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The Linguistic Encoding of Landscape in Lokono UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The linguistic encoding of landscape in Lokono Rybka, K.A. Publication date 2016 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Rybka, K. A. (2016). The linguistic encoding of landscape in Lokono. LOT. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:02 Oct 2021 337 English summary: The linguistic encoding of landscape in Lokono This thesis investigates the how landscape elements are expressed linguistically in Lokono (Arawakan). As a background to the analysis, an account of language vitality and a description of the grammar of space are given. The linguistic analysis of landscape starts with landform terms, which form a system of non-lexicalized phrases sharing a generic term horhorho ‘landform’. The findings reveal that landscape vocabulary is organized on partonymic and spatial relations. Second, I discuss vegetation terms, which distinguish terms for dry and wet areas of vegetation. The results point to the body of environmental knowledge encoded in such vocabulary and the importance of socio-cultural practices in shaping the system of landscape classification. Third, I focus on place names, discussing their morphosyntactic, sociolinguistic, referential, and semantic properties. Lokono place names form a language-internally definable class, identified by the proper/generic distinction and the what/where distinction—a type of noun categorization discussed in the remaining chapters. What-nouns encode entities that are prototypical Figures, while the where-nouns encode entities that are prototypical Grounds. The distinction is found in the cognitively universal directionality component of the spatial expression and is based on the ontological properties of the referents. A comparative study of the distinctions in three languages identifies a hierarchy of nouns illustrating the likelihood of a noun being categorized as a what- or where-noun. The cline is analyzed in the light of the cognitive geography theory of objects and places, shedding light on which ontological properties of landscape are grammaticalized in language structure. 338 339 Nederlandse samenvatting: De taalkundige codering van landschap in Lokono Dit proefschrift onderzoekt de codering van landschap in de Lokono taal. Als achtergrond bij deze analyse wordt een beschrijving van de taalvitaliteit en de grammatica van ruimtelijke uitdrukkingen gegeven. De taalkundige analyse van landschap introduceert ten eerste termen voor terreinvormen, die een systeem van niet-gelexicaliseerde sintagma’s vormen die de generieke term horhorho 'terreinvorm' gemeenschappelijk hebben. De bevindingen laten zien dat het landschap-vocabulaire wordt ingedeeld aan de hand van partonimische en ruimtelijke relaties. Ten tweede bespreek ik termen voor vegetatie, die onderscheid maken tussen droge en natte gebieden. De resultaten wijzen op het totaal aan omgevingskennis dat gecodeerd is in een dergelijke woordenschat en op het belang van socio-culturele gebruiken in het vormgeven van het systeem van landschapsclassificatie. Ten derde richt ik me op plaatsnamen, waarbij ik hun morfosyntactische, sociolinguïstische, referentiële en semantische eigenschappen bespreek. Plaatsnamen in het Lokono vormen een groep die taal-intern definieerbaar is, en die geïdentificeerd kan worden door het onderscheid tussen de opposities eigen/generiek en wat/waar. Deze manier van categorisering van zelfstandige naamwoorden wordt besproken in de overige hoofdstukken. Zelfstandige naamwoorden van het type wat coderen entiteiten die prototypische Figures zijn, terwijl de waar-zelfstandige naamwoorden coderen entiteiten die prototypische Grounds zijn. Dit onderscheid is gelokaliseerd in de cognitief universele richtingscomponent van de uitdrukking van ruimte en is gebaseerd op de ontologische eigenschappen van de referenten. Een vergelijkend onderzoek naar dit onderscheid in drie talen heeft een hiërarchie van zelfstandige naamwoorden blootgelegd die de waarschijnlijkheid dat een zelfstandig naamwoord wordt gecategoriseerd als een wat- of als een waar-woord illustreert. Deze schaal wordt geanalyseerd in het licht van de theorie van objecten en plaatsen uit de cognitieve geografie, hetgeen licht werpt op de vraag welke ontologische eigenschappen van het landschap gegrammaticaliseerd worden middels taalstructuur. 340 341 References ABRAÃO, MARCIA BARBOSA, GLENN H. SHEPARD JR., BRUCE W. NELSON, ET AL. 2010. Baniwa Vegetation Classification in the White-Sand Campinarana Habitat of the Northwest Amazon. In: Landscape Ethnoecology: Concepts of Physical and Biotic Space. Leslie Main Johnson and Eugene Hunn (eds.), pp. 83–115. New York: Berghahn Books. AHNERT, FRANK O. 1998. Introduction to Geomorphology. London: Arnold. AIKHENVALD, ALEXANDRA Y. 1996. Multilingual and Monolingual Placenames in Tariana. Names 44(4), pp. 272–290. AIKHENVALD, ALEXANDRA Y. 1999. The Arawak Language Family. In: The Amazonian Languages. Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and Robert M.W. Dixon (eds.), pp. 65–102. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. AIKHENVALD, ALEXANDRA Y. 2012. The Languages of the Amazon. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ALGEMEEN BUREAU VOOR DE STATISTIEK. 2013. Resultaten Achtste (8e) Volks- En Woningtelling in Suriname, Vol. I., 294/2013. Paramaribo. ALGEMEEN BUREAU VOOR DE STATISTIEK. 2014. Resultaten Achtste (8e) Volks- En Woningtelling in Suriname, Vol. III, 300/2014. Paramaribo. AMEKA, FELIX K., AND STEPHEN C. LEVINSON (eds.). 2007. The Typology and Semantics of Locative Predication: Posturals, Positionals and Other Beasts [Special Issue]. Linguistics 45(5). AMEKA, FELIX K., CARLIEN DE WITTE, AND DAVID WILKINS. 1999. Picture Series for Positional Verbs: Eliciting the Verbal Component in Locative Descriptions. In: Manual for the 1999 Field Season. David Wilkins (ed.), pp. 48–54. Nijmegen: Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics. AMERICAN COUNCIL ON TEACHING OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES. 2012. ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines 2012. ACTFL, INC. ANDREWS, MALCOLM. 1999. Landscape and Western Art. Oxford History of Art. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. BAARLE, PETER VAN. 1995. Leenwoorden in Het Arawak En de Geschiedenis van de Contacten Tussen Arawakken En Europeanen van 1500 Tot 1800. Yumtzilob 7(1), pp. 25–54. BAARLE, PETER VAN. 1996. De Fonologie van Het Arowaks Nader Bekeken. Yumtzilob 8(3), pp. 231–260. BAARLE, PETER VAN. 1999. Eighteenth Century Descriptions of Arawak by Moravian Missionaries. In: Languages Different in All Their Sounds: Descriptive Approaches to Indigenous Languages of the Americas 1500 to 1850. E. Nowak (ed.), pp. 117–54. Münster: Nodus. BAARLE, PETER VAN, MAURICIUS A. SABAJO, GERDY VAN DER STAP, ANDREAS L. SABAJO, AND LUCIA L SABAJO. 1989. Arhwaka Lokonong Djang: Arowakse Taalkursus en Woordenboek. Haarlem; Amsterdam: Sociaal-culturele Vereniging Ikyoshie; Instituut voor Algemene Taalwetenschap, Universiteit van Amsterdam. BAARLE, PETER VAN, MAURICIUS A. SABAJO, AND MARIE-FRANCE PATTE. 1997. Manuel de Langue Arawak. Paris: Éditions du Saule. 342 BALÉE, WILLIAM L., AND CLARK L. ERICKSON (eds.). 2006. Time and Complexity in Historical Ecology: Studies in the Neotropical Lowlands. The Historical Ecology Series. New York: Columbia University Press. BASSO, KEITH H. 1996. Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language among the Western Apache. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. BATTIG, WILLIAM F., AND WILLIAM E. MONTAGUE. 1968. Category Norms for Verbal Items in 56 Categories: A Replication and Extension of the Connecticut Norms. 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