Human Geography
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INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY EDITORS-IN-CHIEF ROß KITCHIN National Institute of Regional and Spatial Analysis (NIRSA) John Hume Building, National University of Ireland Maynooth, County Kildare Ireland NIGEL THRIFT University House, University of Warwiek Coventry UK ELSEVIER AMSTERDAM • BOSTON. HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD PARIS. SAN DrEGG. SAN FRANCISCO. SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • ToKYO CONTENTS Senior Editors v Section Editors vii Guide to use of the Encyclopedia ix Contributors xi Contents xxxvii Subject Classification lxiii Foreword by Mary Robinson lxxv Foreword by Rob Kitchin lxxvii VOLUME 1 A Activism L M Takahashi Activist Geographies P Routledge 7 Actor-Network Theory/Network Geographies G T J6hannesson and J 0 Beerennokit 15 Affect J 0 Dewsbury 20 Africa G A Myers 25 Ageing and Health G J Andrews 31 Ageing and Mobility A M Warnes 36 Ageism and Age L Maxey 42 Agglomeration A Malmberg 48 Agoraphobia J Davidson 54 Agrarian Transformations J Renes 58 Agricultural Land Preservation K B Beesley and 0 Ramsey 65 Agriculture, Sustainable T Marsden 70 Agri-Environmentalism and Rural Change C Potter 79 Aid V Desai 84 Arnenaqernent du Territoire: Territorial Development P Merlin 91 Americas R B Kent and K AButIer 99 Anarchism/Anarchist Geography MM Breitbart 108 Anglo-American/ Anglophone Hegemony M B Aalbers and U Rossi 116 Animal Geographies C Wilbert 122 Animal Welfare, Agricultural H Buller 127 xxxvii xxxviii Contents Antarctica S Chaturvedi 133 Anthropogeography (Atter Ratzei) J Lossau 140 Anthropology and Human Geography KW Butzer 148 Anti-Geopolitics U Ostender 152 Anti-Urbanism T S/ater 159 Apartheid/Post-Apartheid J Battersby-Lennard 167 Applied Geography M Pacione 174 Archives M Kurtz 179 Arctic M Kurtz and A Watson 184 Art and Cartography C D'/gnazio 190 Artiticial Intelligence and Expert Systems Y Leung 207 Asia T Oakes 214 Atlases J Siemer and HAsche 220 Australasia C Gibson 225 Autobiography M Purcell 234 Autoethnography K Besio 240 Auto-Photography M E Thomas 244 Avant-Garde/Avant-Garde Geographies JD Dewsbury 252 Aviation TM Vow/es 257 B Balkans V Rey and 0 Groza 265 Barnes, T. S Reimer 273 Beaujeu-Garnier, J. M-C Robic 275 Becoming D P McCormack 277 Behavioral Geography J R Go/d 282 Belonging A Tay/or 294 Berkeley School M Wil/iams 300 Berry, B. R W Lake 305 Biodiversity R PNeumann 308 Biodiversity Mapping H Hazen 314 Biopolitics A A Lehtinen 320 Bobek, H. H Fassmann 324 Body, The L Johnston 326 Borderlands D Wastl-Wa/ter 332 Bowman, I. J Dittmer 340 Brain Drain J Crush and C Hughes 342 Brandt Commission RB Potter and S Lloyd-Evans 348 Brown Agenda J Beall 355 Butter Zone G Preve/akis 362 Business Services John R Bryson 368 Contents xxxix c Capital and Space R J Das 375 Capitalism R Le Heran 382 Capitalism and Division of Labor M Brayshay 390 Care/Caregiving N M Yantzi enä M W Skinner 402 Cartographic Animation M Harrower 408 Cartography in Islamic Societies S Brentjes 414 Cartography, History of C Delano-Smith enä R J P Kain 428 Case Study Approach S W Hardwick 441 Cassa per il Mezzogiorno F Martinelli 446 Categorical Data Analysis S D Withers 456 VOLUME 2 c Cellular Automata PM Torrens Census Geography W Friesen 5 Census Mapping D Martin 12 Central Business District G A Rice 18 Central Place Theory J Malczewski 26 Chaos and Complexity G Chapman 31 Chicago School D Sibley 40 Child Labor S Punch 45 Children and Mapping V Filippakopoulou and B Nakos 50 Children/Childhood F Smith and N AnseIl 58 Chinese Urbanism L J C Ma 65 Chinese-Language Geography WS Tang 72 Choice Modeling J-C Thill 78 Christaller, W. R Capello 84 Christian Geography H Aay 86 Chronic Disease K Robinson and S J Elliott 92 Citation Geography M Batty and R Carvalho 97 Citizenship V Chouinard 107 Citizenship and Governmentality, Rural L Cheshire and M Woods 113 City Marketing E J McCann 119 City-Region S Davoudi 125 Civil Society C Mcllwaine 136 Claval, P. M Benare 142 Climate Change J C Sweeney 147 xl Contents Cloke, P. M Phil/ips 156 Cognitive Geography D R Montello 160 Cohen, S. N Kliot 167 Cold War T W Luke 170 Colonialism I ALester 175 Colonialism 11 D Atkinson 182 Colonialism, Internal R J Das and S Chilvers 189 Color, Mapping A L Griffin 195 Commodity Chains M Hassler 202 Communicable Diseases, Globalization ot JR Oppong 209 Communist and Post-Communist Geographies J Titner 214 Community S C Aitken 221 Competitiveness N Lewis 226 Complementary and Alternative Medicine G J Andrews 234 Complexity Theory, Nonlinear Dynamic Spatial Systems D O'Sul/ivan 239 Computational Human Geography H Couclelis 245 Concentrated Deconcentration B Lambregts 251 Conservation and Ecology M Jay and M Morad 259 Consumption D Leslie 268 Content Analysis J Baxter 275 Corbridge, S. M S Kumar 281 Core-Periphery Models B Remirez 286 Corporate Responsibilities A Hughes and F Wray 292 Corridor and Axis Development LAlbrechts and T Tasan-Kok 298 Cosgrove, D. KD Lilley 305 Cosmopolitanism J Binnie, J J Holloway, S MiJlington, and C Young 307 Counter-Mapping R Rundstrom 314 Counterurbanization C JA Mitchell and C R Bryant 319 Cox, K. H van der Wusten 325 Creativity A Currah 327 Crime/Fear of Crime H Koskela 334 Critical Cartography D Wood and J Krygier 340 Critical Geography U Best 345 Critical Geopolitics J P Sharp 358 Critical GIS N Schuurman 363 Critical Rationalism (After Popper) 0 Bennett 369 Critical Realism/Critical Realist Geographies Andy C Pratt 379 Critical Theory (After Habermas) M PhiJIips 385 Cross-Cultural Research T Skelton 398 Cultural Capital J L Waters 404 Cultural Economy A C Pratt 407 Contents xli Cultural Geography C Gibson and G Waitt 411 Cultural Materialism G Helms 425 Cultural Politics S Rycroft 431 Cultural Studies and Human Geography o Bell 437 Cultural Turn C Philo 442 Culture K JMee 451 Culture/Natures J Sundberg and J Dempsey 458 Cumulative Causanon E Delaney and J W Harrington, Jr. 464 Cyberspace/Cyberculture o Bell 468 VOLUME 3 D Darby, H. c. RA Butlin Darwinism (and Social Darwinism) H Winlow 4 Dear, M. J. A Latham 12 Debt David Simon 16 Deconstruction C Barnett 23 Defensible Space E Warwick 31 Deforestation J J Metz 39 De-Industrialization A Pike 51 De-Localization A Kalogeressis and L Labrianidis 60 Democracy C Barnett and M Low 70 Demography P Rees 75 Dependency E Hartwiek 91 Desertification C J Barrow 96 Determinism/Environmental Determinism H Ernste and C Philo 102 Development I K 0 Willis and MS Kumar 111 Development 11 B Kort 117 Developmentalism M Watts 123 Devolution M Keating 131 Dialectical Reasoning and Dialectical Materialism E Swyngedouw 137 Dialogism (After Bakhtin) J Hol/oway and J Kneale 143 Diaries (Video, Audio or Written) P Meth 150 Diaspora K McKittrick 156 Dicken, P. JV Beaverstock 162 Difference/Politics of Difference T Jazeel 164 Diffusion LA Brown 170 Digital Data, Historical Geography and H Southal/ 185 Digital Divide T Unwin and G de Bastion 191 xlii Contents Digital Earth GA Elmes, 0 Weiner, and G O'Alessandro-Scarpari 198 Disability and Chronic Illness R Wilton and J Evans 205 Discourse T Gresswell 211 Discourse Analysis LOBerg 215 Disease Diffusion ASchcerström 222 Disease Mapping T Koch 234 Distance G H Pirie 242 Dudley Stamp, L. 0 Linehan 252 Dutch Human Geography H Ernste and L Smith 255 Dwelling 0 Jones 266 E East Asian Miracle G Dixon 273 EastIWest A Bonnett 280 e-Business and e-Commerce KE Gorey and M I Wilson 285 Ecological Fallacy 0 Sui 291 Ecology P McManus 294 Economic Crises M Webber 304 Economic Development, Rural 0 Storey 310 Economic Geography TJ Barnes 315 Economic Geography, Quantitative E Sheppard and P Plummer 328 Economics and Human Geography JR Faulconbridge and S Hall 332 Economies, Alternative S Healy 338 Economies, Borderland M Tykkyläinen 345 Economies, Branch Plant H 0 Watts 354 Econornies, Imagined A Gameron 361 Economy, Informal S Turner 367 Ecotourism 0 A FenneIl 372 Edge Cities N A Phelps 377 Edge Effects I Yamada 381 Education N Lewis 389 Electoral Cartography A Kavanagh 396 Electoral Districts J I Leib and G R Webster 399 Electoral Geography G Pattie and R Johnston 405 Embeddedness M Hess 423 Embodied Knowing R Longhurst 429 Emigration B SA Yeoh 434 Emotional Geographies J Devidson and M Smith 440 Emotional Knowing L Bondi 446 Empire M Power 453 Empowerment R Scheyvens 464 Contents xliii Enlightenment Geography G W J Withers 471 Enterprise Discourse P M O'Neill 487 Entrepreneurship E Stam 492 Entropy-Maximising Models R Johnston and G Pattie 499 Environment SEden 505 Environment, Historical Geography of S W Trimbfe, M P Gonzen, and EK Z Zygmut 517 Environmental Hazards G A Tobin and B E Montz 521 Environmental Health S J Elliott 528 Environmental Justice AA Lehtinen 535 Environmental Policy G Cocklin 540 Environmental Regulation P McManus 546 Environmental Security J Barnett 553 Environmental Studies and Human Geography G Sneddon 558 Environmentalism A Davies 565 Epidemiological Transition K McGracken and 0 R Phi/fips 571 Equity J Wifes and A Kobayashi 580 Error (Propagation and Modeling) S Gopaf 586 Ethical Issues in Research R Dowfing 595 Ethnic Conflict 0 Yiftachef 601 Ethnic Economies L Lo 608 Ethnicity W Li and E Skop 615 Ethnicity and Resistance, Historical Geographies of o P Nally 620 Ethnography K E Till 626 Ethnomethodology/Ethnomethodological Geography E Laurier 632 Eurocentrism J Sundberg 638 Europe M Kuus 644 Europe of Regions JW Scott 649 Evans, E. E. M G Keane 658 Evolutionary Aigorithms N Xiao 660 Existentialism/Existential Geography 0 Seamon and J Sowers 666 Experimental Design S Bell 672 Exploration S A Royfe 676 Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis S Dall'erba 683 Export Processing Zones F Wu 691 Extended Metropolitan Region VF S Sit 697 VOLUME 4 F Factor Analysis and Principal-Components Analysis FWang Fair Trade L T Raynofds 8 xliv Contents Famine P J Atkins 14 Fatherland/Homeland R Kaiser 21 Feminism and Work J Pollard 29 Feminism, Maps and GIS M Pav/ovskaya 37 Feminism/Feminist Geography L C Johnson 44 Feminist Geography, Prehistory of S Baw/by and J Tivers 59.