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VII. Geschichte Israels in Hellenistischer Zeit 825

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VII. Geschichte Israels in Hellenistischer Zeit 825 824 VII. Geschichte Israels in hellenistischer Zeit 825 VII. Geschichte Israels in hellenistischer Zeit 1. Überblick über die Geschichte der hellenistischen Epoche Die hellenistische Zeit ist in zwei nicht scharf voneinander zu trennende Phasen einzu- teilen. Grob gesprochen ist die Zeit der ptolemäischen Vorherrschaft bis zum Beginn des 2. Jh.s v. Chr. von der Phase der seleukidischen Herrschaft zu trennen. In diese Zeit fallen die Krise unter Antiochus IV. Epiphanes, der Makkabäeraufstand und die Zeit des hasmonäischen Königtums, in der sich die Provinz Judäa von etwa 142 v. Chr. bis zum Beginn der römischen Herrschaft in Palästina (63 v. Chr.) noch einmal zu einem Literatur: R. Bichler, Hellenismus, Darmstadt 1983; E. J. Bickermann, Der Gott der Makkabäer, Berlin 1937; ders., Tue Jews in the Greek Age, Cambridge 1988; K. Bringmann, Hellenistische eigenständigen Staat entwickeln kann. Reform und Religionsverfolgung in Judäa, Göttingen 1983; J. J. Collins, Jewish cult and Helle- nistic culture (JSJ.S 100) Leiden 2005; ders., Beyond the Qumran Community. Tue Sectarian 1.1 Das Ende des Perserreiches und der Aufstieg Alexanders Movement of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Grand Rapids 2010; J. J. Collins/D. C. Harlow (Hg.), Tue Eerdmans dictionary ofEarly Judaism, Grand Rapids 2010; H. Cotton/M. Wörrle, Seleukos IV Das allmähliche Auseinanderbrechen der persischen Herrschaft lässt Raum für eine neue to Heliodoros: ZPE 159, 2007, 191-205; J. M. S. Cowey, Das ägyptische Judentum in hellenis- aufstrebende Macht, die nicht aus dem Zweistromland oder aus Persien kommt, sondern tischer Zeit - neue Erkenntnisse aus jürigst veröffentlichten Papyri, in: S. Kreuzer/]. P. Lesch vom Nordwestrand des Ägäischen Meeres (s. Karte 8). In der Schlacht bei Perinthus (Tra- (Hg.), .Im Brennpunkt: Die Septuaginta, Band 2, Stuttgart 2004, 24-43; I. Finkelstein, Tue Territorial Extent and Demography ofYehud/Judea in the Persian and Early Hellenistic Peri- kien) 340 v. Chr. schlägt Artaxerxes III. (359/58-338 v. Chr.) den Makedonen Philipp ods: RB 117, 2010, 39-54; J. Frey, Temple and rival temple - the cases ofElephantine, Mt. Ger- - II. (360/59-336 v. Chr.) zwar noch zurück, aber nicht vernichtend. 338 v. Chr. gewinnt izim, and Leontopolis, in: B. Ego u. a. (Hg.), Gemeinde ohne Tempel (WUNT 118) Tübingen Philipp von Makedonien die Schlacht bei Chaironeia, und nach seinem Tod beginnt sein 1999, 171-203; H.-J. Gehrke, Geschichte des Hellenismus, München 1990; D. Gera, Judaea Sohn, der 22-jährige Alexander III. (356-323 v. Chr.), als Nachfolger 334 v. Chr. seinen and Mediterranean politics 219 to 161 B. C. E„ Leiden 1998; ders„ Olympiodoros, Heliodoros Siegeszug, zunächst mit dem Sieg über die kleinasiatischen Satrapen am Granikus bei and the Temples ofKoile Syria and Phoinike: ZPE 161, 2009, 125-155; M. Goodman (Hg.), Troja. Ein Jahr später schlägt Alexander d. Gr. bei Issos (333 v. Chr.) das persische Reich Jews in a Graeco-Roman World, Oxford 1998; L. L. Grabbe, Judaism from Cyrus to Hadri- gegen Darius III. (336-330 v. Chr.), womit der Weg über Phönizien nach Süden frei ist. an, London 1994; ders., First Century Judaism, London 1995; ders. (Hg.), Did Moses speak Nach siebenmonatiger aufwändiger Belagerung von Tyrus und weiteren zwei Monaten Attic? (JSOT.S 317) Sheffield 2001; ders„ A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Belagerung Gazas zieht Alexander nach Ägypten, wird zum Pharao und lässt sich als Temple Period. Volume 2: Tue Coming of the Greeks: Tue Early Hellenistic Period (335-175 Sohn des Gottes Amon feiern. In der Folgezeit fällt das persische Reich geradezu wie eine BCE), London/New York 2008; E. Haag, Das hellenistische Zeitalter (BE 9) Stuttgart 2003; K. G. Hoglund, Tue Material Culture of the Seleucid Period in Palestine: Social and Economic Reihe von Dominosteinen an die Makedonen. 332 v. Chr. wird der letzte Satrap kampflos Observations, in: P. R. Davies/J. M. Halligan (Hg.), Second Temple Studies III. Studies in Poli- geschlagen, Babylon liefert sich ebenso wie JehUd der neuen Herrschaft ohne Gegenwehr tics, Class and Material Culture (JSOT 340) London 2002, 67-73; U. Hübner, Tradition und aus. Dass Alexander selbst Jerusalem besucht und sogar gegenüber dem Hohepriester Pri- Innovation. Die Münzprägungen der Hasmonäer des 2. und 1. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. als Massen- vilegien für die Juden eingeräumt habe Qos. Ant. XI, 329-339), gehört in das Reich der medien, in: C. Frevel (Hg.), Medien im antiken Palästina (FAT 2/10) Tübingen 2005, 171-187; Legenden. Mit der Eroberung des Binnenlandes ist der Feldherr Parmenio beauftragt. 0. Keel/U. Staub, Hellenismus und Judentum (OBO 178) Fribourg/Göttingen 2000; K. Koch, Belegt ist der erwartungsgemäß erfolglose Widerstand Samarias 332/31 v. Chr., worauf- Der Artaxerxes-Erlaß im Esrabuch, in: M. Weippert u. a. (Hg.), Meilenstein (ÄAT 30) Wiesba- hin die Stadt strategisch nicht ungeschickt strafweise zur makedonischen Militärkolonie den 1995, 87-98; 0. Lipschits u. a. (Hg.), Judah and the Judeans in the fourth century B. C. E„ gemacht wird. Der bedeutende Hortfund von Papyri, Tonbullen, Schmuck und Münzen Winona Lake 2007; E. M. Meyers (Hg.), Galilee through the centuries, Winona Lake 1999; aus einer Höhle im Wädi d-Däliye steht vermutlich im Zusammenhang mit der Flucht E. Netzer, Die Paläste der Hasmonäer und Herodes' des Großen, Mainz 1990; W. M. Thiel, Vom Ornament zum Medium, in: C. Frevel (Hg.), Medien im antiken Palästina (FAT 2/10) kurz vor der Zerstörung der Stadt durch die Truppen Alexanders. Tübingen 2005, 189-235; J. C. VanderKam, From Joshua to Caiaphas. High priests after the Mit der Schlacht bei Gaugamela (Armenien) 331 v. Chr. ist das Ende des Perserrei- Exile, Minneapolis 2004; J. Zangenberg, Das Galiläa des Josephus und das Galiläa der Archäo- ches endgültig besiegelt. Im gleichen Jahr wird Alexandria in Ägypten gegründet. Die logie, in: C. Böttrich (Hg.), Tendenzen und Probleme der neueren Forschung, Greifswald 2007, Hafenstadt im Nildelta entwickelt sich unter den Ptolemäern zur größten Handelsme- 265-294; ders. u. a. (Hg.), Religion, ethnicity, and identity in ancient Galilee, Tübingen 2007. tropole im östlichen Mittelmeerraum und zum hellenistischen Zentrum der Künste, der Wissenschaften, der Literatur und der Philosophie. Mit dem Indienfeldzug 325 v. Chr. erreicht das makedonische Reich die größte Ausdehnung. 826 G. Grundriss der Geschichte Israels VII. Geschichte Israels in hellenistischer Zeit 827 1.2 Der Tod Alexanders und die Kämpfe der Diadochen 1.31 Antiochus III. dehnt seine Herrschaft aus Die umfassend befriedete »Weltherrschaft« kann Alexander jedoch nicht lange aus- Am Ende des 4. syrischen Kriegs 217 v. Chr. versucht Antiochus III. Megas (222-187 üben. In den Vorbereitungen für weitere Et:oberungsfeldzüge nach Westen und nach v. Chr.) den Einfluss der Seleukidenherrschaft auszudehnen und Phönizien und Palästina Arabien stirbt der 33-Jährige 323 v. Chr. in Babylon. Da es an einem Nachfolger man- unter seine Oberherrschaft zu zwingen, doch Ptolemäus IV. Philopator (221-204 v. Chr.) gelt (Alexanders erstes Kind ist noch nicht geboren, sein Halbbruder Arrhidaios gilt siegt in der Schlacht von Raphia erneut. In restaurativer Anknüpfung an die Anfänge als »schwachsinnig«), ringen seine Feldherren (Diadochen, gr. öuiöoxm, »Nachfolger«) des Seleukidenreiches dehnt Antiochus III. als »Großkönig« jedoch in der Folgezeit sei- um die Macht in dem Riesenreich, nachdem eine friedliche Einigung durch Aufteilung ne Herrschaft über Kleinasien (216-213 v. Chr.) und die östlichen Satrapien (212-204 von Satrapien fehlschlägt. Die Reichseinheit zerbricht in den bis 281 v. Chr. andau- v. Chr.) aus. Die syropalästinische Landbrücke bleibt aber weiter ausgespart. Erst 200 ernden sog. vier Diadochenkriegen. Es verbleibt Kassadros in Griechenland, Thrakien v. Chr. (nach älteren Datierungen 198 v. Chr.), als der Nachfolger auf dem ptolemäischen und Kleinasien fallen an Lysimachos, der Rest Kleinasiens und Syrien sowie das Zwei- Thron Ptolemäus V. Epiphanes (204-180 v. Chr.) noch ein Kind war, gelingt im 5. syri- stromland an Seleukus und Ägypten an Ptolemäus. Die syropalästinische Landbrücke schen Krieg in der Schlacht von Paneas/Biiniyas (dem späteren Cäsarea Philippi am Fuß ist zwischen Ptolemäern, Seleukiden und Antigoniden zunächst hart umkämpft. Mehr- der Golanhöhen) gegen den ptolemäischen Feldherrn Skopas die Durchsetzung der Vor- fach durchziehen Heere das palästinische Binnenland. 320 v. Chr. übernimmt Ptole- herrschaft der Seleukiden. mäus 1. Soter (323-306 v. Chr. Satrap von Ägypten, 306-283 v. Chr. ptolemäischer König) die Herrschaft über die Satrapie Syrien-Transeuphratene, kann das Gebiet aber 1.32 Die kulttheologische Restauration in Jerusalem unter Simeon II. nicht dauerhaft halten. Antigonus 1. Monophtalmos und sein Sohn Demetrius Polior- ketes machen es ihm streitig. Seleukus 1. Nikator (321-305 v. Chr. Satrap von Babylo- In Jerusalem, das Skopas kurz zuvor verwüstet und die im Süden des heutigen Tempel- nien, 305-281 v. Chr. seleukidischer König) erkämpft an der Seite der Ptolemäer einen platzes gelegene burgähnliche Akra .besetzt hatte, erkennen die proseleukidischen To- Sieg gegen Demetrius bei Gaza 315 v. Chr. und gewinnt so »seine« Satrapie Babylonien biaden (s. VII.4.) die Zeichen der Zeit und bereiten den Wechsel durch Verhandlungen zurück. 302 v. Chr. besetzt Ptolemäus schließlich Jerusalem. Freiwillig- und vielleicht vor. Der Hohepriester Simeon II. (ca. 215-196 v. Chr.) - Vertreter einer kulttheolo- z. T. auch unfreiwillig (Jos. Ant. XII, 3-9) - ziehen viele
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