertility Y Underhill-Sem 87 Festival and Spectacle M Duffy 91 Feudalism and Feudal Society H Brad/ey and M Teyior 98 Field Geographies D Abbott 106 Field Systems and Enclosure J Chapman 112 Fieldwork F J Bosco and CM Moreno 119 Film C Lukinbea/ 125 Finance, Historieal Geographies of M Purvis 130 Finance, Offshore SM Roberts 139 Financial Centers, International 0 R Meyer 146 Financial Exelusion A Leyshon 153 Financial Knowledge G L C/ark, J C Marsha/(, and K Strauss 159 Financial Risks and Management P Bennett 167 Firms M Tay/or 173 First Law of Geography M F Goodchild 179 First World K 0 Willis 183 Flaneur, The A Latham 189 Fluidity-Fixity P Adey 194 Focus Groups A J Secor 200 Food Networks P Richardson and S J Whatmore 202 Food Networks, Alternative D Goodman and M K Goodman 208 Food Regimes B Pritchard 221 Fordism R Hudson 226 Fordisrn, Post-Fordism and Flexible Speeialization J Lovering 232 Foreign Direet Investment A Lagendijk and B Hendrikx 243 Foucauldianism M Hux/ey 255 Fractal Analysis N S Lam 263 Francophone Geography G Benko and C Desbiens 271 Functionalism (Including Struetural Functionalism) J E Castro 277 Fuzzy Set and Fuzzy Logic Y Leung 283

'Deceased, 22 August 2007. Contents xlv

G Gardens and Gardening David Crouch 289 Garrison, W. R Morrill 294 Gated Communities/Privatopias R Atkinson and S Blandy 297 Gay Geographies V Miller 302 Gender and Health J Wiles 309 Gender and Rurality J Little 315 Gender in the City Linda Peake 320 Gender, Historical Geographies of L Price 328 Genealogy and Family History SM Otterstrom 334 Genealogy Method (j Crowley 341 Generalization WA Mackaness and 0 Z Chaudhry 345 Genetics E Hall 355 Gentrification DJ Hammel 360 Gentrification, Rural M Phillips 368 Geocomputation M Birkin 376 Geodemographics M Birkin and G P Clarke 382 Geodesy J Hessler 390 Geographical Journals L D Berg 394 Geographical Masking G Rushton 402 Geographically Weighted Regression A Paez and D C Wheeler 407 Geography, History of A Maddrell 415 Geohistory P Claval 429 Geomatics M Duckham, A Kealy, and J Wallace 435 Geopolitics P Reuber 441 Geopolitics and Religion G Dijkink 453 Georeferencing, Geocoding X Yao 458 Geospatial Intelligence K C Clarke 466 Geovisualization M J Kraak 468 German-Language Geography M Hess 481 Gerrymandering R Morrill 486 Ghettos T Slater 492 GIS and Cartography M F Goodchild 500 GIS and Society T Nyerges 506 GIS, Mobile and Locational Based Services J Raper 513 GIS, Public Participation S Elwood 520 GIScience and Systems M F Goodchild 526 Global Commodity Chains L van Grunsven 539 Global Positioning/GPS J Lee 548 Global Production Networks N M Coe 556 Globalization and Transnational Corporations P Dicken 563 xlvi Contents

Globalization, Cultural KN Rankin 570 Globalization, Economic H W-c Yeung 581 Golledge, R. G Rushton 587 Gottmann, J. L Muscara 590 Governance M Goodwin 593 Governance, Corporate D W6jcik 600 Governance, Good G Williams 606 Governance, Transport I Docherty and J Shaw 615 Governance, Urban M Raco 622 Governmentality J Häkli 628 Green Revolution J Briggs 634 Greenfield Development P Breathnach 639 Gregory, D. B Warl 644 Grounded Theory M Cope 647 Growth Poles, Growth Centers U Rossi 651

VOLUME 5

H

Habitus G Setten Hagerstrand, T. R Flowerdew 4 Haggett, P. R Flowerdew 9 Haptic or Touch-Based Knowledge R 0 Jacobson 13 Harley, J. B. N Collins-Kreiner 19 Hartshorne, R. F Harvey 21 Harvey, D. K Woodward and J P Jones 111 24 Health and Development S Asthana 28 G Moon 35 Health Inequalities D Dorling and R Mitchell and S Ortord and M Shaw, and H Tunstall 46 Health Services Restructuring T Brown 51 Health Systems and Health Services R Barnett and P Barnett 58 Healthcare Accessibility J S Humphreys and KB Smith 71 Hegemony J Glassman 80 Heritage C Kelly 91 Heritage and Culture R Jones 98 Heritage and Economy G J Ashworth 104 Heritage and Identity JD Bohland and E Hague 109 Heteronormativity D Bell 115 Hettner, A. M Hoyler 120 High-Tech Industry Y Zhou 122 Contents xlvii

Hinterland Development J Timer and Z Kovecs 128 Historical Geographies, Rural P J Duffy 136 Historical Geographies, Urban A Go/an 146 Historical Geography G M Winder 152 Historical Geography, Evolution of J M Powe/l 158 Historical-Geographical Materialism S Kirsch 163 HIV/AIDS in Developed Countries M Sothem 169 HIV/AIDS in Developing Countries WT S Gou/d 173 Home T Peil 180 Homelessness JMay 185 Homelessness, Rural P Mi/boume 191 Housing M Pacione 196 Housing, Neighbourhoods and Health J Dunn 201 Housing, Rural N Ga/lent 207 Hub Network Location M E O'Kel/y 213 Human Geography C Gibson 218 Human Rights R Honey 232 Humanism/Humanistic Geography J M Smith 239 Human-Nonhuman E J Roe 251 Hybridity D P To/ia-Ke/ly 258 Hypothesis Testing R Haines-Young and R Fish 264

Idealism/ldealist Human Geography L Gue/ke 271 Identity and Otherness, Rural J Agyeman and S Nea/ 277 Identity Politics A Kobayashi 282 Ideology K R O/wig 287 Immigration I J L Waters 297 Immigration 11 / H Bum/ey 308 Imperial Cities A D King 317 Imperialism, Cultural S P Mains 322 Imperialistic Geographies G M Winder 330 Indian Ocean S Chaturvedi 344 Indigeneity E Cameron and S de Leeuw, and M Greenwood 352 Indigenous Geographies R Howitt and S Mu/ler, and S Suchet-Pearson 358 Indigenous Health and Medicine K Wi/son and C Richmond 365 Indigenous Knowledges J Mistry 371 Indigenous Mapping J Corbett and M Chapin and L Gibson, and G Ramba/di 377 Industrial City R Harris 383 Industrial Districts F Ce/ata and U Rossi 389 Industrial Location KChapman 396 xlviii Contents

Industrial Organization J Patchell 402 lndustrial Parks SM Walcott 408 Industrial Restructuring R Hudson 413 Industrialization 0 Simandan 419 Industry, Historical Geographies of R Lewis 426 Inequality G OeVerteuil 433 Informal Sector A G Aguilar and E P Campuzano 446 Informalization 0 Vaiou 454 Information Graphics AL Grittin 459 Information Technology B Parthasarathy 469 Informational City J Rutherford 475 Innovation R Sternberg 481 Input-Output Analysis G J 0 Hewings and M Sonis 491 Institutionalism/Institutional Geographies 0 Mackinnon 499 Integrated Spatial Data Infrastructure R Foley 507 Intensive/Extensive Research K Fa/coner AI-Hindi 512 Interdisciplinarity P Raento 517 Intermediate Technology M Parnwell 523 Intermodality A R Goetz 529 International Organizations R Peet 536 Internationalization of Education J L Waters 548 Internet, Economic Geography M Zook 555 InternetIWeb Mapping M-J Kraak 562 Internet-Based Measurement M Dodge and M Zook 569 Interviews: In-Depth, Semi-Structured R Longhurst 580 Investment Promotion NA Phelps 585 Irredentism G W White 590 Islamic Urbanism N AISayyad and I Türeli 598 Island Development E Clark 607 Italian Language Geography C Minca 611 Ivy League and Geography in the US R Wright and N Koch 616

VOLUME 6

J Jackson, P. C Dwyer Japanese Geography A Saito and F Mizuoka 4 Johnston, R. J. James 0 Sidaway 11 Contents xlix

K Knowledge and Education, Historical Geographies of RA Butlin 15 Knowledge Communities S Pinch 25 Knowledge Economy A Kerr and S 6 Riain 31 Knowledge Intensive Business Services P Wood 37 Kolossov, V. J O'Loughlin and E Holland 45 Kriging and Variogram Models C A Calder and N Cressie 49 Krop6tkin, P. G Kearns 56

L Labor Control Regime A E G Jonas 59 Labor Flexibility C Benner 66 TD Rutherford 72 Labor Market P Carmody 79 Labor Markets, Regional A E Green 85 Labor Unionism A Herod 91 Lacoste, Y. F Eva 97 Lamarck(ian)ism H Winlow 99 Land Change Science B L Turner 11 107 Land Rent Theory J Jäger 112 Land Rights R Howitt 118 Landscape J Dubow 124 Landscape Iconography S Hoelscher 132 Landscape Perception KM Morin 140 Language R Jones 146 Language and Research A Aylett and TJ Barnes 153 Latin American Structuralist School Cristobe! Kay 159 Law and Law Enforcement D Delaney 165 Learning Regions BT Asheim 172 Leisure J Mansvelt 179 Lesbian Geographies K Browne and C J Nash 187 Ley, D. P Jackson 193 Liberalism E Gilbert 195 Life Course Approaches R Fincher 207 Literature M Brosseau 212 Livelihoods F Owusu 219 Local Development G Garofoli 225 Local Economic Development S Conti and P Giaccaria 233 Local Economic Development, Politics of KR Cox 239 Local-Global M Haldrup 245 Contents

Locality Debates P Gooke 256 Location Analysis M W Horner 263 Location Theory A T Murray 270 Logistics M Hesse and J-P Rodrigue 277 Longitudinal Methods (Cohort Analysis, Life Tables) SO Withers 285 Los Angeles School of Post-Modern Urbanism B Hooper 293 Lowenthal, D. J R Gold 298 Geography J Gaspar 300

M Mackinder, H. J. G Kearns 309 Malls/Retail Parks G A Rice 312 Map Hacking E Mac Gillavry 318 Map Interactivity REdsall 323 Map Libraries and Archives R B Parry 329 Map Perception and Cognition S M Freundschuh 334 Map Types 0 Wood and JB Krygier 339 Mapping Agencies G Perkins 344 Mapping, Commercial B Hunt 351 Mapping, Cyberspace M Zaok and M Dodge 356 Mapping, Distributed W Gartwright 368 Mapping, Non-Western M W Pearce 372 Mapping, Philosophy G Perkins 385 Mapping, Race and Ethnicity H Winlaw 398 Mapping, Topographie P Gollier 409 Maps 0 Wood and J Krygier 421 Maps and Governance F Harvey 431 Maps and Protest 0 Woad and J Krygier 436 Maps and the State M Farish 442 Markov Chain Analysis W Li and G Zhang 455 Marxism/ lAGumbers 461 Marxism/Marxist Geography 11 A Jones 474 Masculinism A Bain 486 Masculinities B van Haven and P Hopkins 492 Massey, D. T Skeltan 497 Material Culture 0 P Tolia-Kelly 500 Material, The A Tay 505 McDowell, L. A Jones 511 Contents li

VOLUME 7

M Media 0 B Clarke Medical Geography R Earickson 9 MedievalGeography K 0 Lilley 21 Medieval Historical Geographies R Jones 32 Mega-Cities Y-M Yeung 40 Meinig, D. KM Dunn 48 Memorialsand Monuments 0 HAIderman and 0 J Dwyer 51 Memory S McDowell 59 Mental Health C J Smitn 64 Mental Maps S Bell 70 Metropole d'equilibre G Burgel 76 Middle East and North Africa M E Bonine 82 MigrantWorkers C Cindy Fan 89 Migration P Boyle 96 Migration, Historical Geographies of W Jenkins 108 Militaryand Geography M Farish 116 MilitaryGeographies R Woodward 122 Mixed and Multiple Methods J H McKendrick 128 Mobility P Merriman 134 Mobility, History of Everyday CG Pooley 144 Modern City J R Gold 150 Modernity 0 Linehan 157 Modernization Theory R N Gwynne 164 Modifiable Areal Unit Problem 0 W Wong 169 MonteCarlo Simulation S Ratick and G Schwarz 175 Moral Economies L McDowell 185 Moral Landscapes G Setten and K M Brown 191 Moviesand Films, Analysis of SC Aitken 196 Multicultural City H Hoernig and M Walton-Roberts 201 Multiculturalism J Clayton 211 Multidimensional Scaling W M Bowen 216

N Nation J Penrose 223 National Parks N Curry 229 National Schools of Geography P Claval 236 National Spatialities T Edensor 242 lii Contents

Nationalism 0 H Kaplan 248 Nationalism, Historical Geography of M A Busteed 255 Natural Resources G Bridge 261 Naturalistic Testing R 0 Jacobson 269 Nature K R Olwig 275 Nature, Historical Geographies of P Holland and A Wearing 286 Nature, History of M Tanskanen 293 Nature, Performing S Fullagar 298 Nature, Social N Argent 303 Nature-Culture 0 Jones 309 Natures, Charismatic J Lorimer 324 Natures, Gendered C Radel 331 Natures, Postcolonial M Sioh 337 Neighborhood Change J Kenny 343 Neighborhood Effects Sang-li Lee 349 Neighborhoods and Community J Flint 354 Neocolonialism M Watts 360 Neoliberal Economic Strategies R Le Heron 365 Neoliberalism W Larner 374 Neoliberalism and Development W E Murray 379 Neoliberalism, Urban W Larner 385 Network Analysis M J Kuby and T 0 Roberts and C 0 Upchurch, and S Tierney 391 Network Regions P Cooke 399 Networks G Grabher 405 Networks, Urban N Clarke 414 Neural Networks I Casas 419 New Regionalism G MacLeod 423 New Towns K Kafkoula 428 New Urbanism E J McCann 438 NIMBY P Hubbard 444 Nongovernmental Organizations Saraswati Raju 450 Non-Representational Theory/Non-Representational Geographies L Cadman 456 Nordic Geography K Simonsen 464 Nordplan and Nordregio G Olsson 469 North-South A McGregor and 0 Hili 473

VOLUME 8 o Oceania W E Murray Oceanographic Mapping 0 M Lawrence 14 Contents liii

Oceans PESteinberg 21 Olsson, G. M Gren 27 Oral History M Boy/e 30 Oral History, Ecological A Nightinga/e 34 Orientalism M Ha/drup and L Koefoed 37 Other/Otherness J-F Staszak 43 Overlay (in GIS) 0 Ah/qvist 48 Oxbridge Geographies E Pawson 56 p

Paasi, A. R Jones 63 Pacific Rim X Chen 66 Parenting/Motherhood/Fatherhood SC Aitken 72 Participant Observation K Wa/sh 77 Participation S Hickey and U Kothari 82 Participatory Action Research SKindon and R Pain and M Kesby 90 Participatory Video SKindon 96 Patriarchy C J Nash 102 Peasant Agriculture J 0 van der P/oeg 108 Peet, R. A Kobayashi 114 People's Geography 0 Mitchell 116 Performance, Research as F Morton 120 Performative and Embodied Mapping C Perkins 126 Performativity 0 P McCormack 133 Phenomenology/Phenomenological Geography G Backhaus 137 Philosophy and Human Geography SE/den 145 Photogrammetry/Aerial Photography P Collier 151 Photographs R Sanders 157 Physical Geography and Human Geography S Harrison 163 Place T Cresswell 169 Place Names V R Savage 178 Place, Politics of L A Staehe/i and 0 Mitchell 185 Planning, Urban M Hux/ey 193 Plant Geographies A Frank/in 199 Point Pattern Analysis E Oe/meile 204 Policing N R Fyfe 212 Political Boundaries A Paasi 217 Political Ecology R PNeumann 228 Political Economy, Geographical R Le Heran 234 0 Storey 243 Political Representation B Forest 254 liv Contents

Polycentricity P Hall 260 Polyvocality Saraswati Raju 265 Popular Culture J Dittmer 269 A J Bai/ey 274 Port-Industrial Complexes M Dunford and G Yeung 285 Positivism/Positivist Geography 0 Bennett 295 Possibilism V Berdoulay 312 Postcolonial Cities A 0 King 321 Postcolonialism/Postcolonial Geographies G McEwan 327 Postconflict Geographies J O'Loughlin 334 Postdevelopment J Nederveen Pieterse 339 Posthumanism/Posthumanistic Geographies J Lorimer 344 Postmodern City S Warren 355 /Postmodern Geography G Minca 363 Post-Phenomenology/Post-Phenomenological Geographies J Lea 373 Post-Productivist and Multifunctional Agriculture GA Wilson 379 Post-Socialist Cities L Sykora 387 Poststructuralism/Poststructuralist Geographies K Woodward and 0 P Dixon, and J P Jones, 111 396 Poverty A 0 Ghimhowu 408 Poverty, Rural AR Tickamyer 416 Pragmatism/Pragmatist Geographies S J Smith 421 Pred, A. B Warf 426 Pregnancy and Childbirth E Ghacko 429 Private/Public Divide 0 Gollins 437 Privatization P M O'Neill 442 Probabilism R Flowerdew 448 Probability Models R Flowerdew 451 Projections F G Kessler 455 Protest, Rural M Woods 474 Psychoanalysis P T Kingsbury 480 Psychoanalytic Theory/Psychoanalytic Geographies P T Kingsbury 487 Psychotherapy/Psychotherapeutic Geographies L Bondi 495 Public Good KR Gox 501 Public Policy M Perry 506 Public Space 0 Mitchell and L A Staeheli 511 Public Spaces, Urban 0 Gollins and B-M Shantz 517 Contents Iv

VOLUME 9

Q

Q MethodlAnalysis P Robbins Qualitative Geographic Information Systems M Cape and J-K Jung 7 Qualitative Spatial Reasoning R Billen and N Van de Weghe 12 Quantitative Data M Charlton 19 Quantitative Methodologies M F Goodchild 27 Quantitative Revolution T J Barnes 33 Queer Theory/Queer Geographies K Browne 39 Questionnaire Survey V Preston 46

R Race J Winders 53 Racism and Antiracism A Nayak 59 Radical Environmentalism I G Simmons 65 Radical Geography R Peet 73 Radical Political Economy F Mizuoka 83 Railways J Shaw and I Docherty 91 Rational Choice Theory (and Rational Choice Marxism) G Bridge 100 Reclus, E. J P Clark 107 Redbrick University Geography in Britain T R Slater 111 Redlining M B Aalbers 117 Refugees and Displacement R Black 125 Regeneration to Renaissance T Butler 130 Region J Tomaney 136 Regional Actors M Tewdwr-Jones and A Lord 151 Regional Competition, Regional Dumping IM M Pires 156 Regional Connectivity M Sokol 165 Regional Development and Noneconomic Factors J 0 Bcerenholdt 181 Regional Development and Technology J R L Howe/ls 187 Regional Development Models M Dunford 192 Regional Development Theory P Nijkamp and M Abreu 202 Regional Development, Endogenous F Tödtling 208 Regional Geography I A Paasi 214 Regional Geography II 0 MacKinnon 228 Regional Inequalities M Dunford 236 Regional Innovation Systems J Revilla Diez and M Kiese 246 Regional Integration A Cumbers 252 Regional Planning and Development Theories E W Soja 259 Regional Production Networks 0 W Edgington 271 lvi Contents

Regional Science H G Overman 279 Regionalisations, Everyday 8 Werlen 286 Regionalism J Tomaney 294 Regionalization/Zoning Systems NK Shortt 298 Regression, Linear and Nonlinear J Pearee 302 Regulation G MaeLeod and A Holden 309 Relational Economic Geography N M Rantisi and J S 80ggs 314 Reliability and Validity 0 Ahlqvist 320 Religion/Spirituality/Faith L Kong 324 Remittances 8 Page 329 Remote Sensing J M Read and M Torrado 335 Representation and Re-presentation A Kobayashi 347 Representation, Politics of H V Seott 351 Representation-Mapping J Mennis 357 Research Funding Bodies R Johnston 364 Resistance J Gupples 370 Resource and Environmental Economics H Neo 376 Resource Industries R Hayter 381 Resource Management, Rural L M 8 Harrington 390 Retail Geographies N Wrigley 398 Rio Summit E S Norman and 0 Garr 406 Ritter, C. M Doevenspeek 412 River Basin Development G Fox 414 Rural Communities S Salamon and K A MaeTavish 423 Rural Geography M Woods 429 Rural Populations K H Halfacree 442 Rurality and Post-Rurality K H Halfacree 449 Russian-Language Geography V Kolossov and A Treivish 457

VOLUME 10 s Sampling L Lo Santos, M. MAde Souza 11 Sauer, C. M WiJliams 15 Scale N F Sayre enä A V Di Vittorio 19 Scale Analytical T W Grawford 29 Science and Scientism, Cartography 0 Turnbutt 37 Scientific Method R Flowerdew 43 Scott, A. G Gibson 46 Contents lvii

Second Hornes M Haldrup 50 Second World J Oldfield 56 Segregation M F Poulsen 63 Segregation Indices D W Wong 70 Segregation, Urban R Atkinson and J McGarrigle 76 Selection Bias T J Gooke 81 Self-Other D Sibley 85 K E Foote and M Azaryahu 89 Sense of Place K E Foote and M Azaryahu 96 Sensorium D McGormack 101 Services, Professional A James 106 Services, Rural AG Vias 112 Sexuality P Howell 119 Shift-Share Analysis R W Jackson and K E Haynes 125 Simulation S M Manson 132 Situated Knowledge, Reflexivity A Kobayashi 138 Situationism/Situationist Geography D Pinder 144 Situationist City Q Stevens 151 Slums R Harris 157 Smith, N. AL Hansen 163 Social Capital A Bebbington 165 Social Capital, Place and Health L Twigg and J Mohan 171 Social Class N Duncan 179 R Panelli 185 Social Justice, Urban K Newman 195 Social Movements M Ramutsindela 199 Social Studies of Scientific Knowledge B Greenhough 204 Socialism S Engel-Di Mauro 212 Society-Space S M Ruddick 217 Soja, E. A Latham 227 Sound and Music M Duffy 230 Soundscapes A Saldanha 236 South Asia G P Ghapman 241 Southeast Asia Eric G Thompson 248 Sovereignty M Goleman 255 Space I SEiden 262 Space 11 R Kitchin 268 Space-Time J D Gatrell and E W LaFary 276 Space-Time Modeling M Yuan 286 Spanish Language Geography A Albet and P Zusman 296 Spatial Analysis, Critical T Schwanen 302 lviii Contents

Spatial Autocorrelation 0 A Griffith 308 Spatial Clustering, Detection and Analysis of Y Lu 317 Spatial Data Mining, Cluster and Pattern Recognition TA Arentze 325 Spatial Data Mining, Geovisualization C Kim 332 Spatiai Data Models L Bian 337 Spatial Databases AC Winstanfey 345 Spatial Division of Labor A Smith 348 Spatial Expansion Method E Casetti 355 Spatial Filtering/Kernel Density Estimation G Rushton and C Tiwari 359 Spatial Interaction Models ME O'Kelly 365 Spatial Interpolation N S Lam 369 Spatial Ontologies N Sehuurman 377 Spatial Science Ron Johnston 384 Spatially Autoregressive Models 0 A Griffith 396 Squatter Settlements K 0 WiJlis 403 State M Jones 409 State Theory B Jessop 416 Statistics, Descriptive J Lee 422 Statistics, Inferential 0 M Seott 429 Statistics, Overview G M Robinson 436 Statistics, Spatial 0 J Unwin 452 Storper, M. P Sunfey 458 Street Names and Iconography M Azaryahu 460

VOLUME 11 s Structural Adjustment G Mohan Structural Equations Models P L Mokhtarian and 0 TOry 10 Structural Marxism A Kent 18 /Structuralist Geography R G Smith 30 Structuration Theory R Lippuner and B Werfen 39 Structurationist Geography B Werfen 50 Subaltern C MeEwan 59 Subalternity V Gidwani 65 Subjectivity J P Sharp 72 Suburbanization A Maee 77 Superpower J O'Loughfin 82 Surrealism/Surrealist Geographies 0 Pinder 87 Surveillance M Henry 95 Contents lix

Surveying U F Paleo 100 Sustainability T Marsden 103 Sustainability, Urban M Whitehead 109 Sustainable Development J A Elliott 117 Symbolie Interaetionism V J DeI Casino, Jr. and 0 Thien 132 Symbolism, leonography M Oenil 138 Systems G P Chapman 146 SystemsTheory 0 Straussfogel and C von Schilling 151

T Taylor, G. J M Powell 159 Taylor, P. J Glassman 162 Teehnologieal Change G Norcliffe 165 Teehnology and Regional Development J Zhang 171 Teehnology Industries C G Alvstam 177 Teleeommunieations 8 Warf 183 Territorial Produetion Complexes 8 Domenski 190 Territory and Territoriality OOelaney 196 Terrorism 0 Mustafa 209 Text and Textuality J M Smith 215 Text, Textual Analysis 0 Wilson 220 Theoeraey Nick Megoran 223 Therapeutie Landseapes W M Ges/er 229 Thiessen Polygon L Mu 231 Third World J Connell 237 Third World Cities S Uoyd-Evans and R 8 Potter 247 Thrift, N. U Strohmayer 256 Time and Historieal Geography M Kurtz 259 Time Geographie Analysis M Oijst 266 M Gren 279 Time Series Analysis G M Robinson 285 Time-Spaee Diaries T Schwanen 294 Tourism T Edensor 301 Tourism, Rural M Cawley 313 Tourism, Urban T Hall 318 Trade Bloes J P H Poon 324 Trade, International R Grant 329 Trade, Transport and Communieations, Historieal Geographies of P J Hugil/ 338 Transatlantic M Sheller 345 Transeripts (Coding and Analysis) M Cope 350 Transitional Eeonomies J Round 355 Ix Contents

Translation F M Smith 361 Transnational Corporations in Developing Countries C Bemdt 368 Transnational Elites K Olds 376 Transnational Ethnic Networks Jinn- Yuh Hsu 383 Transnationalism 0 Ley 388 Transnationalism and Labor Geography P F Kelly 394 Transnationalism and Technology Transfer J-Y Hsu 400 Transnationality S Huang 404 Transport and Accessibility J Gutierrez 410 Transport and Deregulation P White and A Sturt 418 Transport and Globalization K O'Connot 424 Transport and Social Exclusion J Hine 429 Transport and Sustainability K Button 435 R 0 Knowles 441 Transport, Public J Preston 452 Transport, Rural 0 Banister 460 Transport, Urban B P Y Loo 465 Transportation and Land Use S-L Shaw 470 Travel and Travel-Writing R Phillips 476 Trend Surface Models 0 J Unwin 484 Triangulation A Nightingale 489 Tropical Geography M Power 493 Tuan, Y-F T Cresswell 499

VOLUME 12

U Uncertainty M F Goodehild Underclass C Haylett 6 Uneven Development B Christophers 12 Uneven Regional Development R Hudson 18 Urban Architecture P Kraft! 24 Urban Design E Street 32 Urban Growth Machine S Rodgers 40 Urban Habitats/Nature J Byme and J Woleh 46 Urban Modeling M Batty 51 Urban Morphologies, Historical T R Slater 59 Urban Morphology K 0 Lilley 66 Urban Order M Jayne and 0 Bell 70 Urban Planning and Human Geography J Dodson and B Gleeson 77 Contents lxi

Urban Policy A Cochrane 84 Urban Regimes M Lauria and R K Whelan 89 Urban Representation/lmagination P KraftI and J Horton 94 Urban Village G Crow 101 Urbanism G Bridge 106 Urbanization P Knox 112 Urban-Rural Continuum K H Halfacree 119 Utopian Cities G Brown 125 v Venture Capital C Mason 131 Vichianism (After Vico) 0 Kunze 138 Vidal oe la Blache, P. G Mercier 147 Visuality F MacDonald 151 Visualization, Feminist M Pavlovskaya 157 Voluntary Sector C Mil/igan 165 von Humboldt, A. A Buttimer 171 Vulnerability B Wisner 176 w War V Mamadouh 183 War, Historical Geography and N C Johnson 189 Waste Management M Watson 195 Water Fiona AI/on 201 Water Management 0 Kay 207 Wateriront Development M Davidson 215 Watts, M. J. S Batterbury 222 Welfare Geography R Lee and C Philo 224 Welfare Reform 0 Conradson 230 Wellbeing SC MacKian 235 Wetlands and Reclamation MG Hatvany 241 Whiteness L Peake 247 Wilderness C R Warren 254 Wilson, A. GP Clarke 260 World/Global Cities B Derudder 262 World-System K Terlouw 269 Wreford Watson, J. GM Robinson 279 Wright, J. K. I M Keighren 281 y

YouthlYouth Cultures L Holt 283

Index 289