LEVITIC AL HIGH PRIESTHOO D IN THE \.,rRCTIHGS OF JOS EPHTJS by Fr. Peter KU11l1e, C. P.
A Thesis SUb ~Ili tted t o the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, i n Partial Fulfillment of the Re quire:nents for the Degree of Master of Arts
i>ulwaukee, Wis consin July, 1967
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TABLE OF CO NTEUTS
ACKN O;;fu3DG Ei·1ENTS ...... i i I NTRODUCTION ...... 1 CHAP TER 1. THE APPOIN"l'IENT AiTD COl'JFlm ·I..'l.TIOlJ OF AAHON AS :HIGH ? ~I ES 7 • • • • • • • • • . . • • . • • • • • • • • • 3
2. 1i'fE PURITY AIm HOLINESS REq UIRED OF 'TIl: E HIGH PRI EST •...... • lL~
3. THE SACRIFICES OFFEREV BY THE HIGH PRIEST 35
4. THE HIGH PRIESTS F:rWH ELEAZAR TO PHiUfASUS 47 APPENDIX A · ...... 76 A?PENDIX B · ...... 88 APPENDI X C · ...... 93
BI BLIOGF~'l. PHY .. . "...... 9 L~
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ACKHOHLEDG:2EENTS
Josephus belatedly recognized the h elp he received
in writing The JeVIish Har, Hhen he I,rrote his P_sainst Ap ion
some t"VJenty five years later. I On this page, I Hould like
to recognize promptly and sincerely all those Viho have helped me to c omplete this ~JOrk.
This thesis OHes its inspiration and completion in
great measure to Fr •. Q,uention Q,uesnell S. J., VIho served as my advisor. His never failing encourae;ement Has a rock of
strength. I also Hish to thank the t,.. o readers, Dr. Barr
and Fr. CaldHell for their kindly and positive criticisn.
Hany h ands have helped in orgaIlizing and typ ing the manuscript of this thesis. An eCUli1enica l note Has added Hhen
Nr . and }lrs . John Gregg helped me . Bud Smith and c~is Hife were very helpful in every Hay. Franl{ Nieman, Dave Killen
and Hillifu'11 DreHs proppe d up my arlLl S Hhen I greH Heary.
Ellen Haferkorn, harie Niedercorn and Hiss Ha.YJ.da Szczerbiak made time to be able to help. Spe cial mention goes to
Gloria Rechlic z .rho helped so much in the org anization.
Helen Graf dese rves my heartfelt t hanks for her patience
and generosity for helping me c omplete the Hork during the
, ; days of her vac a ti o n~ ' Finally, I "TOuld like to tha.YJ.1c hiss
Bryce Farinacci 1-1ho typ ed t he final c opy.
IABalDs . t AUlon· · I, 50. 1 INTRODUCTION
This thesis is an effort to ShOH i.-rhat Josephus wrote concerning the Levitical high priesthood and to present this material in a "JaY which thrcivrs light on the Epistle to the HebreHs. The thesis does not propose to ShOH a..TlY direct or even indirect connection betHeen the epistle and Josephus. It merely strives to pr-esent the thought of Jose- phus in the "lOrds of Josephus. The ambition of this thesis is to help scholars b~ bringing together in one place the c ontribll"Gion of' Josephus on the Levi tical high priesthood. The method I folloHed Has this: First, I researched the Horks of Josephus for pertinent texts. These texts will be fOllild in Appendix A. JvIy second step Has to establish an objective l ist of texts fron the Epistle to the HebreHs, ,-,hich pI'esents the basic teach ing of the epi stle on Levitical high priesthood. Since C. s ) icql and C. Shrenk2 explicitly treated of t h e teaching of the epistle on Levitical high priesthood, I used lists drmm from t c.. em as a basis of my m-m research of the epistle. Since the list of C Spicq Has drm-m up for a specific, limited pur:; ose of contrast, I found his list too limited. C.""Shrenl(ls t reatment introduced moore of the positive elements from the e ~ i stle . I added still
lC. Spicq, LI~Pitre atu H:bre~~ (Paris, 1953) Vol. 2, p. 126. 2C. 2 other texts that seemed to be necessary t o give a r ounded picture of the teaching of the epi stle c oncerning the Levitical high priesthood. These lists are presented in Appendix B. As a third step, I then tried t o arrange the material of Josephus in such 0. Hay that it serves as a cOn1..llentary on the teaching of the epistle. The material s eemed to natl..lrally fall into the four divisions, Hhich I have made into chapters.
1. THE APl.' OI NTI-LEN'r Aim CONFI RN.ATI ON OF A...J1..RON AS HIGH PRIEST •
. 2. THE ?URITY AITD HOLI:N~SS REQUI RED OF TI-:IE HIGH PRI ~S T. 3. THE SACRIFICES OFFERED BY THE HIGH PRI EST . 4. THE HIGH PRI ESTS FRON ELEAZAR TO ?HAHASUS. Appendix C contains Josephus! treatment of He lchizedek. I t hought it would be of interest to every scholar of the
Epistle. to the Hebrews •
..-, 3 CHAPTER ONE
THE AP POINTHENT AND CONFI RI'LA.TIOH OF AARON AS HIGH PRIEST
, .)~ ~ '" A ~/ , {r(tX,1 e" ;.% vr ~ 'T/J ~4J ;lVii' T li Y ~ . ? ( I ~,/ c;..." '" TIM'/ ~ ~«..)ll" ,< ~( ~ 0 V lA.i,J"'aS II fro T!J IJ ~ / 1 (}'"~"UJ 1<<< tJ wd'-/ iTe.;P t <'«'(r),A..... 11. '''''~/ (No one takes this honor on himself, but each on is c a lled by God as Aaron was .) Heb 5:42
~'" -;:. -;r-::~,"
Ny family is no ignoble one, tracing its . descent f ar back to priestly a:.t1 c estors. Dif ferent races base their claim to nobility on various grounds ; Hi th us a c OD..Ylection Iii th the priestho~d is the hallmark of an illus trious line.
These opening \wrds of the autobiographical Lifo of
Josephus, reveal to us hO;'T highly Josephll.s thought of the
priestly dignity.
IGreek qlwtations from Epistle to the Hebreus are te..ken from NOVll.rn Testament"llll Gr£1.ece et Latine, ed. Augustinus Nerk, S .J. (Rom£1.e , 1 96Ld
2English quotations fror'l Scrip t u.re are ta!.-:en f ror.'l Tr~e J erusalem Bib2.e (HeH York, 1966) . Abbreviations for books of t h e Bible are a lso taken fj.~om pp . x-xi of The J eruso.len Bible. The rendition: and spelli ng of Biblical n:J.lllGS is £1.130 b ased on t h is Hork.
3Flavius Josephus, Life of Josephus (hereafter t o be i dentified as Life ) 1. Tile arabic m.U1'.e:;.~a ls refer to the nUlnbers used in t ::G Loeb Joseuhus . English translo.tions of Josephus are t aken from Josephus (The Loeb Classic al Library, London 1 925-1965) eds . E. st. J. 'l'haclcer£1.Y , Ralph Barcus, Allen l:ii ksren £t:l.d Louis H. Feldxlan. Vol. 9 . Tbi s Hork is a l so used for the Greek t ext of Josephus. 4 In the openinl3 lines of 'me Jewi sh War , he proudly clai r.1s priestly ancestry.l In his Against Apion, Josephus has this encomiUIll of priests : Coul d there be a finer or more equit able polity t han on Hhich s ets God at the -head of t he universe, Hhich assigns the adrainistration of its highest affairs to the "lhole body of priests and entrusts to the supreme high 2 priest the direction of the other pri ests ?
Josephus constantly u ses the term rS~l li for the hi gh priestly dignity.3 This Hord occurs again and again in t he accoun t Josephus gives of the appointment of Aaron to be high priest and in the vivid a ccount of Aaron' s confi rmation in offi ce by Go d.4 Before his appointme nt as high priest, Aaron plays a very minor role i n t he a ccount of Josephus. Although Jose - phus clai:ns to be no i t her adding nor am t t i ng anything from t he HebreH records,5 he does ski p the tHO em.favorable inci- dents that Aaron is c onnected Hith. Ther e is no mo l ding of t he golden calf recol'ded. 6 The incident of the murmuring of Aaron aIld Hiriarn7 i s also passed over in silence .
l Ibid • The Jevlish \'Tar (hereafter t o be i dentified as i'lar ) I, J:- The ROlnan l1.1.u-:J.o rals refer to the nUIllb er of the Book. .; 2Ibid • A~ainst Anion , (hereaf ter to be identified as Anion.) II, 18 • 3I bid• Je,-ash ~\ ntiqui ties , (hereafter to be i dentifie d as k.n.t. ---rIlthe notes and as .~.l1tiou i t i es i n the t ext.) X, 152; XI, 297; XIII, 300 ; XIV, L~9 0'; .i~II , ,~ ..3 . 4Ant • III, 1881'1' .; IV, 241'1'. 5Ant • I, 17; X, 218. 6Ex 32; Dt 9: 20. 7}fu 12:1f f. 5 But on the other hand, Josephus also omits items 'Hhi ch favor Aaron. Aaron is no t spoken of as the mouthpiece of Hoses. 1 In t he account of Josephus, 1-,10ses does not plead t hat he is slow tongued and in need of a spokesman. 2 Tne IIstaff of' Aaronll is not mentioned as in certain biblical accounts. 3 Josephus does mention Aaron as one of' those holding up the hands of Hoses i n the victory over the Amalekites,4 and , 'He read that t1Aaron with his company joined by Raguel, chanted hymns to God as the author llild dispenser of' their salvation and liberty. 115
B ut Aaron is only introduced in a prominent lvay in t he .iffitiqui ties af'ter Hoses has everything ready for the ',sacrifice at Sinai. The preparation of the t abernacle and or even the i ~ i gh priestly vestments is the Hork of Hoses.
Then, 'l-1hen all is ready, Aaron is a~ pointed by God to be high priest. Josephus brings t his out in a more dramatic fashion thQn the acco~Ults given in Leviticus ~~d Exodus. 7
lEx 4:14-16. 2Ex 4:10-14. 3Ex 7:9-10; 12;8:5-16.
4Ant• III, 54, cf. Ex 17:8. 5Ant• III, 64, '~f. Ex 18 :14 , ,,,here they share meal. Some other references to Aaron Hhere his active role is stressed, are: Ps 105:26 ; Ex 7:19; 8:1; 12; 16; 21; 9:27; 10:3.
6lUnt • III, 151-187, cf. Ex 25-28. 7Ex 28:1; Lv .8:1. 6 NOH Hhen t he Hork of Hhich I have spoken Has complete, but the offerings had not yet been consecrated, God appeared to Noses and charged him to confer the priesthood upon Aaron, his prother, as the man ",hose virtues rendered him 1 more deserving than all to obtain this dignity.
The speech that Josephus puts into the mO'.lth of Hoses stril{es us as strange, 2 but it does underline that Aaron is being appoint ed by God.
So, convening the people in assembly, he :1-1oses recounted his OHn merits, his benevolence and the perilsH'n ich he ha d sustained on their behalf. And Hhen t hey attested that all his vrords Here true and displayed t heir devotion to him, liNen of I~rael, II said he, lithe vfOrk has now reached its end, as Has best pleasing to God himself a..'1d as He had pOHer to a ccoli1:Jlish J.. t; but since it behoves us to receive Him into the tabernacle, we need first of all one to dis charge the office of priest ill1d minister for the sacrifices and for the interc essions -on our beh&lf. For my part, had the v:eighing of this matter been entrusted to me , I should have adjudged myself T,vo rthy of the dignity, alike from t hat self-love that is innate in all, as also because I fu~ conscious of having l abo~~ed abunda.'1. tly for your s alvation. But nOH God him self has judged Aaron Horthy of t his honour and has chosen hi m to be priest, knoHing him to be tbe most de~erving among us. So it is he VIho r,-Iill don the vestments consecrated to God, have charge of the altars, attend to the sacrifices, and offer t he prayers on our behalf to God, I-1ho ,vill gladly hear t hem, botb from the care that He has for our race and because, c O ~ll inG from the m~ of His m·m ch oosing, He caImot but accept them.l!.)
1 Ant. III, 189-190 .
2H• st. 3 t &'1.t. III, 190-192. 7 Josephus records that: The HebreVls ~'1Gr e p leased Hi th t h is s'oeech and acquiesced in the divine election ; for Aaron, by reason of his birth, his prophetical g ift As the book or Numbers l~ecords, 2 the people did not acquiesce for long. Korah, Dathan and Abirrun lead a revolt against Hoses for appointing his brother as high p riest . The account of Josephtls is even more vivid tha..l1 the biblica l account. Josephus makes explicit t 'c. e thought i mp lied in Nu."11bers. He shoHs Korah as leading the revolt and sedition to gain t h e honor of the h i gh p riesthood hims elf. Korah is made to say: " J:Jhat rea son, pray, could }loses give for having c onferred the prie sthood u p on Aaron ~~Q his s ons ? If Go d has decide d to aHs.rd trlis honour to one of the tribe of Levi, I have more ris ht to rece ive it, being b y birth on a level Hi t~ l· ~oses , in Health 8.l1.d years his super i or." Again, illa!(ing dramatic Hhat is im} lied in the Numbers acco'Lmt , Josephus pictures Korah's c oni'ederates as uirminG over t h e pco ~) le to rebellion. In f a ct Josephus picture s the crowds as wanting to stone Koses . They gat her before the tabe rna cle cmd s hO'L'.t: lIA,wy ',ri th the tyrant a..l1d let the 1 A..T1t. III, 192. • 2ND 16:1-17:26. 3Ant • IV, 1 9 . 8 peopl e b e rid of' thei r bondage to one Hho i n the pretended n ame of' God, i mp oses his despotic orders. tll Josephus c ontinues his dramatization of t he event b y h aving Hoses turn and Hi thout addressinG the Y:lUl ti tude, shout Hith all his might a t Korah : tl To my mind, Koran, not t ~l OU a l one but each of' these men" - indicating the tHO hundred and f'if' ty- lI appears HorUJ.::r of' promotion; nay, this vIhole c oncourse I HOl.!. l d not dep rive of' like h onour even though t hey l a c k Hhat ye derive f'rom Health and other distinc tions. And nOH, if' Aaron has been presented "lith the pri esthood, it i s not because he was pre- eminent in wealth, f'or thou s urpassest even the t Hain of' us in magnitude of p o ssessions ; nor yet for nob ility of' birth, f'or God h a s made us equal in t llis re s pect b y giving us t l"e sane f'orefather ; nor Has it fror:1. fraternal love t :la t I conferred an h onour Hhieh j ustly another sl1.ould have had, uyon my b rother. ~or ~v~n had I .d ~ sr~~ar~~d ~od and the I m'is In g1.v1.ng a"my -ch1.s dlgn1.-cy, I s hould never have passed over mysel f and be stowed i t u~)o n another, seein[S that I an a n earer kinS1:1.an to mysel f than is my brother and mo r e closely attached to r,1Y ~)erson than to his . Na y i t H o '~l.ld not even have been to ex ~) ose my s e l f' t oche ris.ics of an unl m·rful a c t only to p resent t o anot:18r the res1.:1 taIlt bene f i ts . no ; I on l;J.y side am above ma l ~ ra c tices , Hhil e God Ho ~ l d not have b rooked such outrag e to Him- s e lf' nor left you i gnorant "That ye s houl d do to Hin lii s favour . But sinc e He himself has chosen n i n t [18.t :Ls to s e rve 'as =-iis pri est, He h as f'reed us from all responsibility in t his ,,-1d ,,5 r e bc ui • Then Josephus b,a s Aaron surrender h i s right and ent er i n to c ompetition Hi t h a l l the others . As J oSe}lTUS puts i t t r.rough t One r.lOuth of 1:1o ses : lIb i d o 23 . ~)1Jf is used a l so i n. .:-\.nt . IV, 19, 20, 23, 31 ,58, 66 3Ant : , IV, .25-:- 28 9 "God t h en, it is 'dn o shall de cid e aneH, vlh02rl He "JOu ld h nv e to offer Hin tho sacrifices on your behalf a nd to p r e cide over t he rites of Hor sh i ~) ; for it Here monn trOLl.S the Ko rah , iri cove ting this honour should de p rive God of t he ~o we r of deciding t o Hhom h e would a ccord it." . On the follm·ring day, Hoses and Aaron are justifie d as first Abirfu~ and Dathan ffi1d their faction are destroyed n ear t :1ei r tents, and Kora h and his t HO hundred a.nd fifty c on- federates arc destroyed in the c ontest of t he censers. 2 Josephus exp ands the aCC01)21t g iven in l\:ur:lbers . He makes exp licit vrnat is implicit and add s a long s peech by Hoses, 3 as a development · of the s~) eeciJ. l·ioses gives in :C;xodus . ~- The c onclusion of t he s e events is that: Aaron beins no longer believed to owe his highpries t h ood t o the f a vour of Loses, but the judgement of God, t hus clearly manifested, had nOH along 1,,'i t h hi~ s ons, the assured enjoy ment of this d i gn ity.~ Josephus then briefly r e lates the story of t ,1 e budding 6 rods as it a ppears in Numbers . But o ~ts the i n cident of the plague, during ,<[hich Aaron intercedes to save the people. 7 Ifnen Eoses lJ:.c'oduces t he pods, and t h e peo) le sea tiJ.at Aaron ' s lIbido 29-32 . .; 2Nb16; Ant. IV, 29-3 L ~; 51- 57. 3 A..1'1t. IV, L! .0-5 0·~ 4Nb 16: 28- 30. 5AlJ.t. IV, 58 6Nb 17. 71m 1 6 : ~_ 1-50. 10 rod had budded and even held rip e fruit, t he peopl e are fi nally c onvinc ed and allaH: Aaron to hol d t h e priesthood Hith honour. So he, having thrice bee n elected by God, Has nOH firr:J.l y established in h is office and the s,edi t~on ?f ~h~ rebrev.rs , so l ong rarupant, Has t nus verl;una vea . \ \ /~ 1-6( Td T ~ V Til. (i/ );'d £2-,.<._, V .. ; kc< To(, / ) ~ 7 / 1/3,l{ aV f v' To ) ~s. o--¥1( t. vps . . I (tlof the srune order as Aaron" ••• by virtue of a l aw about physical d e scent ••• ) Heb 7:11,16 . Josephus is insistent on the ~J oint t h a t t h e lli gh p riests are all from t h e stoc k of Aaron. It is so.i d tha t Aaron the brother of Moses was t h e first to act as high p riest to God, t hat after his dea th his sons a t once suc c eeded him, and that t h ereafter the office remai ned p e r·mn....'1ently loTi th a ll their desc en dants . ~ ' Jherefore it is a lso a tradition t hat none ",: hould hold God's high priesthood save hEll1.ho is of Aaron 's blood, arld t hat no one of arlother lineag e , even ~f he happen ed to be a 2ing , snould a ttain t o the high priest hood. As He lrTill see in more detail i n Chapter f our, Josephus is c areful to trace the high pr i esthood frO::-,l Aaron t r...rough Eleazar and Ithamar dO"l·m to SolOl;J.on ' s reign . And tl then t he p osterity of El eazo.r r eassunod it. 1I 3 Jo se ~) hus records tho. t Josiah restored the purity of t he priestly fo...":1ilies in his ref or:-:1 . Josiah: t 2 ,.1- 'TV l Ant . IV, 66. .hn v . JI..A, 225- 227 • 3Ant • V, 362; I Ch 6 : L~f ; I K 2 : 27,35 . 11 ordered the hiGh priest t o c as t out any v es~els t hat were l eft of those that had been set up in t he templ e by their forefa t:'lers to t he idols ~Dd strange gods •.•• he also killed the .p r i e~ts of t £e idols, Hho Here not of the f a::ill ly or Aaron. Josephus is c a r ef ul to note t hat Alcimus, Hho repl a c es t he deposed Onias l-Ienel aus under Antiochus and his general Lysias, HEt S of Aaron I s line, if not of t h e s ame f amily as . 2 Onlas. Even t he obscure .lmanel, \-Jhom Herod c a lls from Babylon to be high priest is said to h Qve t he necessary pedi g ree,3 and t he ·v ery l ast [ligh pries t Hhom Josephus mentions, the one he c a lls a "clovm", is still said to have b een draml from one of the high pries tl:r clans c alled En.iachin.4 Jeroboara is c ondernned in t he text of · Joseph us as in the text of the Bible for a P iJ ointing pri ests from ordinary fam ilies . 5 Josephus bas Jeroboam. say: "I shall appoint for you priests . and Le vites from your OHn numb er, in order that you may h ave not need of the tribe of Le vi and t h e sons of .:laron, bu t l et '[lim a1710ng you Hho 1 ·;i~hes to be a ~ ri 0st , offer u p to Go d a calf and a rm1, 6 as Aaron, t;'ne f i rst priest, is s a id to hi:.1 Ve done . II TIlen Josephus editoria l izes : lAnt. X, 65 cf. 2 K 23 : 4 - 5 . 2Ant• XII, 387 says he ims not o f the f arnily of high prj,ests;-but .;'nt. XX:, 235 tells us ne Has of Aaron l s l ine . ef. I H 7 :]1-,- . 3A..llt. XV, LLO, ~ \[ar IV, 155. - ' 51 Ie 1 2 : 31. 6Ant • VIII, 228 . 12 By these words he misled the peop le and caused them to abandon the Horship of their f a thers and traJ.'lsgress the · laHs. Tnis vras the b~ ginning of the Hebrevls m.isfortunes und led to their beinG defeated in Ha l by other races and to their falling ca) tive. Josephus tells us that at the festival in the seventh manth~ Jeroboru'-'l nl.ade hiiTlself h igh :?riest and Hent up to the al tar Hi t h h is mm priests. Tl1.en Josephus tells the story of t he prophet Jadon, just as it is in I Kings, Hith the pro- phecy concerning Josiah' s destro~/ing false priests <-lnd the . 2 Hi thering and cure of the hand of Jeroboa...'11 as a slgn. Fallowing I Kings 13 :33-34, Jose:)hus sees tOne pUl1ish- ments that come u pon Jeroboa::'l 3. nd his f amily as divine chas- tisement because: He did n ot cease nor desist from outraging Go d , but all the 'cime continued to erect altars on the -nigh mountains and to 3Ppoint p riests from among the COl11:il0 n p eople. Perhaps the best proof of all that JOS81)hus thought descent from Aaron as essential for the high priest is his effort to tra c e the hi gh ~ rie s thood b a ck to Aaron in the Antiquitie s. In l\.1)ion, he u ses the C2, re the Jm'Is tool-:: i n kec)ing t heir priestly r e cords as proof of the do?endability of JeHish h istory. In his p roof he says: lIbido 228- 229. 2Ant • VIII, 230-235; I K 12:32ff. 3~Dt. VIII, 265. 13 Our ancestors ••• took precautions to ensure that the p riests I lineaGe srlOuld be kept lm adultera ted and puro. A member of the priestly order mu s t, to besot a f af.1ily, ma rry a 1'l0mD..!.'1 01.' h is orm p c.c o, Hi thout rec;ard to her Health or other distinctions; but he ··must investiGate her pedic ree, obtaining t h e g enealoGY from the archi vcs and p rodu cins a nwubor of vIi t n esses ••• But the most c onvincin e; ijroof of our aCC1E' acy in this matter is t :lat our records contain the name s of our !."l. i Gh priests, Hi th the suc cession froT f a ther to son for the last two thou sand years. lApion, I, 30-36. 'C 14 CHAPTER THO TF..E PURITY AND HOLINESS REQUIRED OF THE HIGH PRIEST '" \. C \ , .)/ E7T rOtOv,oS l~ '1/,1/ ;..(o({ £ 7Tr £J--' ) t /' c/ J/ J ./ 0(/ U;JJ£ v S) 0 v-16 Sj a. k" ~ kO~ ~)'Uy( VTQ~ ~ / J \ ' '"' c ;, ...... / j(f4Jt?t{J-Pf va,! ~7T() Tt»y ci«o(jJTu WV I I 7 ' 7 / ' \ <.~ J / .., J ;'1 ,- !{r! t 1/ '1 (j Tf ;:J (j.r rcu J-' a U,O ex' e cu v 'Jf k(3t(EtPS. - I I J ' (To suit us, the ideal high priest would have to_ be holy, innocent, and u.."lcontalninated, beyond the influence of si~~ers ~Dd raised up above the heavens.) Reb 7:26 ;..o~~H~~~ C / A study of the Greek lrTord for IIpuri ty" ex V V'£ L 0< ZJ C./' c- /t and its corresp onding verbs c(r V Yc! i: £1 V and 05VL/fu - ~E l [..J l in the .wri tings of JOsephus sho.-, us the role that "purifica- tion" and IIpuri: tyll play in his, thought, ~;hich is merely a reflection of the thought of ~~odus and Leviticus. Purity is necessary to dra'tV near to God. God cannot abide in a place unless it is pure. Purity is therefore a necessary disposition for sacrifice. The place must be purified, be "holy1l and the persons taking part, especially the priests and high priest ~ust be pure. In this ci.lapter, 'He .fill study this idea reflected first of all in Jose}hus l treatment of the construction and purification of the tabernacle of l-ioses and of the temple in ' lword studies based on Thackeray and i1arcus, A Greek Lexicon to JosenClus, (Paris, 1930) ?arti, p. 4ff. are at the end of t n is ' ch a :)'G er~ Also , included are studies of the words g ,d.. &- c( /lc\ - and (-tl/ ( Q 5' ' • 1,1 15 Jerusalem. Secondly He Hill consider JoseiJhus I treatment or the pu rific ation and c onsecration of l evites, priests and high priests, e8~ccially Aaron and his sons. Sinc e the treat- mentof the vestlnents of the -tligh priest brinGS out the same idea, He ,·rill c onnider this briefly fu"1d l J. stly ShOH hOll Josephus treats of the l al·rs of purity for high priests and the holiness of life he expec ts from them. 1) Construction and Purifica'cion of the Tabernacle B...'"1.d Temple. Josephus i n h is introduction of the Har says that he Hill s peak of': t he p l a.Yl of the te::npl e and sanctua:ej-, the measuI'e::n.ents of' those building s and of' the altar being all precisely s t ated; c ertain f' e stivallcustoms , the seven de grees of purity, the ~inisterial f'unc tions of the :? riests, tneir v estments and t ~ose ~f' -l-.the __ high t)r ~es~, H~th a de s c rip tlon 01 ~ n e rto l y of nO lles. In the f i fth book of' the l'lar, he desc ribes t he zones of puri ty as f'0110,-1s : Persons aff'licted wit ~ gonorrhoea or l eprosy were excl uded f'rom the city altogether; ~ n e t e~:1p l e H:J.S clo sed to Homen QUI"in3 their ::'-:1en s tru a tion and even Hhen f'ree f'rom ir:lpuri t ~ - , they Here not per mitted t0 pass the boundary Hhicll He have mentioned above . 3 hen not thoroug(11 y c10an. iTere debarred fro :C,l ad.:c.lission t o the in...."1or c ourt, from Hhich even priests -.;ere e::cluded -..rhen unde:cGoin:; lJurifica t iol1. 1\ C \ C ./ T;( ' ~ ElCTX ;xJv£u:(s 2T,la r 1. 26 . 3Har V, 199 . 16 All t hose VIho Hore of p riestl y l i n oage but were prevented from officiating b y so~e p hysica l d efect, Here admitted VIi thin t h e po..ro.))et, along H~th t hose free from any imperfection ••• none but t he officiating priest Wo.S clo.d in the hol y v estrr.ents. The pl~ io >Jt s Hho Here Ni t hout bler:lish lTent up "co the 0.1 tm~ and the sanctu:lry clothed in fine l inen, scrupulously abstaining from strong drin~ \: ••• The higi.1 pri est ••• penetra ted to the innermost sanctuar y ; this he entered alone once in the year, on t he' day on ,>/0-1£11 it Has the U-D.i v ersal c us tom to keep f ast t o God. l'ie c an see f OITa this that Josephu s ShOHS t he terap l e is c on struc ted according to zones o f pu r ity . As regards the tabernacle in t ho desert, Josephus clo ~cly folloiIS t he de- tails given in ~codus 27 and 36. Here again t he im~ li ed idea i s one of z ones o f i n c reasing holiness . The in'lermos... t ,/ 2 !p art of t he tabernacle was i naccessibl e to the p riests . This vms "like heaven devo t ed to God, Hhile in the tHenty c u bits' s p a c e even as earth a nd s ea are a ccessi b l e t o me n, wa s lOn..... l _l'J:\..-e J..I.I.GU.>"" "'nne_ - .i" c~".u 0~l ° 6J.r.o"'ed.!. "' +-V 0 +-heIJ ..:..JJ...... "~ lo "",'...... tnu t.,..i,." l o"'e.L.!. - • u3 The holiness or purity of the t o.benacle o f l'iose s un d of s u cce s s ive t em9 1 es a t J erusalEm ,,,as brought abolct b y the proper pur i ficD-t o r y rites o..nd sacrifice s. The v e rb > ~ l/V t e nts before perf o ~rning s a crifices,4 f or t he Hebrews purifyinG their houses '.. ,i th the blood of the pas s over l o..mb , "using h Lillches of hyssop to spr i ~cle it,15 for sanc t ifying I Har V, 227- 230,236, c f . Apion II, 1 03-105. 2Ant• I II, I23. 3Ibid• 4. Tney lifted up the ark and the tabernacle which I·loses had set up, and all the vessels for the service of the sacrifices to God, and carried them into the temple. And b efore it went the king himself and all tho people fu'1.d the Levi tes, Hi th sacrifices, drenching the groD.l1.d Hi th liba tions and the blood of numerous victins and burning so vast a quantity of incense that all the air around 'Has filled with it a.TJ.d carried its sweetness to those Hho VIere at a great dis tancej this was a sign of God's being present and dvlelling, according to hUlnan belief, i n t1:J.e place 'Hei ch had been neHlybuil t and ,consecrated to Him.'} Josephus had described the manifestation of God's presence after the consecration of the tabernacle in these words: lAnt. III, 197",. cf. Ant. III, 1 99-to sanctify the oil. 2Ant• Ibid. 258 3Ant • X, 42. 4Ant• XII, lL~5. 5Ant• XII, 318 6 ,,- An v. XVIII, 94. 7Ant• III, 1~7 ff. cf. Exodus 29-30 esp.30:22-27. 8Ant• VII+,lOl,cf. 1 Kgs. 8:4-9 9Ibid• 101-102. 18 Then did Go d manifest that He was Hell pleased with the work of the Hebrews and f ar from rendering their labor vain bJ disdaining to make u se of it. He came a J t ~eir gu est and took up His abode in this sanctuary. An d it was in this wise that He made his entry. \<.]hile t ele heaven Has serene, over the taber nacl e alone darkness desc ended, envel oping it in a cloud not so profolmd and dense as mi ght be attr ibuted to winter storm, nor yet so tenouous that the eye could percei ve a thing through it; but a delicious deH Has distilled there fro L ~ revealing God ' s presence to those who both desired it and believed in it. 1 The need for t he pri ests, esp . the high priest, and for those Hho serve the a lt ~r , 1. e . the Levi tes to b e pur- ified i s refl ec ted in Josephus' treatment of their i n- auguration and consecration to t heir office. 2) Inauguration of Aaron, His Sons and Levites. Josephus stays very close to the accoilllts of Exo dus and Leviticus i n his accoilllt. First, he has Lo ses purify the t abernacle and the priests by anointing Hith precious ointment. 2 Next, I·loses sacrifices lIa bull, a ram and a ki d as a tonemen t for sins . 113 Then iii t n the blood of t he victims , he sprinkl ed Aaron 's vestments and Aaron him self, together Hith hi s sons; purging them with Hater from the spring and Hith SHeet oil in order t o devote them to God. So for seven days .·.he continued this proce ss, purifyi ng both them and t ~ e ir vestment s , as 1.l-L'1. t • III, 202- 203 cf. Eo'\: L~O : 34- 35. 2:....2An' . I II, 197 -198 cf. ~~ 30:22-32. 3Ant• I II, 20u . In Ex 29 :1 and Lv 8 :2 He read of a bull and t110 r ams a~d no goat. 19 also the tabernacle and its vessels, both Hi th oiL •• and vIi th the blood of bulls and goats, of which t£ey slaughtered every day one of each sort. . This idea of the purity needed to draH near to God is brought out by Josephus' vlOrking the account from Numbers of the special consecration of the Levites into this section. NOH Hoses, having segregated the tribe of Levi from the general cOllJ ..1'lluni ty, to make of it a holy tribe, purified it with the waters of perermial spring s and with. the sacrifice s Hhich on such occasions they of:rer to God as by l a"T ordained: and to them he co nll~itted the taber nacle fu~d the sacred vessels and everything that had been made for the covering of the tabernacle, to the end that they sould act as ministers under the direction of the priests. 2For they had already been c onsecrated to God. Josephus brings out the purification ~Dd c onsecration n e cessary to enter the sanctuary in the stories of Uzziah, Pompey and Herod. Uzziah is conderimed in the Hri tings of Josephus in wo rds that closely parallel 2 Chronicles 26:16-21 and makes it even more vivid: He Uzziah Has c orrupted in mind through pride and, being filled Hith vanity on a c count of his mortal prosperity, he becfu~e contern.p tuous of the pm'Ter that is i rrmlOrta1 and endures for all time, that is, piety tOlvard God and observance of t h e 1aHs. And so, lAnt. 111,205-206. cf. Ex 29 and Lv 8 . In 2x. 29:20 we read of putting blood on the l obe of Aaron's right ear, on the lobes of his son's right e cn~s , t il.e · thumbs of their right hands, and df the right feet of their big toes. 2Ant• III, 258 cf. Nb 3 & 8: 7-11. 20 because of his successes, he slipped and became involved in the same sins as those of his fa'cher ••• Thus, on the occasion of a notable day Hhich was a public festival, he put on the priestly garment and entered the sacred pre cinct rO offer sacrifice to God on the goldon altar. And \-.Then the priest Azarias, Hith whom there were ei8hty priests, tried to prevent him- for they said it 'Has not lm-rful for anyone to offer sacrifice, but to do so 'Has allowed only to those of the line of Aaron--and they all cl-ar'l oured for him to 80 out and not transgress against god. 2He beca,-ne angry and threatened t hem Hi th death if they did not hold their peace. But Hhile he spoke, a great tremor shook the earth, and, as the temple Has riven, a brilliant shaft of sun light glefu'11ed through it and fell upon t he king IS face so that leprosy at once smote him ••• ltJhen the priests saH the king1s face smitten 'Hith leprosy, they explained to him the cause of his misfortune and told him to go out of the city as an unclean person. And so in his shame at the terrible thing that ·had happened to him and because he no l onger had the right to speak out, he did as he was told; so miserable and pitiable a penalty did he pay for thinking to reach a station higher than man t s and for t he irl1~ieties to'\vard God Hhich 'Here caused thereby. Of Pompey and t~ l e 0 thers VIho Here 'Hi th h im seeing 'Hha t it is proper for only the priest to see,4 Josephus 'Hrites : Of all the cala~ities of that time , none so deeply affe cted the n a tion as - the exposure to alien eyes of t he Holy Plac e hitherto screened form vieH. Pompey, indeed, entered along Hi th his staff to the s'anctuary, entry 12 Ch. 26 :16: ·.;I'He entered 'G ,le great hall of the Ter:lp le of Yah'Heh to burn incense on the alta r of incense.!! 22 Ch. 19: II Uzziah, censer in hand for the burning of incense, flcv: into a rage . II 3Ant • IX, 22- 226. 4Ant• XIV, 73. 21 t o which was permitted to none but the high priest •••• However he t ou6hed none of the s a cred t reasures. l King Herod is prai sed in the War J Herod's next task was t o gain the mastery over his foreign a l lies ; for this crowd of aliens rushed to see the Temple and the holy contents of the sanctuary. The king expostulated, threatened, sometimes even had recourse to weapons to deep t hem ba ck , deeming victory more grievous t han defeat, if these people shoul d set eyes on any objects not op en to public vieH. 2 Herod, whn he reconstructed t he temp l e of J eru salem at his OHn expense, kept the divisions of t he t enple into areas of holiness. Josephus describes It,,• .L.. in detail. 3 To t ake one section: Such t hen Has the first court. Wi thin it ana not f ar dis t ant was a second one ••• accessible by a f ew stens and surrounde~ b~ a stone baluRtrade \"i th an i nscription prohibi t ine; the entrance of a foreigner under·the threat of t he penal ty of death ••. and on the side Hhere t he sun r ises it had one great gateHay, through which those of u s who were ritually clean used to pass wi th our Hives. Hithin this court was t he. sacred (court ) which woreen were torb idden to enter and still farther within was a ~hird court i nto which only priests i·rere permitted to go. In t his Has the temp l e , and before it Has an altar, on which He used to sacrifice ~"ho l e burnt-offeri ngs to God . Into none of these COl1rts did Ki ng He rod enter sin c e he Has not a priesit and Has therefore prevented from so doi ng • . I vlar I, 152-153. 2\'lar I, 354- 5. 3.~Dt. xv, 3 ~0- 425 . 4 Ibid• 417-420. 22 One other incident brings out the idea of Josephus concerning the purity · necessary for the presence of God. "men Onias "Irote to Ptoler,1Y and Cleopatra for permission to build. a te:nple to God in a castle in a place called Diana, King Ptolem.y a.'l1.d queen Cleopatra reply that ,rhile granting his p er~~ss ion because he quoted the J rophecy of Isaiah, they "rondered that it t-!Ould be pleasing to God to have a temple in a place so ~'l1.cle~~ and so unholy.l 3) Descrip tion of the High Priestly Vestments. Josepnus tells us that "these robes liTere not Horn by the high priest in general, Hhen he assumed p lainer attire, but only i';h~n he penetrated to the innermost sanctuar~. 1,2 In Apion, Josephus describes t h e divisions of t he ter.1p le according to deg rees of purity thus: • All uho ever S8.H our temple are ai'Tare of the 'general desig~ of the building, and the inviol able barriers Hhich preserved its sancti t:r. It . had four surrounding courts, each Hith its s pecial statutory restriction. The outer court Has open to all~ foreigner::: included : Hor:len during t neir impuri ty i,Tere alone refused admission. To the second court all Je"rs Here admitted and Hl1en un contaminated b:, any defilement, their i'rives; to the third male J eHs, if clean and purified; to tne fourth the priests :eobed in.... t heir priestly vestments. The sanctuary uas ente~e d only b:'T the high pries!3s, clad in the raiment peculiar to the::nselves. Being "invested '\-lith the priestly robes" vlaS a special l.Ant. XIII~70 • . 2War V, 236. ' 3Apion Il~ 103-104. 23 sign of dedica tion. As 1018 ...ill see, t his is the l~eason given by Hoses i n · Josephus I Antiquities vrhy Aaron must put the homage to God above any sorroVling over t he loss of his sons. l The description of the high pri estly vestments given by Josephus is fundamentally in agreement Hi th that of &~odus 28 but he is more detailed especially as regards the head- gear or special c ap of the high priest. He gives a l engthy description of t his i n the An~iquities.2 He sums it up more briefly in the War : His head was covered by a tiara of fine linen, wreathed with blue, encircling which was another CrO H-l1. of gold, Hhereon ,Jere em- 3 bossed t he sacred l etters, to Hit, four vowel s. vlhen J ose1Jhus describes the making of vestments for the temp le of Solomon, he tells us ill at although thousands of other v e stments Here made, lithe crovm on Hhich Hoses had ins cribed Godls Name Has unique 2nd has remined to t his day.1I4 A little of the t one of Sirach 45 c an be f elt as He r ead t he description of the vestments of the hi gh pri est and their explanati on in both the An tiquiti es5 and the War. 6 He 1 Ant. III, 211. cf. Lv 10: 7: lithe chrislil of YahHeh is on you.n-- _ 2_~t. III, 172-178. cf. Ex 28:36f. & 39:30f. 3 ,C', /' l,{ar V, 235 . T--x. Ie ""<1' ) / /)£t( k -{ T,~ q • / / I 1 / / o l{.! j/ i' / E V T.{ T [ c-c= c: /1,;( • ( ,I 4Ant• VI II, ~ 3. cf . articles on Aar on l s head dress by J. E. HogS & F.G. Burkitt in Journal of Theolos ica l Studies 26 (1925 ) pp . 72, 1 80. 6 5Ar1t • III, 151ff.; 18LLff ~ ; 215-216. 'vlar V, 229ff. - ' 24 explains t he symbolism of the high priestly vestments as i'0110"18 : Tae high priest 1s tunic ••• signifies the earth, being of linen, and its blue the arch of heaven, while it recalls the lightnings by its pomegranates , the thunder by the sound of its bells. His upper garment too denotes univer sal nature, Hhich it pleased God to make of four elements; being further interwoven with gold in . token, I i magine, of the all pervading sunlight. The essen again, he set in the midst of this gar ment, after the manner of the earth, "Ihich occu pies the mim710st place ; s.nd by the girdle Hhere- 1-vi th he encompassed it he signified the ocean, "Ihieh holds the i-lhole in its enbrace. Sun and moon are indics. ted by the tvlO sardonyxes HhereHi th he pinned the l : i ~ h priest ls robe •••• Furthermore, the head dress appeQrs to me to s~~bolize heaven, being blue; else it Hould not have borna upon it the name of God, blazoned upon the crovm, a crm·m more over, of gold by re a~on of that sheen in Hhieh t he Deity mostdelights.~ Just as at the inauguration of Aaron, Hoses sprinkled both "Aaron I s vestments and Aaron hi!'Gself ••• in order to de vote them to God, 112 for seven days, so too Josephus uit- nesses t o th€ fact that in later days too, t he high priest 1s vestments Here purified for seven days ~efor e the great feasts. 3 4) LaHs of Purity for Hif,h Priests. Josephus fai thf.:ully reflects the teachL·. g of Levi tieus 21 and Ezekiel 44 concerning the purity expected of priests lAnt. III, 1 8L~ -18 6 . 2Ant• III, 205-206 cf. Ex 29 ; Lv 8. 3Ant• XVIII, 94-95. ",',.' ..... 25 and high priests . As regards mar'riage, Jose ~) hus does interpret t he "one profaned by prostitution!l to include "slave, or prisoner of \-1ar, aye or such Homon as gain their livelihood by haHking or i!L1(eeping. ,,1 Here is the complete quote from the Antiquit i es : From the priests he exacted a double degree of purity. ?or not only did he debar then~ in corrrr.lon Hi th all others from the afores2.id 1J rac tices ( adultery, incest, bestiality, sodomy, etc:) but he fu:"ther forbade them to Hed a harlot, he for bids them t o Hed a slave or a prisoner of Har, aye or such Homen as gain their livelihood by haHking or inkeeping or who have for Hhatsoever reasons been separated from their former husbands . As for the high priest, he vlOu ld not suffer him to t ake even a H0!i12J1 Hhos.e husband vms dead, though he c onceded this to other priests : none but a virgin may be He d and Hi thaI one of ilis own tribe. 2 Josephus continues his swnmary of the laHs of purity for the priests and high priests: From like motives the hi gh pries t never approaches a corpse, Hhereas the other priests are not forbidden to approach a brother, a parent or a child of t ileir OHn uhen deceased • . They must be exempt frora all physica l blemish. A priest vrtlO is not uhollj free of such defect he is aut ~ l.Ori ' zed to partake Hit.l .t he other priests of the prerequisites, but to a 8c end t o the altar or to enter t he sacred building is f orbidden him. Nor is it only .during the sacred r,rinistrations that purity is essential : they ::-lUs t see to it' also that t heir private life be beyond r e)r oach. That i s Hhy Hearers of t he ~) riestl y robes are s potless, i n~a c u l a t e l y pure, and sober, for Hine is f orbidden t hem so l ong as t hey Hear the robe. l Ant. III , 276 . cf. Ezk 4L~:22 . 2Ibid• 270- 277 . cf. Lv 21 :1u : !l Only a virgin from his 0\'i11 family r,lay talee t o wife .!l 26 Furthe~~:nore , the v ery victims 'llhicl1 t hey sac rifice are entirely perfec t and free from a ll mutilo.ti on. l Jose 2"J [1US brings fo r~'lard ezam.? l es t o shm·; that these Im'Is of ?u r i ty did have an influence in Israel. For in- stan c e , he rec ords the l acer a tion of t he ears of Hyrcanus, s on of Al exander J a:nnaeus, by the irn. ~J ious Anti sonu3 . :'lhen Hyrc2:;.nus Has a prisoner of .,mtigohus , Hyrc anus thre"'l hi:nself at the f eet of Anti [!;onus , i-Jho .. ·;i to. o.is 0 .."-'1 tee til l a c erated !1l S ears , ~n orde r to disqualify him fo ;'°ever, unc,e r a ny c nange of c ircuI:1st ~1. ~'l c es ::Cl~o m res 'cuning the high .?::.~ i esthood ; s i n c e freedo ::-. l frorn. .?husic2.1 defe c t ;s e ssential t o tne holder of t hat office.- iL"1 intepesti ng C3.0e of' j,,"'itual purity is the reasoning . e; iven f or t he one ciay ten u;r>e of hie;n -~) ri es t hoo d by Joseph : It hap -o ened du:c>in[:; t h is l·;atthi as ! t erm as hi gll :~ rie 8 t t hat anotl1er hic;ll. 'Jrie s t ~··J::.. S ap _: Ol. nt;ea" . , lor~ a sL'l.,3;le. * 1.., ao. -;/ •• • for- L;he, l'-"'" ollm-n• ng reason. :.Inile serv i:-:s as ~) ri es t C:l.l:i.-'"J iI1g t ~'"l e n i b ~ t prec ecii2S the day on wnic h t he f~3t occur:c>eci, Hatthias seer.1ed in a ci.loea.::.l to nave int erc ol;.rse Hi t ~l a ,·;or:lD.n a:lci sinc e he \·;as uno.ble to ::;erv e as y :c> i e st a e c o.u se o f ~~h8.t e::perieDc e , a r elative ~f h~s , !ose ~~ ~, son of ~ll e~nus , served an ) ~~iest . lYl his _J .L a ce. Jo se~~ hus reflects' t o_at c O:lsciou sness x.lOne; t :18 J OHS t hat t he h i Gh pr ie s t ~rns t b e s ) e cia lly holy by telli ~G us t na t the l':ob de!:1anded of _':" rc ~ e l aus that -;:; ne lliGh }:::'iest / l Ant III , 2 77-279 . 2-."Jar I , 2 70 • C I~ • .:~nL;, . . XIV , 300/ / . 3Ant• XVII, 163-107 . 27 appointed by Herod be de ~ osed and that a man of greater pi ety and purer moral be instal led. They asked him to IIc hoose'another man Hho Houl d serve as high priest more in accordance with the law and ritual purity. l When King .. \.grippa disposed Simon Cantheras from the h i gh priesthood ffild proposed to restore J ona than to office, Jonathan refused wi th these "lOrds : "I r ejQlice, 0 king, to be honoured by you and heartily appreciate this high prize offered by your will, al though God has adjudged r.le in no way Horthyof t he ,li gil priesthood. But I run content to have Jut on t he holy ve~tmen ts once, for then I arrayed nyself in them Hith more r ogar d for sancti ty than vrou lct be s hol-m if I Here to take t hem back . But if you desire t hat arlOthcr Horth i er than I shoUld rec eive the honour, be instruct ed by me . I h ~ v e a brother pu~e of all sin against Go d and again t you, 0 king. Hir:1 I reco:::r,lOnd for t his honour. 1I 2 In the very story of Aaron and his sons vie have a s triking biblic al exali1:?l e that Josephus incorporates of t he 'i-igh ) riest not draHing near a co:ep s e, even of t ll e closest rel ative . · A f lashing fire killed lJabad and Abihu" t he t HO el dest sons of Aaron as they attemp t ed t o br i ng i nc ense t o the altar. I n thi s s orrow" Moses f orbade Aaron to have any thought of gri ef for t[ ~ em , putti ng homage t o Go d above sorrowing o ~er t hei r 10ss.3 Josepllus reflects ho\-[ strictly t he marri age l aHs Here enforced. Hanasseh i s forced to give up the pri esthood and t he honor of being high pri est at J erusal em because of hi s 2 . l Ant• XIX, 314- 314 . Ibid. 207- 208 • . cf . iJar II, 7. 3.A.n:t.. I II, 208- 211. cf . Lv 10 :1ff. 28 marriage to a foreign 1-TO,":1an, the daughter of Sanballa t. 1 Other high pries ts were asked to give up their high prieat- hood on the very suspicion t hat they were sons of c ap tive women . 2 Other hiGh priests come in for more special c ensure i n Josephus for their unhol y actions. Jose ~ hus reflectsl Samue l 2 in his a ccount of the punis0..me nt that came upon t he house of Eli because of his sons, Hho Here Hicked. 3 John, tne son of Eliashib, also comes in for special c ensure by Josephus. John profaned t " e t empl e by killing his brother J esus in anger. NOH it Has a horrible thing for John when he Has high priest to perpetrate so great a cri ~e . In punishment , God allov.red Bagoses to punish the J evlS f or seven years ~ .Ji th the taunt : !I .ilave .;loU t he i mpuftence to perpetrate a murder in your t emple."-r Alcimus i t portrayed as a "licked high pri est -..vilo was smi tten suddenl y by God and fell do'\V'il and undergoing tori.nents 5 for many days, died. - Alcimus I predecessor, l·lenelaus, Has also condenmed as a wicked and i mpious man, uho in order to get the goverlliucnt for himself had c ompelled his nation to break its l av.rs . 6 l Ant. XI, 310-311. cf. He 13:28 . 2A..Ylt . XIII, 292; 37 2-376. 3 A..Yl t. v, 350. 4.~Ylt. XI, 297-300. • 5Ant• XII, 413. cf. 1 N 9: 54- 56 6Ant• I,ll; XII, Il-llS. 29 Later lL~ani as i s sai d to have been gui lty or the same evi l prac tic es as his s l aves . l On the other hand, certain high priests are singl ed ou t for special praise. ~ l eazar i s praised i n the opening l ines of the ~tiq u ities as one who yi el ded to none in vi r t ue, e s pe cially i n magnanimity. 2 Ananus, a hi gh priest at the t hne of the i:Jar, i s said to be a : man on every ground revered, or h i ghest i ntegrity •••• i·lit h al l the disti n c t i on or his ra..Ylk and t he honours to which he had attained, yet de ight ed t o t rea t the very humblest as his equals • 3. Josephus t reats J ohn Hyrc anus Hith a special aHe . Jolm, s on or Simon l·iac chabeus, "JaS high priest from 135-105. He i s praised by Josephus i n both the Har and i n the J eHish Antiaui t i es because [18 Has in close touch ili t h God . Hyrcanus Ha s s ai d to have c Olm.mmed Hi t ll God 1·jhen he Has alone i n t he t em) l e offeri ng i n c ense . To quote the passage i n t he War: He was t he only man to uni te i n his per s on t hree or the highest privileges : t he su pr eme c O r:'~; land of the nation, the hiGh 'wie st hood, and t h o Girt of :Jr'ouhec y . ?or so closel y was Cle i n t01.1, Cl1 1ili ttl the Dei tg:, that he Has n ever i gnormlt of the f u t ure. ' l An t. XX , 206- 20 7. 2An-'-L-. I, ll; XI I , 11-118. 3Har I V, 319. JlY1Qrifl T~ (d/ V /' 30 HORD STUDI ES c / «-}/YE L c{ \-lar Z;- I~ 26: seven degrees of puri t y in the tem.ple. II, 129 : bathing in cold water considered as a purification. 138: purer kind of "Hat er. 159: various forms of puri f ica tion. IV, 218: A purifica tion service . V, 194: La"H of purificati on--no foreigner allowed. VII, 204: l aHs of puritl' Ant. III, 78: prac ticing purity in general l.{hi l e l.-J"ai ting for Mose s to descend from Sinai. Ant. III, 152: purification prescri bed by Law for priests. 224 : purifica.tions and t be ritual of sacrifice. 273: provisions concerning sacrifices and purifica t i ons. VIII, 96: people distinguished by Durity all oHed to enter templ e c ourt. . XVIII, 19: :2:ssence perform -,)uri f ica.t ionJ3. differently • Life 11: for purification's sru\:e. Apion I, 199 : c erta in purifica tion rites. 282 : rites of purificati on before entering holy city. II, 198 : in view of the sacrifices , the Law has pr e scribed ~ ur ific at i o ns for vari ous occasions. 203: purifica tions of LaH. c . / C( I/WUJIV .?f t Ant. VI, 235: after purifying himself. 31 XI, 109: in a state of purity for the fe s tival. XIV, 285 : purifying themselves. 425: all persons who c elebrate the paschal sacrifice are all ~ and holy. / , Ant. III, 197 : l l'loses) sanctified both the tabernacle and t he priests, proceeding on this wise to t heir purificB:.tion o 198 : He V'Ioses} anointed both the priests them selves and all the tabernacle, thus purifyine; all. 279: Purity is essential in life of priest. IV, 78: I'Hlen the people had mourned for her ( l"Iiriam) thirty days, t ~ ey were purified by Moses on this '-'Tise . 80: a place of spotless Durity . 81: thenceforth they He re clean. 222: hands pure of murder. 298 : army ••• mus t be immaculate. VI, 120: ea ting before Has rung ai-ray the blood and making the flesh clean. IX, cure of lc ~ rosy. 74: ~ - 262: purify yourselves and your city, exhortation of Hezekiah. Purify the temule \lith sacri fic es. X, 70: Josiah purified the Hhol e c ountry. XI, 153: Ezra curified t he practic e concerning marriae.;e • . ; "' XII, 286: Judas- l'Iaccabaeus- curifi es the l and of i mpuri ties. 316: People urGed to go up to Jerusalem and purify the t em)le and offer sacrifices. XIX, 315 : Brother of J:mathan s :.l id to be ~ of sin aefore God and King . Apion I, 282 : Lose purity if leper is conta cted. 32 War I, 229: period of purification. v, 227: t hose not totally pure. Ant. III, 78, 152: purificn.tions Hnichthe LaH presc ribes. ADion I, 199 : performing c ertain rites of purific ation. * c /, .-X-j/ V ( Ant. I, purify his tents. II, 312: uurified the houses with blood. III, 197: he sanctified both the tabepnacle fu"ld the priests. 199: sanctify oil. 258: purified the tribe of Levie x, L~2 : he sill1ctified the templ e ru1d purified the c ity. XII, llj.3: 3-4-have purified themselves. 318 : 7-6-pv.rify the temple and offer sacrifices. XVIII, 9 L~ : after they had been n ~u~ifie d . f) / /; /b. - ./ / J(.20!X·/J(' S - /(q' r ' ~, /l <~_f::::_~ &:«C/,~~ ; / 1£ { V Har '/ 1, 153: Pompey, the v ery day after tne c apture of the temp le gave orde rs to the custodi~Ds to cleanse it and to resume t~ " e customary sacri fices. II, 129: (T, he Essenes'\I After this. purification ••• ~ nOH thenselves they repair to t h e refectory as to a temple • .; V, 227: vlm'len, even Hhen free from i w)uri ty Here no t permi tted t o pass the bO~U1ciary ••• Ii1entioned above. / , 380: (-Abraham J upliftin::; ~ hands tOHn.rds this Sl)o t Hhi.ch you have nOll polluted ••• VI, 48: Houevor ~ t h ey ( bOdies l;Jasteci by disease) may be from stain or pollution. 110: Go d ninself, \·r~-:o Hith t he rtorwns is brincing 33 the fire to purge His temple. c/ o(J/1- os v \'Jar VI, 425: all persons ,·.,11.0 · c elebra te the paschal sacri- fice are all pure and holy. Ant. VIII, 100 : festival of Tabernacles is considered holy. \\far II, 321: bearing in procession holy vessels. III, 307: Nt. Garizim Has holy: to the Saraari ta..n.s. 374: souls are allotted the most holy: pl aces in heaven. v, 7: the sacred f a cade. --Ant. XIII, 128 : the sacred temple.- Har V, 207: the holy temple. ~. VIII, 71: the holy templ e . ,Ant . XVI, 115: most holy temple. War II, 129 : as to some sacred shrine. Ant. XIV, 227 : sacred gatnerings . \ (:/ Toc{[/ ( c-V /J An t. I I I , 125 : the Hhole temple v,TaS c alled the Holy Pl ace ; its i naccessibl e shrine within the four pillar~ the JlHoly of Holie s!! Har V, 385 : The Philistines Hith all manner of ex piations propiti ated t lle sanctuary • • Ant. XII, 413: Alcif,lUS pl ans to pull dovm the Hall of t he sanctuary. Uar I, 26 : the Holy Pb.ce of the sanctuary. 152 : The holy Place, ex ~) oDed to eyes of ~:J o~!Jey and cO':lpany. IV, 150: enter the s anctua ry Hith polluted feet. 151: na!ce the Holy p l ace t he headqu2.rters of tyrarmy. 3L~ 159: purge the sanctuary of its bloodstainod polluters • . V, 19 L~ : l aw of purification- -no foreigner was per mi tted t o enter the Holy Pl ace • . 394 : the sanctuary l ay desolate for three years and six rwnl,hs a t time of Antiochus Epiphanese Har v, 21 9 : unapproachable, i nviol ate, invisible to all, it was ca lled t he Holy of Holy. IV, 388 : There "vIas an anci ent saying of inspired men tha t the city Hould be taken and t he sanctuary burnt to the grou-l1d by rignt of Has , Hi1en soever it should be visitod by sedition lli~d native hands should be the first to defile Go d 1s sacred p r e ci n c ts ~ \ c/ TO<: ~~( oL \'Jar I, 3 5L~ : sanctuaI'y1s holy contents . Ant. XIV, L~82 : santuary's holy contents. the ho 1 y tir:1e s . Har IV, 163 : ---"- Ivar I I , 3 L~ 1: the sanctuary or the ho l y pl ac es ; cf. al so 400, 401, 539 ; ~V, 162, 171, 173, 182f., 191, 201, 242, 323; V, 363, 397. 406 ~ L~2 ; VI, 104, 120 , 122, 124-128 , 165, 267 , 3L~6 . " 35 CHAPTER THREE THE SACRIFICr:.:S OFFEHED BY 'E'-1E HIGH PRIEST ;" " ) P /)",, ) 1 /' %0(,$ )!x /' o< fJ ,~' E ( ;,/?G " S ['] ~VC.-1j7U.f7CuJY , ;:: ~ / / jf/ ~, \ J' ' / / / Ar;,u/j2< VPtJf reS c1CffJ cI. {/6t~ 77{uY /(g/ldTdJo(( " I \ ~ f-l --- c-J- / cI; I'" r(' / TR( 1/Jc,r TC V ~f t'- Y I [/t;( 7(1lCC-- ' ''prJ: IJ<{ ~ \ I / 7 /' ~(. ... C / ./ ~'., J k:;(L , C {)c/X/)Jl.JIE!L.-_~_ItQ( /2 T { w j-/ ,l' ~;T ---; (Every high ;J riest has b een taken out of marl-: kind and is ap,?ointed to a ct fOl' :nen in. t;C'lsir re lations with G~d , to offer gifts and sacrifice s for sins.) Heb5 :1 ~H;·~:~";~~ ·::" Josephus c ounts sacrifice as r~ost i m~) ortant for the vIelfare of the JeNish p e ople. One of the mo st eloquent proofs is his l ament over t ~e city of Je rus al e ~ in the 'das: For £1.1 t ;'lOugh t hese f l~enzied ,nen t he three f a ctions of J ews fis hting ~ithin Jeru sale~ had stopped short of no L '.p i e ty, t hey ne'v- 8rthel ess ad mi t ted those ".-T[J.O -"lished t o offer sacrifices, n ative Jews suspiciously a~d wit~ preca ution, stra.Ylgers after a thorou8:1 search ; yet these ••• ofte::1 became c asual victiT::s Ol~ t h e sedition. For the miss iles from t~e eng ines fle-.., ove r -.'Ii t h such forc e t in t t h e:r rea c:'l e Q t ~:. e 2. 1 t ar 2-'1d t ~~ e s ::mc tuary, li.<;hti::13; u ~) on :'~: riests an,d s a c rifi c el~s ••• r.lany ••• fell there the:r;".sel ves before t :_eir sacrifice s a::'lQ s ~~, ri nlc .. led Hit':;. liba tions of their Oim olood t ._2. t altar tLYliversally v ens :::'ated by Greeks :l.c"1d b a ro2. rian,s •••. I,rnat r:1isery to eq,'-l.al that, fI". os t 1,H' etclw d c ity, h ast suffered c..~ the ll 2.n d s of t .. e rto :::1a ns, -.-lilo en tered to purg e with fire the i ntern al ) olluti ~ ns? lather t exts of Heb that reflect t h o idea of sacri fice a~ d the high p riest are : 2:17; 5:2,3; 7:27; 8 :3-5; 9:6-26; 10:1-18 ; 13:11. 36 For thou Hert no longer God's place, nor couldest thou survive, ai'ter becoming a sepulchre for t he bodies of thine olm. children and conver ting the sanctuary i n to a charnel-hous e of civil Har. Yet . might t ~1. e r e be hopes f or all amelioration of thy lot, if ever th o ~ wouldst propitiate tha t God who -devastated thee. Another i n cident recorded in the i'Iar brings out hOH importa..'1.t Jose )hus felt sacrifice to be ~ Titus learns that the Jm-,ish people are very despondent because t Qe so-called cOntinual s a cr i fices ha d been stopped -because of a lack of 2 lambs. He then sends Josephus as his ambassador to urge the people to surrender t hat they may lire store to God the expiatory sacrifices . 1I3 . \'rnen the insurgents reject · the plea of Josephus Hith the argument that t he city is sai:e because it is the city of God, Josephus breaks out in ~Deloquent plea: • "pure indeed have you kept it for Godl The Holy Place too remains undefiledJ Your looked-for Ally has suffered no impiety from you and still re ceives His customary sacrificesl Host i mpious wretch, should anyone de ~) ri ve you of ' j-our daily food, you \w u ld con sider him an enemy ; and do you hope to have God, ,'Tho::n you _have bereft of -His ever12.sting worship for ~'our Ally in thi s liar? il..n d do you im pute-your sins to t he Romans, Hao to this day a re concerned for our la,.;s and are '1:;rying to force you to r estore ta God t hose sacrifice s Hhich you have interrupted ? Earlier in the Har, Jos ephus sees the ce ssation of the sacrifices f or tae nation a..'1. d t he Enperor as laying IHar V, 15-19. "?ropitiate.. . that God": Q[ov'\ E>J cd<> 3Ibid• 97 • • "Expiatory s 2.crifice s I f: [. V 0< k / 0- ?i 0 u5 - d 7 . _4Ibid• ·100-101- - . 37 t he s a crifices for t he nation and t he 2mper or as l aying the foundat ion for the Har Hith the rlomans.,l The notion of sacrifice also appears all t hrough the Antiquities. In t he openi ng pages, we r ead of t he s 2.c ri- fices of Cain and Abe l: NOvT the brothers t ook nleasure in different nur su~ts. Abel, t he younger had respec t for j ustic~ and be lieving t hat God wa s with him in a ll his actions, pai d heed t o virtue ; he led the life of a shepherd.' Cain, on the contrary, v.ras thorou::;hly depraved and had an eye only t o gain: he Has t he first to think of pl oughing t he s oil a."1d he sleH his br ~the r for t he following r eason. The brothers having dec i ded t o sacrifice t o God, Cai n broUGh t t he fruit s of the tilled eart h and of t he trees, Abel c ::u:ae Hit h ~",i l k and t he firstl:i.ngs of his flocks . 'rhis Has the offerinG ,(o.i ch found ~'11 ore favour ,,·;i to. God '.,111. ,,) is honoured b j- t ':l. i ngs that groH spontaneously and i n accordance Hi t h natural l a'Hs, fu"1d not by t he products f or~ed fran natur e by t he ingenuity of graspi ns man. "Thereupon, Cain, incensed at Go ci. ' s preferenc e f or Abel, sleH his brother. 113 But it is s acrifice 1·;hich S2. ves t he life of Cain. IIGod h01'Te ver exer.1p t ed hi m from t he penal- ty merited by murci.er, Cain ha7ing offered a sacrifice a."1d supplica teci. Him not to vis it him too severely in his lirath. 1I4 Josephus records tHO s a crifices of :Noab. . The firs tis l War II, 409. 'Other eX8.1nples of t he importanc e of sacrificerecorded in t he Hal' : 1,32: condemn8.tion of Anti ochus 2pipb.anes for interrupting ci.aily sacrifices. 1,39: praise for Judas :'iaccabaeus for restor int; them. cf. 1 1-1 1:16-25 ; 4 :36ff. 2Ant• I,53-5 ~ . Gn 4 is elaborated by Josephus . 3.~t. 1,55. cf. Gn u: 8. - ' 4Ant• I, 58 38 in th anJ~sgi ving : Noah t hus learning that t he earth Has del ivered f~om t he f lood , waited yet seven days, and t hen l e t the animals out of the a r k , "[<.rent forth himc;el f ":i th his fa~ ilYl s a crificed to God and feasted with his househol d . The second s a c r ifice is offe~ed to b e s eec h God not to aP..nihila te mankind b ~r another flood : Noah, f earing that Go d, having sentenc es man kind t o annihil ation , rrllGht annually i mmd8.te t he e a rth, offo;"~8d burn t- sa c l~ ic es and bes ouE;ht Di u to mai n t ain for the future t h e priI.1i tive order of n ature •••• He t her efore entreated Hi 2 gra c iously to accep t h i s s a c rifi c e 3...."Y1d t o. be moved no r:lore to ..l-' •. J...' • , c. wra~n agalns ~ ~ ne ear~n ••• Josephus ' accolmt r efl e cts Genesis 8: 21-9 :17. God signi.f i.e s to lIoah t hat he Hill grant h is prayers. "Never:::lOre shall t he ,.;a t er over1·;helr:J. t l;. e earth. Yet I exhort you to r e f rain f rom shedding hU2':1an blood •••• The other l ivi ng crea tu;.."'es ye nay use as ~n ay meet your desires and appetites, for I have YIl&..de y ou lords of all. •• yet Hi t hout the blood, for t herein is the soul. l':oreover I will nanifes t the t ru e t h2. t ye s hall have by dis playing my bOH. II 3. Josephus also reflects t he Genesis a ccoUc"lt of Abraham lAlit. 1,92. cf.;0n 8 : 20. c "- ,/ ll 2 A-"Y1 t. I, 96-92 . IIBu r nt s 3.cri fi c es : lc /l y1. I.(.-;( {.. /C-:-{ ,s. Josenhus r e cords anothe r s o.c r i f ice by ;foa h i n ..ffiL. • .1.,140, which a g ree s ,-;1 t h Gn 9, where s a crifice is not explicitly mentioned. 3.iL'l.t. 1, 99-103. cf. Lv 17 :11: liThe life of the f l e sh is i n the blood. II rf/-'\ tlil ('12 is not used her e i n Jose- phus althou gh it appears Qeve:zi times in Gn 9:9-17. 39 as a man \iho offered sacrifice to God. Abraham, think i ng fit to emi g rate, at t he Hill and Hith the aid of God, settled in toe land of Canaan. Established there, helouilt an altar and offered a sacrifce to God. After r e cording t he meeting of Abraha."ll Hith He lchi zedek,2 Josephus foll01vS the order of Genesis: God wJlounced that a son Hould be born to him, lvhose posterity Hould be so great as to be co r,l-:)ara ble to .the s t ars. On hearing these ~ ' lorcs .Ab:pana::n offered a s&.crifice to God as bidden by Eim. .:L'1d the sacrifice was on this wise: he took a heifer of three years old. and a rar.J. of the same age, ",ith a turtledove and a ? igeon and at GOd l ~ bid. din~ di vided th)!u in hrain, save the birds 't,)hich he d.i vi ded not. Josephus gives the story of Abrahax1's sacrifice of Isaac in greater det ail t h~D Genesis 22 .4 Josephus reflects toe rabbinica l tradi tion 'Hhich identified the mountain with l-Jount l·iorian, Hhere the temp le of Solo:10n vras afteri·rards built. 5 ----.- -- 1 ~. I, 157. 2Josephus' treatment of Eelc hizede:.;: is c ontained in Appendix C. 3 A..Dt. 1,183-184. cf. Gn lS. i:fnile substa::J.tia11y re- producin- b Gn 15, Jose~hus does not introdu. cer·~/'x c.- ,11(- 1] of Gn 15:15. Perhaps the explanation is the sane az for an eX'o l anation of circ'LlDuisi on ~ ·!h ich is put off to a late r t 4 Ant• 1,222-236. Some of the Hords used by Josephus in t hi s ""Story sacrifice are : ;r sac rifice II : C' v~ t-L ';0(" and t- Jacob being aghast at t he enor:~nity of' t nese a cts a.lJ.d indignant a t his sons, Go d app eal'ed beside him and. ba d e him take c ouraGe , purif'y h is t ents, and perform t hose s a crifices Hhi c h n e had vO';led to of'rer '\-1hen 3.t the first he se t ov. t ror I-Iesopota.:nia ••• and departing thence of'fered sac ririce at Bethel where he h ad see:;} the drea..'n .. rhen j ourneying of' yore to Eesopot amia. Josephus also reproduc es the a c~ oQlJ.t of' Genesis 46:1 con c erning the sacrif'ice of' J a cob at the i,vell of' the Oath, Beersheba, on t:1e '.-ray to mee t Joseph. 2 Josephus records t he tradi t ion of' Exodus 5 t hat .L·~oses i s try i ng to. get perr,lission f'ro:m Ph araoh to go to the Hilderness t o offer sacrifice . Josephus is iTIOre ex)licit than . .c: .. ,'w ci us . He ..lent to t he kine a.lJ.d urzed. l1l:n to let t h e Hebrm-Is go to l~ourit Sinai to sac rific e there to Go d ~ f o!: . so ~e, h)d c Or:D13.ndeci, unci. in no ,-lise to oppo se rt lS wl l ~ . The c ent ral p l ape of' the p aschal sa c ~if'i c e i n the Exodus a ccount is rep roduced i n the account by J osephus . 1 A...lJ.t . 1,34·1-342. 2Ant • 11,170 . 3Ibi d • 2 91. Ex 5 :1 nentions "a f' east in the Hil der ll ness • z ; -;: 5: 3 :l1en tions a t hree day 's journey to offer sac rifices . 41 Go d, having revealed that by yet one more plague he .. lOuld c ons train the Egyptians to rel ease the Hebre ~' Ts, no", b ade Hoses ins truct the peopl e to h a v e ready a sacrifice, making preparations on the t 'enth of' the month Xanthicu8 over aGinst t he f'our teenth day ••• and then to l ead of'f' the HebreHs, t ak i ng all their possessions Hth t hem. He according ly had the He bre""ls ready betime s f'or depc..rturc aYld r ansing them i n f rate rnities kept then assembled to get~er ; thon "irhen the f'ourteenth day Has c ome , the whol e body in readiness t o start, sacrificed, puritied the:' hou~e.s Hi ~h 1he ~lo~ d. , u~~n ;s bunc hes of' hyssop ~o S 0 rln~le lt, and alter ~ne repas ~ burnt tee r eJmants of the neat as nersons on t he eve of depc..rture. Henc e it c o~e s ihat to t his day "18 keep this sac rific e in t he SaIrle customary mac.'1ner , c a lli n~ this feast Pascha Hhich m.ea.."Y1S IIpassing over. 11 Josephus closes Bk . II of the Anticuities \-lith words that rec all to hi~ readers t he c entrality of the s a cri :;:~ ic e on sinai t o tee \-!b.cle Exodus a CCOlli'1t. Eases, led. them forHard for Ho"t.ln t Si nai, Hi th t he intent there t o sacrifice to God and to render HLa the tll.anlc offe rings of tne people for their deliv ranc e , even as he had receiv ed c OIDm8.ndx:-'.ent. 3 Jose ~Jhu s faithfully records t he "sacrific es of thanksg i vingll i-Thich i'lo ses of'fered a fte r the victory over t he .,'\,rl1a l e~d tes, 4 and t ~1 e sacrifice -banquet ~·:hi c h :Loses offere d fu'1 d c e l e brated on t he occasion of the v isit of Raguel, h is la~ t 'ner - ln. - 1 aH. 5 I Tee undcrlil'\ed Hords · ,)/L. t ex t . f l/ 0 ~ V !t'~\.' / y- c / ,/ . U,'t"iLu: 7T Cl U N ~ (,., ,( I S ,/ 2Ant• 11,311-313. cf. Sx 11:1; 12:1-28. ~ . 3.~t. 11,349. 4~nt . 111,59-60. cf. Ex 17:15. 5. ~ t. 111,63. cr. Ex 18:12. 42 A very interesting omission in Josephus ! account of Sinai is t hat there is no explicit IIBlood of the Covenant ll cererQoriy as in E.xodus 24:6-11 .. The lengthy descriptions of t~e construction of t ~ e t a b ernac 1 e , 1.l"GS. lnau, s ura1 core:nOYlleS,,2 an d""GQe consecra- tion and ordina tion of the high priests and Levites,3 Hhich we c onsidered in Chapter Two , are a good indication of t he i mportance of s a c?ifice to Josephus. As He .have seen, Jo s ephus often makes eXy licit Hhat is implied in t he accounts of R~odus and Leviticus. Here he has Hoses explain t hat the chief task of the high pries t is to offer sacrifice and to intercede f or the people. 1I 1;1e need first of all one t o di scharge tC.le offic e of priest, and y-.inister for the sacrifices and for the intercessions on our behalL ••• God air:1- self has judgeci Aaron i·wrt:1Y of this lionour aY'.. ci has chosen hir.l to be ~J ri est •••• So it is he HnO Hill don the ves t~ents consecrated to God, have charge of t he altars, attenci to "che s a crifices and offa:." pra::rers on our behalf to God, Hho ~ ' lill glao.ly hear tne::n, both 1~r.)r.1 a man 0lL Eis oun c hoo sing, He c aY1_::'lo t II but accept t j,er.1 . • In Anion, Josep:ms na~-::es it clear that t he high priest is in char3e of the ordering of wo rship : Could the r~ be a finer or nore eouitable polity I Ant. III, 102-187. 2-b'.L l d • 18J ff. 3Ibid• 4 A.n.t. III, 189-192. cf. Ex 28 & Lv 28 Hh ich do not h a ve l·ioses con.vincing the people by such a speech. 4.3 than one "\Thich sets God at t he head of the uni verse, Hhich assi gns the administration of its highest affairs to the who le body of priests and entrusts to the s upreme high pri est -t he direction of t he other priests? These men ••• to I."rClOill he en t ~us te~ t he ordfring of divine worship as their flrst c narge ••• In t ~ e ~rar, Josephus i ndica t es the high pries t often took part i n the sacrifices which we re of fe~ed on occasions of sole ~':L1'1i ty. l'he high p ~iest accompanied t ::em, not on all occasions, but on the sevent h days and neH moons, ~1'1d on any n~tiona ~ fe s tival or annual assembl aGe of all t he people. Since He do not have the proposed iwrk of Josephus t hat Has to treat of s acrifices etc. in a more det ailed way, 3 t he l ocus classicus for a treatment of the sucri- fices of teLe Levi tic al pr i esthood by Josephus is Ek. III of "en e Antiqui ties. Here is a vocabulary of sac~ifice drai-ffi from there: 4. C. / dVY~/o( purifications c O ( E P c (. /l V (~ : ritual of s ~c rifice , I ;// ?I I? L- C--I :<. sacrifice ( (: \. " ..) r' """' YJ, (t T[ C J W V ( d (!~" T (.. 0 V offered by c c\ ; ., ( , individual(s) hu ~--.-LILC -re: /) (') f-1":'k c: U offer ed by {. -- (, c or:..r:J.ui:').i ty 1 , . - i-\. --llOn 1.L, 186. ff. Ibid. 193-194. 2Har V, 230. 3References t o t his -'):'opose·::: ,·jorl: Cu s tons and Causes a re s c a. t tcred thrOUGh the ~·;or l,;:s of J osephus. e . g . Ant. III, 230; IV, 198 ; III, 257, 205. -- 4.Ant• 11 1, 224 ff. 44 oc~ {; I{of. U v'O-c{~ t 7f'?()/Te~ \ Y!UfW'/~/ :victi:n is burnt entirely c "- C ~ c I< ~ (,/ T L:.J V : holocaust ~?ZfJtC-Tn i1(i./ 6[,,(;/·::<..7 ./ : sacrifices of thanks- 7 ~ (I '- \ C .fii v~g . . {+ k' 0 c' c- {. (j «7(1 1l l holocausts mus t be males , accorcling to Josephus. In treating sacrifices for sins, Jose .~' hus distinguishes betHeen t he sinner ll Hho throuGh i gnorance1l2 has fallen into sin , and lithe sinner Hho is conscious of sin but has none to convict him of it."3 Jos e~hus in general folloHs t he order and c ontent of NUlilbers 28-29 and Leviticus 23 in hi s ) resentation of the public sacrifices. Although he does record t he f act that a Idd Vias t o be offered in expiation for sins on the fea.::; t s of t~e nCH r.100n and all the major feasts of the year,4 t he special day of atone:;ler.t i s t._e tenth day of t he seventh month. In vieH of the high priest's syecial part i n this d&.y I Hill quote Jo~ophus · . in f ull on this TJay of AtonC:~lcnt : On the tenth of t ~ eS2.me lu..'1ar I:lonth they fast lIbido 226, cf. Lv 1:3,10,14. 2..i'..n'C. • -.L_l,T- 231" • C f • -LV 4 : 27 , J~.~~ 3Ant• 111,232. cf. Lv 6 : 2ff. 4iLn.t. 111,238,239,246, 247, 2L~9 . 45 Q~til evening; on thiG day they sacrifice a bull, ti..,rO ra..llS , seven l ambs, and a kid as sin-offering. But besides these the~r offer tHO ~dcl.s , of Hnich one is sent alive i n t o the Hil derness b e~rond the fron tiers, being intended to avert and serve as an ex piation for t he s ins of the whole people; while tne other they conduct t o the suh'.trbs to a s:?ot that is perfectly pure and there hlwn it, skin and all, Hi t hout a..ny cleansing Hhatsoever. Along ,.;i th it is burnt a bullock Hhich i s not offered by the com munity bu t is provided at his ovm eX gense bJ t he high priest. So soon us this bullock has been slain, he brings the sanctuary some of its blood, as also of the blood of the kid, and Hith his finger sprinkles it tOHard the ceiling seven times, and li l~eVTi s e on the f loor, and a2· ma..ny tin es over the s an ctua~y itself and around the gol den altur; the !'est he c arri es into the out er court a:.'l.d sprinkles about t he l ar(;er altar. ?urther::-,lo:c>e, they l ay u pon t he altar the extremities, the k ~o dn e/s, an d 1:;. h e Ia~ t Hl. t'n -c" ne 1"ooe , 0 f -'-h" e 1·~ver. The hi gh l) riest also provides on his ol·m accoun.t a ram for a burnt offering t o God. Tais account of Josephus is in substantial agreement vlith Leviticus 16, Hith such minor changes as lIti'iQ ramsll f or one mentioned in Leviticus, the s prinkl i ng of ~ _ e blood seve:l tLnes and t he b,J,rning of extren i ties CL.'l.cl. kidneys, not mention ed in Leviticus . This was t he day when the high priest entered into the holy of holies . In describing the high priestly vest- ments, Josephus u rites: Tne se r obes Here no t 'dorn by the high r)l~i est in general, ~ih e n he assune,j pl ainer a ttire, D'-l.t only Hhen he penetrated to the in...~erinost sanctuiU'Y ; t his he entered alone once in the year, on the day on \-Jhic~ i t ~ -:.s.s t ::'e Ui.'1i ve~~sal cus t on to lceep f2..st to God. lA::-lt. I Ii, 240-2L~3. cf. Lv 16; Nb 29:7. 2War V, 236. cf. Ant. IX, 222 . 46 Jose)hus als o recor ds t _1 0 repara t i VB and purifyinG sacrivice of the red h e if'er Hhich He find in N1..mlbol~S 19. Here to'o, . it is the h igh priest -, Josephus change s the ncr.-iptural order so as to p l a ce t Cl is sacrifice of the red heifer a.fter the death of Hirialll as a purif~;I i ng ceremony. Also ,'Thereas 1\1..Url.Oers 19 is e x~) lici t in naming Eleazar a s the officiating pries t, who acts under t h e ciirections of J.:loses, Josephus leave s it vague and thus i mp lies tha t the unnmned hig h priest i s Aaron ''lho se death is recorded in a subsequent cha.pter. Never- theless the actua l descrip tion of L :e ceremony is striking ly similar to Nw.llb ers 19. A heifer, yet i gnoran t of the p lough and of husbandry, \'ii thout ble:mish and entirely reci g ':las c onducted b y t he high p riest a little way ou tside the C 2--'IlP to a p la.ce of s p otless Durity, 1;h e:..~ e he s'acr ificed it and s p rin~ded vIi th his finger drops of its blood s even t imes i n the di::>e ction of the taberna cle of God. Hext, t he heife r Has burnt whole just as it was, including its skin and en trails , lli'1ci into the r,1ids t of t :1.8 bla ze they c ast ceciar ',wo o. a.nd h yssop and C .:.~L l s o n ~· ;ool. Its aSC18 S ·He.:.~ e thcn all c o llected by a holy r:an ':iho depo sited them in a plac e of s p otless purity. When thcre fO l->e a?:lY had b een p olluted by c :mtact -\'J i th a cor pse , the'! lmt a little of these ashes in rtL1L.'1i ng "mter, dip;e d h yssop into t h e strem,. a.na sprin.k:JBd. such persons there':d. t h :.m the third a£ G. seventh cia:,..- , and t henceforth they were cle CL."l. • .:; lAnt. IV, 76- 81. cf. Nb 19:11'1'. 47 CHAPTEH fOUR TEE HIGH PRI ESTS FROl-~ ELEAZAR TO PHAUASUS ) \. '] J./ r:...., { ") Ec itf V 0 U V iE f? LU U-I.( rid 17 r ./1('(';( T /)(I tS c / / '? ./ J/ ~ ,/ " \ ( ~f1 we: () VI?: S 70· ~ . T( ,S crt ,If (~ I(>(l~ J 11;-/ /? . !:t ) ~ ,f; \ 0/ 7 J /' /) . L0, _ (1/,;( r~ J)( C' T C, /l() V cKYlC-1?(/ -(Y( c.. ./' , /:> \. \. / /( d "- U_(.?c£ Kr;{( C U )(:(Tet::. rpv' rifa/ ~"f/I':<- V 1 '6 /' t1 J' '' )' ,.., ,,- S'1/cC~:< 2 . ,. cu 1(:{fX. V'c,t{tvcrndps ud,d/CIV I/ S .I} l k( , "t" / / J. "I .:> 7 \ ./ }/~I/GY N A /(';(10( r){;r;A- l V .Ju...' ~ c< I{: ~~ -::-::-.::- -;:- Josephus divide s up the e i ghty-three h i gh pl'iests he · + ~ . t -. , .... ~ . . d 1 1) Ti 1 lS wS lrom Aaron 0 tClanasus ln ~ o I l ve perlo s : Cl ose 'I.-Iho served the tabernacle in t rie desert a.'l.d in J erusa lecn until t he bu ilding of the t e::;lple by Solomo .l ; 2 ) The e i ghteen viho held the high pries thood in Solonon I s t era91e lLl'ltil t he Babylonian exile of ;J ehozadak; 3) The fifteen des c e~'1ci. an ts of J ehozadak b eG i nning ~ 'li th Jeshua ~i ho hel d t:le tliStl p rie s t- h oo d until the reiGn of Antio chus ; 4. ) Alci:-:J.u s and the :itas- monea...,.s up to th e ti:n.e of Herod; 5) Tile t .·rer:t y - eic;ht high priests \-Iho hel d t he offic e lL"'lde r :Gerod, ).. ::.... ci'.e l aus a:.'1d thei r l Ant. XX , 227-251. 48 successors until the capture of the city and the b ,-~ rning of t he te~ple by Titus. 1) Froni Aaron t o Abia thar Aaron ••• in t he sight of the whole ar~y di v ested himsel f of his high priestly robes and after delivering t~em to Eleazar his son, u pon whom by right of a ; e the high priesthood de sc~nded , he . dird Vlith t':lc eyes of tho multi tuae u p on him. With this version of the trans ferral of the hig':l pri est- hood from A~ron t o El eazar, Josephus b egins to trace the high priestlj- succession dOlID to his ol·m time . ~Vi t h int eres ting c hanges, (such as t he one noted here tha t Eleazar divests hinlself and delivers his high p riestly robes to his son, "'iheroas NU':',;,bers says that i·:oses divests him a.'1d clothes Eleazar ) Josepil.us r e c ords the transfer:eal of Dower to Zleazar. Josephus records t hat i n t he final ad·j.ress of l·loses t o t he peo!)l e , he urges t hem to folloH the counsels of i'Eleazar, t he high 'Pries- t and Joshua. , as also ••• the elde:,s and magis- 2 trates of the trib es." Josephus records the s c riptural aavic e of Mo ses to the king : " Let him do nothinG Hi t:'l2Ut the hig n priest and t;:~. e c ouns.el of his senators. " 3 Eleazar i s c a lled \-lith Joshua t o ,'ii tnoss t he c.ivision of the A.J.ilori te land to I, t he t HO a..Yld a half tribes if t~_e y remain faithful in fighting. '-j- l Ant. IV,83. cf: lIb 20 : 22ff. I·Ioses stri;)s Aaron of priestly Ga : ments ' and clothes .31eazar. - 2Ibid• 186. cf. Dt 31. 3~. 224. cf. Dt 17. 4Ibid• 171. cf. Nb 32. 49 Josephus is r,lOre sp3cific tha!2 Deauter onomy i n e;;:p1i ci t1y as s i Gning the h i Gh priest to read the l 8.'H at t he sep'cen..YJ.ia l . 1 c e remony. J osephus f aithf ully records t ile scrip tu:eal transferral . h 1 1 _ . ~ . h ' . f ,. t -, 2 o f 'G e e:::..c erSCllp 01 "C. e na 'Clon ro::n Hoses ' 0 Josnua. rtm'J- e v e r J osephu s i s s ilent as ro::; c..rds t he ex ~) licit COIffill8.nd of YahvJeh t o ~ · ~oses to bl'i!2g Jos:--J.ua before :r:; le :l za ~n , t ::-le priest, a n d the i-hole c omr:1.mi ty and to h a-.Ji.~ Zleazar make inquiry f or him b e fore Yal:li~eh a ccoL"ding to the rite of Urim. 3 Instead Josephus vrrites: Ho ses, alreudy advanced in years, nOH a ~)~; ointed Joshua to succeed him OOti1 ip h is p rophetical fun C'G lons 8.:'l d a cOl~l.:."Uander -in-c h ief, Hhe::::s oe-..re:> the need should a ri s e, under orders fro:-n Goel. himself t o entru~t t ~ e d i rection of affa i rs t o hi~. Joshua he.d already r e c e i -..red a t ho]""' ou[;Q training i n the 1 m'iS and in d i v L~e lore und e:.'" t he tuition of Hoses . LL' But J o sephus does ShOH 21 eazar to be an influential per- son ·in t:: e c o:r .l1J.ni ty, sec oi~d only to Joshua . ':men t h e t reaty i s made Hith t h e Gibeonites, ~leaz a r t~e hig ~ priest, along Hi th t rie e l ders , s'>Jea:."s t he oa'..; h i·Ji t h t h e::'! . ,'!hereas in the boo~ of Joshua seems to d i st:>i b~te the land s to the tribes h l:r.J.se· lf, 6 Jose- p,Q US S-:101-13 ~leazar p la ~; ing a sie;nific2..J.'J.t role . 7 Josephus is a lso r::ore e;;: ~; lici t t ho....,"l t:'le ooo:{ of lIbido 209. cf. .ut 31: 11. 2I bid• 165. cf. IJb 27 : 18ff • Lt. , r' 3Nb 27 : 1 9 - 20. 'Ant IV, l O:J . 5_4..."1. t . V, 5r':J . 6Jos 1 8 :10 . 7Ant• V, 80. 50 Joshua in na.'1ling Eleazar as one of "Ghe leader.::; \-lho quieted the Je"ls H (1O Hished to fight against t he tHo and a half tribes, -oy sln. d'lng' P"nlne h a s, son 01~ ~-'1 eazar J.v a par 1 oy. 1 Josephus, follo'dine; the book of Jo s hua, r e corc..s t he death of J05::ua a.nd 21eazar a s occur ri:1t; about t h e sa::J.e time. About the sa::J.e tL-;:e died also El eazar the hi?h 9 ries~, leaving the p riesthood t o his son Ph1nees ••• Phinehas r e c e ives t h e f u~ c tions of ) roph e sying a ccord- ing to Josephus. NOH after the ' death of t .1 e s e l eaders, Phinees prophesied in a ccordance Hit~1 the Hill of God that for the extermina tiQn : .)f t h e Ca..l1aani te r ace , -eGe tri be of .:i U Q 8.l1 s110ul(1 'oe gi v p.n t he c Olnr::and ; f or t he peopl e Here kee ~' 3 Y desirous to learn '."hat ,;Jas Go d ' s good p l easure . Later too Jose:phus records t hat the I s r aelites , repairing to Bethel, t he city nearest at hand , ana. h a vinG :,ested on t he morr o"" t hey besought Go d, t ~'l rou g h Phinees the high priest, to abate his anger against t 11e:n and c ont ent Hi th their t HO def eats , to vouchsafe thmn victory and mastery ove r their foes. And God promised t he::J. t heir petitions 4hrough the mouth of Fhinees, His i nterpreter. Jose phus rec ords t hree Y:1ore ex)lici t i nstanc es of pro- lIbido 1 03-104. cf. Jos 22 :10-13. 2Ibid • 119. c f . Jos 24 : 29. 3 ...... ~. V, 1 2 0.,. c f. J :::; 1:1 >-lith no e~ lic i t r:1enti on of Phinehas . / 4r oid• 159. II HlS- - 1n' J-ve r preter I I : -I[(lO d, y1Tf U 0VT(;S . c f . J E; 20: 26. ,I 7 ( 51 ph esying by the high wiest during the days of the tabernac le. l Hhen Ahi j ah v-Tas high p:::'iest King Saul, the ~ ing o rdered the ~igh ~ rie3t t o d on his high pri es t ly robes and to prophesy to him what "wuld befal1. Tho high priest havinf:; de clared t hat it 'dould be vic tory and triwlph over h~s . e~~rl1ies, ~he king set off against t he ?hlllsvlnes • •• Josephus shoHs t:-le :'ligh pri est Abiathar as the medium of prophec y for David. " I n t he scriptural accounts David seems t o c onsult God direc tly but Josephus r'e corcls these t Ho inci- derlts thi s ;·]as : David • • • lifting h is thougnts to God, besought t he high priest Ab i athar to put on his priestly r obe fu"lQ to inquire of God and :)rophesy to him ,,;hether if he pursued the .'·\maleki te s , He i'JQuld grant him to overtake them and to rescue trw "wman a..Yld children and avenge him.self on his foes. And. Hhen jhe high !,J r i es t bade h Ll pUl~sue , he rushed off •• • a gai n , The king of the JelTs Davi d. who ~)e rmi tted himself to do noth ing ,.;i t h::l1.Jt an orac le and a c O::TU~and fro:n God and Hi th ~) ut having Him as sur ety for the future , ordered the high )riest to fore t e l l t o him what was God ' s p l easure and . what ~h~ o u t~o me would ~~ ; an~ ~~en he pro~hsiad a dec lslve Vl c tOry, DavlC1 l ed ens f orc e au"!; ••• 1 lL"lt. VI , 107. c f . 1 S 14 :3. 2Ibid• 115. c f . 1 S 14 :16-19. 3A,Jlt. VI , 359 . cf. 1 S 30: 8 shaHS David using t.-:. e epho d hi msel f -.- 4Ibid• VI I, 72- 73 . c f . 2 S 5 :17 and 1 eh 14 also S:'lOH David diroctly c onsulting God. 52 1'hese IIprophecies ll took p l ace, a ccorciing to Jose:)hus, by means of the flashinG of t ne s tones on the high priests ' robes •. When God foreshowed victory to them on the eve of b attle, a brilliant lie;ht flashed out from the t1·relve stones stitched to the 3ssen on the high priest 's ephod. According to Josephus, these . had ceased. to shine j1J. s t tHO hundrer;L years b efore he cO:1p sed t he f'JltiQui tie!], 1 (at the death of John Hyrcanus) . The rE:::ason for thi S l·ms God t s d.i spleasure at the transg;.,ness ion of the la~ls. As He sa-.. ! earlier, J oseprms cons ids:>sd John Hyrcanus to be a prophet so close ly i n t ouch wi t h God ~_at he was never i gnor~Dt of tte future. 2 One more intere s ting remark of Josephus co ncerninG the high :~) riests of this first ) erioci is t'clat c::mcerning Eli acting as t he ruler of t t.e n a tion after Sfuilson . After the death of Samson, the leader of the Israi1ites was ~li the high p ries t. DUt outside of Eli, the high p riests of this p eriod, Hhether they VIere Aaron ,-,-nd .21 E.az t.mder j·;oses and Joshua, or the hig 'cl pri est s u.:1der Saul and Do. vi ci. , a;.~e not portrayed b y Jos8 ) hus as ha. ving the gov8:>r.Yc,ent of the nati on as the l ~ate~ - . 'nl' u~ 'n'" ~_-..; -~ie~-s- ..., v • David expects the hi;h pri est Ahi~elech to help him4 ill"ld Saul orders :~.hi r:1.e lec h a!1d his kin kil1eci for l Ant. III, 21L~ -218 1;1 ves 0. rathe ~' detailed descrip tion of Essen. 2'vlar I, 69. 318. 4A..Dt. VI, ·2iJ.2 . cf. 1 S 21 :lff . 3~. v, -- . 53 this cooperation with David. l Abiathar, the only survivor, flee s to David and David p rotec~ s hin and ma~es hin high priest.4 Later it is David who appoints Zadok of the fa~ ily of Phinehas to be high priest tOGether with Abiathar. 3 Later Solomon de] rives Abiathar and his fa.'11i ly of t : '~ e high priesthood for the disloyalty of Abiathar in j oining the side of Adonias against Solomon "hen David Has dying.4 Josephus Silins up the succession during these years of t he tabernacl e in these passages: Eli was the f irst to b ear rule of the bouse of'Ithamar, the second of Aaron's .sons; for t ~ l e house of ~leazar held the hiGh priesthood first, t he dignity descending from father to son. Ele azar transmitted it to ?hinees, his .son , after .'Th orn. Abiezer his son received it, leaving it to his son, nameci Bokki, i~:::-o1il whon Ozis Uzzi his son inberi ted it; it '.. :as after him that Bli ••• held the pr::'esthood as also his poste:::-i tj- dmoffi to t he r eign of SoloC':lcn. ~h~? ghe descendants of Zleazar once more recovered ~~. Saul and his son and the niSh '.Jriest .~ c hias , a descendant of Eli the high pri est.:.o 1 . Ant. VI, 259-261. cf. 1 S 22:16. J osephUS records -:mnisr.:.ment of Sa'Ltl for this in ---Ant. VI, 278 . 2~. VI, 269. cf ~ 1 S 22 :20- 22. 3 ,\nt. -'- VII, 109--110. cf. 2 S 8:16. 4A."1t. VIII, 10. cf . 1 K 2 ; 27. 5. 6 ."'ti!~ ~ . . VI , 1 'J' ~7 . Cl"1. S 11, L:.3 II A, h~' J. a h son 01'" .-1.nl. t UD' , brother of Icho.bod, son ,) f : c.ineh3.s, son of ~li , the :::; ries t h ' "' I: . 1 ' ...... \I Ol.... v_a Hen a t ~ II on, ,·;as we:::..rln ~ l,, ~: e ep nOQ . 54 David, fleeing fro',l the king and death at his hands~ now ?ame tO the city of l~aba t o f.. bimo1cch the hlgh ; rlest ••• l He c hose Sadok oS2high priest together with Abiathar, his friend. In Book XX of the Antiquities, Jo.se;) hus sums up this period in these words: The total nlLmber of the high yriests beginning l-lith Aaron, Hho, as I have saicl was t he first, up to ?hanasus, "ho during t i"e Har Has a)pointed high p riest by the r evolutionary party, is eighty-three. Of these, t hirteen served as high priests fran the so j ourn in the vrilderness in the time of i·loses, ,'Jhen .. the tabernacle Has standing Hhich i."ioses c on s(;ruuced for God until the arrival in Juciaea, Hhen King Solomon erected <:;he -:::emp le to God. _:..t first, t hey held tr.e i~igh ) riesthoods fo:::"' life, but after uarci{' succeedod to it durins t :.e lifetb18 of their predecessors.. These thirteen c onsequentl y , being des c endant~ of ~aron l s two sons, received t he office iri succession. Their f irst c onstitution was an arlstoCro.c y, "chen fol1ov;eci. l-:1onarchy, o.:.'ld t h irdly c anle t he rule of l: i n~s . The number of years du:..~ ing Hc.i c h the thirteen hel d office :,:'or::n t he day iihen our f athel"'s left 2gypt u-YJ.cier the leadership of ~'~oses dO·vJI1 t::> t h e bu ilding of tne tec'1, l e '-Thich !"..inc sol omon er:3cted in Je~~usal e:n Has six huncired and tvrelve. 2) From Zadok to J ehozadak. Jo se] hus SLLYrlS up this ;;e:cioc. 2..S folloHS : After thes~ ~:irteen hi;h priests, e~~n~een others held the high ~: riesthood in succession from t he ti~c of Solomon, w~o was ~ing in J e ru sale~ until the ti::18 of iTebuchdci...1'lez z d:::', l':ing of Babylon, l ed his 2..r ~G acains t the c ity, set fi:::'6 to t he te;::.p le o.nd c ~r:L'iej a;·jay our nation to Bab~r - l Ant. VI, 2h2. cf. 1 S 21. 2.~t. VII, 110. cf. 2 S 8 :16. 3A_YJ. t. X,'( , 227-230. 55 l on, t aking prisoner t he high prie3t Josa- dakes. The period covered by the h~gh priesthood of these men "JaS f our hllJ.'1.dred and sixty-six years, six months and ten days, dur i n,; Hhich t ime t he Jews were governed b J kings . Earlier in Book X of the J eHi sn .'\.....'1.tiou.i ties, Jose.)hus gives us a list of t hese men: The first ot become high pries t of the te ~p le which Solomon built wa s Sadok; after him his son Achimas succeeded to the offic e , and after Ac hi:nas, Azarias , t hen his son Joramos, nezt Jorcrnos ' s son los, after him &xioramos, then ~xiorllin o s 's son, ?.hideas, then Phideas ' s son Suciaios, then .::iuciaios's son Juelos , then Juelos ' s son Jot hlli~os , then Joth- 8..'1l0s ' s· son Urias, then Urias ' s son ~ieri as, then iier i as ' s son Od 81..'18 •. then··Odaias's son SalLrr;,os, t hen Sal1t:m08 ' s son Elkias, : t hen .c;lki as ' s son Azaros, and finally Azaros 's son J osadakos, who was t aken cap t~ve ~t~ . Baby l o? ~ I~ ever! c a~e ~ h~ s on succeeded h~s 18..vner ~ n ~Ge h~g h ~ r~estn oo Q . During the years of ~r-.e ki ngs, they, the kings domina ted the scen e. 20r e)~ arrlp l e , Solomon cO~ ' lplet es hi s n eH :;e::np le 2.11d it is dedicated in tho mi ds t of the gr eatest s plendor , as we have seen earlier. The h i gh priest w~ s one of the ap}ointees of the King . The pattern of this period is broken in one case. Hi th t he high pries t Jehoiada, 3 t he ti!:jh p :.~i Gs t COAes to be a real ~ower i n t he kinsciom. J os e ;hus t ells ;:;he story gr a ~) hically and amplif i es on S O!1le details, but f:.:.nd ar,:centally he i s telling us t he :'3 t ory of 2 Kings 11 and 2 Chronicles 22-23. 1.~~t. ~(, 231-232. 2~."....~. ~,X· 1 5'2 - 1 ~ 3 • C1~ . 1 C'n 0r : 8 g lves' ....~ 'ne _l'lS t as ~.~ O 11 ows . Zadok, Ahir:aaz , :\ zariah, JOllan:ln , i:.za::-oi ah, ~:Clar iu h , :l.ni t ub, Za dok, Sha l l~l , liiliah, Azariah, der aiah, Jehozadak. 3 Jo se ~:) i:1Us use s the n ame Jodas . cf . 2 K 11 :4f i' ; 2 Ch 23 : lff. 56 .Tehoiada IS Hife is an aunt of little .Tehoash (Joash) arld so raises him. \'then the child wa s about seyen, Jehoiada gathers priests and Levites and heads of tribes and in t heir rnidst, he places the child and declares: IIThis is your king from t hat house', Hhich as you ImoH, God foretold to us should rule for all time to come . III T:fnen a good guard had been set up around the temp le, Jehoiada placed the r oyal crOvffi on his head. Then having . anointed him in -e n oil, proclaimed him king vrhereupon the multi tude id th re j oicing and clappiI:Lg of hands cried out, tlLong live l ' lie: the .{ ~ ng . \fuen ~ thalia heard the tUli11.1.1 t, she Has disturbed and rushed to the temple. \'Jben she san the young Idng, Josephus ,expands on her cry of tlTreason, Treasonl tl as recorded in scripture to IIShe cOr.Jl11anded her men to t ake the life 61' the • man .'Tho had plotted against her and had .-rorked to deprive her of the royal pOI'ler. 1I3 Therupon, Jodas called t he captains of hun dreds and corl1.I1fu"1ciec. them to lead Othlia Ql.Jay to the valley of Kedron fu~d there put her to death, saying t hat he die. not Hish to ciefile t he t~::np le by punishing t he guilty Hretch on the spot. " Jose.:;hus ShOH S ·Jehoiada to be very capable in taking care of everything fu"1d putting all in good order. He arrfu"1ges lAnt IX, 145. 91'. 2 K 11:4 ; 2 Ch 23:3. 2Ant• IX, 148-149. cf. 2 K 11:4 -11; 2 Ch 23 :3-11. 3_.... "_._v.,..,..... IX , 1_:/_. r''l c l.-.... . _~ !.'l\. -::ll'l~~~ • ,).L _, ,• 2 C On' . 2 3'1• _~ 1"~_. 4A..1'lt. I~~, 150-152. cf. 2 K 11:13; 2 Ch 23 :12. 57 a couple o£ 800dmarriages £or Jehoash,l and takes care of . 2 renovating the temple. But · Hith the death of Jehoiada, the influence of the high priest Hanes. In fact, the ~dng even ordered Zacharias, the son of the high priest Jodas , to De stoned to death in the temp le, 1l..71mindful of the good \\'or~.{s of his father, because, vhen God appointed him to proph esy, he stood in ~ ne ~ ; dst of the people ~71d coun selled both them and the king to do right ••• It .ias not long, hOHever, be£ore the kins paid the penalty for his 1l..711al-lful acts. For AJaelos, the king of Syria, invaded his country ••• And afte!'Hard, Jehoash I·Ias killed by some of his officers, when he "las ill, for they i·lished to avenge Zechariah.4 The next high priest to receive prominence in the • account of Josephus is Azariah VIho forbids Uzziah to ehter the sa."1ctuary to offer incense upon the golden altar. As vTe saH earlier, Uzziah is p1l..71ished by leprosy. 5 Finally the last of this group of hiGh priests, Ser- aiah l s son Jehozadak is ta ~{:en into exile into Babylon as a hostage after his f ather is beheaded.~ At the close or, the seventy years exile, the son of Jell.ozadak, n~'1led Jeshua comes back from Babylon. lAnt. IX, I S8 . cf. 2 Ch 24:3. 2Ibid• 161-165. 3--Ibid• 168ff. cf. 2 Cll. ~.. 4Ibid·• 170ff. cf. 2 K 12. 5Ibid• 222ff,. cf'. 2 ell. 26. 6Ant• X, 149...;150. cf. 2 K 25:18; Jr 52:24. 58 3) From Exile's Endta Antiochus Eupator. Josephus sums up this period in these 110rds: A~ter a period o~ seventy yearso~ captiv 'ity under the Babylonians, Cyrus, king o~ the Persians, freed the Jews from Babylon and per mitted t ne6 to return to their own l~~d to re build the temple. At that tLme, Jesus, son of Josedek, who Has one of t a.e cap tives uho return ed assUL1ed t he office of high priest. He ~~d his descend~~ts, fifteen in all, held the office ~~ til the reign of Antiochus Eupator; and for four hundred' ~~d fourteen years -theI lived under a democratic fo~T. of government. ElseHhere Josep hus refers to the government at this time as "aristocratic and at the same t .cme oligarchic. II i'men describing t Le celebration of Passover under Ezra, Josephus Writes: • Ai'ter offering t . ~ e sacrifice called Pascha on the fourteenth day of t :-.e same month Clljisan) they feasted for seven days, sparing no expense lmt; bringing t ~-" e 1fhole burnt-offerings ' to God and perfonaing t he sacrifices o~ thanksgiving because the Deity had brought them back to the land of their fathers and to its la"ls, and had disposed the mind of the Persian king favourably to lInem. And so Hi1;[1 lavishness of sacrifice in return for t :.:.ese favors and 11i th magnificence in their t·rorship of God, they duel t in Jerusale1:;' under a for:n of government that was aristocratic and at the s a.-ne . tin e oligarchic. For the :1. igh priests Here a t ··the head of affairs until the de scend~~ts of the Asar.lOnaian fami1y ca.rne to rule as kings • . Before the captivity and deportafion they ;'fe ;:> e ruled by kings, beginning first Hi th Saul ~~d David, for five hundre~ and thirty-t;.;o years, six months ~~dten days. For Josephusj this period after the exile Hhen the j,ieh 1 . 2 . . . ~. xx, 233-234. .' Ant. XI, 110-111. cf. Ezr 6:22. 59 priests ruled t he nation Has t h e ideal. . As he Hrites in Apion: Could there be a f iner or :nore equitable polity than one ,·rhich sets God a t the head of the 1..L11.i verse, whic ':!. assigns t he a ci.i::inistro. tion of its . highest affairs to the Hhble body of' ~) riests, an d entrus ts to t he supren e high priest the direction of the other priests? These men, moreover oHed their ori gi nal promotion b~- t he le::; islator to t heir high office, not to ~~y superiority in Health or other accidental advantages. No: of all his c ompanions, the men to HhoIn he entrusted the ordering of divine worGhip as their f'irst charge were t hose Hho ,·rere pre-err..inently gifted Hi th per suasive eloquence ~~ d discretion ••• , Could ther e be a more saintly government than that? Could God be more vlorthily honoured than by such a schene, under Hhich religion is t h e. end and aim of t he training of the entire community, the priests are en,trus.ted Hi th the 'special charge of' it, and the vThole adr:linistration of' the state rese:nbles sacred cerer:10ny? • Josephus clearly distinguishes' Hhen treating of John Hyrcanus betHeen the three privileges of su:y reme command of the nation, prophet, ~11.d the high priesthood, but i deally, he Hould like to see the:n cor.1bined as they Here in the person of Jolm Hyrc~11.us. 2 Josephus is quite clear that t he "order ing of divine worship " is t he first charge of the high p:oiest. Continuing his description of the functions of t ~e :;;ri'ests and high priests in Apion, he Hrites: He have but one te:-,:pl e f'or the one God ••• cO:r:'.rrlon to all as God is . com:ao n to all. The friests are continua ll Y ' en~ ag ed in his i-iOrsi1.ip , l.mderthe lApion II, 185-189. 2Har I, 69 . A..r1t XIII, 299-300. 60 leadership of hi m who f o r ~ he ti~e is head of the line . With his c olleaGu es, he will sacri fice t o God, s a feguard t he 1 a:·], ad judica'ce in c ases of dis~)ute , puni sh those c ::>l1 vic-ced of c rim.e. .:J.....n.y Hho disobe:T hi.IIl Hill po..y thelp en al ty as fOl1 i mp iety tOHa r ds Go d ;~i:;'lse lf. For exalr.: ~ le at the time of Kin g J osiah, Eilxiah the high prJ.Gs·. t J.s' app cnn-r.;8. . d a c ur:n..&>:;or oj. -.::;' h e Jce r.'lp 1 e . 2 rie,- J.S. orae. r e d to have t he vessels for the ter1.ple ::nade . 3 Especially the part of the hig h priest in the ordering of worship is clear after the e:d1e. Book XI of the AntiO'.li ties begins "ri th J osephus repro- ducing Zz::'a 1 8.."f1 d 1 Esdras 2, l.;hich ShOH tha t Cyrus is divine~ ly ins;ired t o r est ore the worship at J erusalerr. 4 Next Josephus fol10VIS 1 Esdras 3-4 to ShOH hOH Zerubbabel Has ifreed and s ent to Jerus a le ~ b J Darius with the ~iGh priest Jeshua to rebuild t he ci ty, but es) ecia11y kee terrL le and renew its worship . In all t . e a e activities, the role of the high priest is sho';-m to be central. In .t he seventh mQ nth after· the departure from Bab.:lon the hi g n p riest Jesus an Zorobabelos Zeru b babe l, the governor, sent around and shoVling no lack of zeal, brOUGht the c ountry people tOGe ther in a body a t Jerusal e;·,l. A.J."'ld t h e:i c onstructed an a1 tar on t he s ~ ot ,,;nere t h e for:1er one had been, in brder that t hey mig nt offer on it tne customary sacrif ~ces to God i n a ccordance with the l ~~ s of , . Ll.. .i.'lOses. I In t l:.e second y ear after trw r e turn of the JeHs to J erusalem, i n tQ8 s c c ~:md :::10nth ~·: he:a they c a:ne · there, t he COl1stl'u c tio:1 of the t er.lp1e Has I.h"lder- 1 .....,\ UlO:1. II , 1 a"'~f1.)1. 2 ~/ Ant. X , ~o . cf. 2 Ch 34 :8-35. 3I bid• 57 . LL ._ - 7 . A."'lt . 1..1 , • 5Ibi d • 75-76. cf. Ezr 3 :1 • 61 talcenj ••• placed in charse of the ••• JeDus and hi s sons and brothers ••• And so, be c ause t hose i nto ,;h038 hands the 3upcrintendence OI~ the .. lOrk was given, c arried it out with all zeal, the tem 1e :9 l Ha s c OD) leted sooner ~han one ;·Jould have ex _~ ect ed. Next Josephus t reats of Ezra, Hhom he calls "chief Priest" in distinc t i on to Joialcim,· son of Jeshuo., Hho b e c a::ne hi;h priest . 3special1y under ~ zra and Nehemio.h t he position of the hig~ priest is c onsolidat0d.. 'tJhen Joha....>'laIl a....'1.d then Jadduo. aP:geo.l~, they h a ve the rule of the country acc ording to Josephus. Josephus re::::; orts that :2:zra had. t :--le f a te, after b e i ng honoured by the people, to die an old man and to be buried ,lith great magnifice::1ce in J erus alem. Ab out the time also died the high I)riest J0 3...~eim03 i·[hom his son .21ia 3ib suc c eeded in t he high yriesthood. 3 Josephus tells of the succession froD ~liashi b t o his son Joiada t o h is son Joabnan in the brief introduction to the story of Joho.nan and Ba::; oses , l·ic.ich He c onsidered in Cha:9ter II. T:Pnen Johanan died, he was succeeded b y his son, Jadd1.:a . It vlaS t rle brot:·18 r of tnis J addua '.InO ''':8.S a ..:: sked not to p r actic e the (-~ i bh priesthood a t J erusal e:n because of his marriag o to a f oreign Hife. lIbid o 79- 80. c f . 3zr 3:8. 2:J[jJ ::Tu~ (flJ£Js k:l. t. XI, 1 21ff. c f . 1 Esdras 7:1- c f . ~ z r ,7 :6 -..Jhel~tZ ~z:,a is c o. lles 0. descenc,fu'"1 t of t :;.e lI c ni ef p riest" _-'l.aron. 1 Esdra3 9 : L:_O calls ::!;zra Irh::' b~ ~) riest . II 3Ant • XI, 198. 62 J ade.ua is c l early shoHn by Jose;J hus a s t he head of the gove rrlJ,1cnt . He receives a letter from Ale.xander tae Gre a t Hhich r equests h is assistance and t ::.~ i'O u t e . Jaddua r::r:.:o.ins l l oyal to Darius and reftJ.ses . 're-lis angers Alexande r and he announces he Hill c ome and )unish Jerusa leril . Hhen t:'le ~: i t~;:l ) rie st Jaddus heard t b..:is , he Has in an a g on~c of f eo.r, n o t 2rnoHing hOH he c01..cl d :,1eet t he Hac edonio.ns, vJhose king ';.ras o.::ger ed 'O J his . forl,l er diso'Oedience . lie , the7ei:ore, ordered the p eople to I:la:ce sup ~ licati on , D.l1.d offe rL",g sacr ifice to God to ~ e ther ~ith the~~ beSOUGht Him to shield the nation and deliver the:l1 from the dangers t :_a'C Here hanging over them. But ",hen he had. gone to sleep after -;; 11e sacri f ice , God s ) ole oracularly to aim in his sleep tell i ng h i m to take 'coUI'age and a d o r n the c ity Hith 'Hreaths and open the Gates and go OiJ.t to meet them, and t Lat the peopl e shoula. be in '.ihi t e c,;ar me n ts, and he himsel f ,,-ji th the pries'Cs in the robes prescribed b y- laH a nd that t hey shoulc. not lool:: to s1)ffer any harm, for God ~ · w. s v.ratchin g over t helll. Thereu9 0n h e rose from his s leep , g reatly refoici~g to h i m self and a;.mounced to all toe r e velation t oat r" ad b een made t o :eim and after d oinG al.l t he t hing s t l-:.a t ~i~ ha ~ aeen told t o e.o , a1',o.i ted t h e cO i',ling of the .lnng . Jo sephus t e lls us that t h e results i'!8:::,e l,;ho.t God. had t old J2.ddua. For i·rhen Aleza ndc:::, ifhil e still f 2.r off sa~: t ~ e mul titude i n iVciite Ga r me nts, t ..e .o ries'cs ilt t h eir head c lothed in linon, and the oi~h ; riest in a robe o f h ~Ta ci nto - al"J.e fu"1. d ;s o l ei , ilea.:>inG on h::'s c182..d the mitre wi t :e the G ol ie~ p l ate on it on ~ ~i ch was in s c ribeci the ::1.~Lle o:C God, he :J.?prOo.crL8c;, 201 0r:e c.... "1.d ~o Q ~~~ ~~c' 'CliYl "~ l ~ ~p~o~e ~ ~ l e a ~~ ~l' ~~~ P _ .. j v ...... v\"..' .... _ .1.. -' ...... _ ~ ...... l. _ t ;1. e l\ U _ ' ...... __ ...... _ _ oJv uJ..--ec t - ed ~~ e hi gh p ~iest . 1 ililu.\ _ J.. . "'IT 31_ 7 - 3 L" 0 . l'.., o r "Cll S t o rlCl. . t- -..; o.:'1.G.' s:)"J.:·ces 0 1~ 1;. h lS' en"cire accO<-l21t concer:1i:10 Jadd u o. anct ,:'" l oxand e:;- , sec rtD.l ) h l·:arcus , J o so :: h u s ( Lo eb) Vol . VI , Ap pen::iix C. 2Ant • XI , 326-328 . 3Ibid • 329-331. 63 Then Alexander have his hand ~o the ~iGh priest, en- tered the holy city wi tn o.im fu"ld offered sacrifice according t o the hi;:;o. pri est I s direction. Aftenmrus, '..:o.e:.'1 Alexander asked 1·;hat the JeHs Hould "'Iish from hbl, it is the high priest, Jaddufl. , '.11.1.0 according to Josephus, s yeaks for all. 1 After Jaddua, his son, Onias I succeeded t o the high prles. t'aoo d . 2 .i...... h' lS d es. "t;' ,:1 , SlI' .10n 'G. h e Jus- ...... , "t;. h e son 0 f 0 nlas. I bec8:iJ.e high priest, according to Josephus. At the death of Simon, his son Onia II Has too y01L."1g so Eleazar his brother beCOl:leS nibh priest. 3 Eleazar i s the high } riest in the . t , b. . . . 11 1 . b J h . , . A rlS eas s"t;ory r HGlCn lS para e eu. y osep us In (Us ac- count of the magnanil'1.ous Eleazar Hho sent s eventy scholars to P:::;olemy Philadelphus at Alexandria along Hith copies of ,the LaH t hat they might t r anslate it into Greek. Leaving aside other facets of the story, Josephus can c ertainly be said to take it for gr ant ed that ~leazar was in charge of to.e nation. 5 Jose;; hus also records that Eleazar is 6 closely connected :·lith the :-wrship of the te::-.lp l e . According to Josephus, t he hi gh pries thood passed smoothly at Eleazar ' s death to i'ianasseh and than to Onia s lIbido 334 ~338. 1 2.ill, ', ... v • .I.\.,"1 3L:-'7 . .;. . 3Ant• XII, Le.3. 4Cf• P..ndrr! ?elletier, S. J ., Flavius J') s~ : he , ::'danta t eur de la Lettr0 dtAris"!:;ee ; 1JIle re2.cti.;ri. attlcIs:ll1te contre ? .- - ' . . , la .~' :Olne. 7 Tr'-.2JtUC~8~-' " e-c C Ol"lll".lcn t 2..lreS. ' , A!Jv~r ; l."2.rlS ·: l..JlDl'"J[llre C. IUincksiec~:, 1962). 5 .'LYlt . XII, 1;1.-113. Ant. 1,12-13. 6Ant• XII, 53,85. 6~_ l II, son of Simon the Just. Then Josephus tells U3 that the honor passed to the son of Onias II, Sir:l.On II a::1o. -..!hen he die6, his son Onias III succeeded him.2 But Hhen Onias III died then trouble arose because of t~e intervention of Antiochus. 4) High ?riests fro:,1 Antiochus :2;piphanes t o Herod. Josep hus rehearses the Books of Hacc£lbees 1 c ondel11.nation of Antiochus- Epiphanes . In the War he describes what happened at this time thus : At t he time. ·"rhen .mtioc hus , sUl'nLlmed ~~ iphanes, was d.isputing -..,i tCl Ptolemy VI, t he suzerainty of Syria, dissension arose aD~nG the Jewish nobles. There '.. !ere rival claims to the supreme p m,.ror ••• Onias, one of the chief priests gai~ing the u?per hand, expelled the s ons of Tobias from the a --cy.. 'rhe latter toe , refuge irii th Antiochus and b esouGht him to u se their services as guides for an invasion of Judae£l. The king, having long cher ished tiis design, c onsented, and setting out at t he head of a huge 2..-::''2Y tool\: the ci ty b ~; [tssaul t, 31e'.-1 a l arge number of Ptolemy 's folloHers, gave his soldiers l..mrent:::'i c ted license to p illage, c.nd himself pll:l1dered t:::'e tel:19 1 e al'1d interl'upted for a period of three years 8-;.d six mo njhs the reGu lar c ourse of the daily sacrifices • • •• Eot c ontent Hi t h his unloolced-for :ntccess in c apturing t:ce ci t ~- and. ,d tn the p l u..Ylcier 2.J.;.d Hhol esale c :lrn2.c;e, ,l.n tioc:-lUS , c ar.'.' i ed aHay b .l h is u.."1;overnable p:?,ssions •• • put pressure u pon. L":0 .JeHs to violate te1(; code of t heir COlJl1try b., l eavin.c; t heir in:t'e:.n-;:;s u..'1.circ UI:J.ciscll an.Q sacrificing s';:in.e u p on the alt ar. These orde rs ~ere disobeyed by a ll ------_.. -_.. _- lIbido IS7. 2Ibid• 225. ' 3Uar I, 31-33. 2 N 4 : 7-27 shows a power struG~ le be tHeen Jason & Lenelaus b o th biddins for the hiC;h priesthood. 65 ano. the r~Iost eminent der2.1.,ltors Here massacred. Bacchikes, \1ho No.S sent oy ..o.ntiochus to cO ::;liiland the garrison, Hi th these inyioL:.s injuJ.'1c:;ions "[;0 oac~c his i nnate brutality, Has c uilty of every excess of in iquity, tort~rinG distinguished individuals one after anothe r , a~d daily ] aradi~g before the eyes of all ttle appeal'an.ce of a c aptured ci t:r, until b y the extravag ances of his cril;le o he p rovo:ked his victi ms to venture on reprisals . i'hese bego.n ,·:ith Eatt~a!,:, ~on o:'lAsaDlonaew::;, a ~) r ie st of a villD-c;e c alleQ l'lodelll •••• As the disc erning reader Hill notice, Josep hus has telescoped the events of ma.YJ.Y years i n these sentenc es of the Hal'. According to the Antiouities , .mtiochus Epipha:.rl.us first ,- "removed Jesus (Jason) and appointed his brother Onias . Glenelaus}U b'ecause he Has angry Hith J ason. 2 VoTnen t h e greater portion of t he peo ;-, le s ide Iii th Jason i n his attempt t o get the high priesthood back , then Josephus tells us that I'iienelaus and the sons of Tobias go t o Antiochus for help . Then Antiochus c ones D..nd tv·lice invades J erusa l e:i1, L .e sec ond time really plunderi.ng t.e te:np le. 1":11.'. 5 Josephus in t he Anti- quities Hitnes3es to the fac t t hat Antiochus Epiphanes forced t he Jov;s to revolt b ~ ' his e:dl'e:n.e err'orts at Eelleni- zation . 3 lIbido 34- 36. ~f. 2 1'" 5: llff. 2i;.nt . XII, 2381'1'. c f. 2 H 4 25. 3 J ose ~) hus ci ves three differing a ccounts of these affD-i1"'s in tC1e ',io.r, I, 3ff, in .i.n t. XII, 237ff., e-nd in ..;,nt . x.x, 235- 239. H'Ci"Uev er, 0.11 threeaccounts a .':;2'ee the-t the JeHS · llere fo:..... c e o. into revolt b J th <8 ::· rovo c,o,.-;;ions of Antiochus ~p i pno.nes D.nC t~e , genero.l 3o.cchides . This is i~ ~ G ree~ent Hitll 1 C:. 2 l· ~ . '1'0 o.-;;t e::J.:9 t a recc)llcilie-tion of the s e three a ccounts of Jo::;c) hu.3 see~lls oc:rond t ·: ~ e s c o?e of this thesis. .. 66 Josephus CO ndelTlJl3 both Henel aus und Alcimus VIho fol- lQl,ed l'~ene laus and a tte ~'n;> tea. further Eelleniza tion. Of Onias Hcnel aus , Josehus : He had selovea. as high p r>ie3 "C for t en years fu'1d had been a \·,- i c ~·:ed and :i.mpious man, .... ho i n order to h a:,? so ~ e a~tho~i tr. f?r himself hld c O~l1pell e d his n a "GJ. on "GO v l ola we "nO lr o ~m l a'is . Alci:nus is also c oC!derrJled bJ Josephus and is p;l.nished b y Go d i-ihe;, the tem;? l e I'iall h e is '!:; :.."yine; to rO:llo v e falls . 2 u ) on hlIn. At t he death of Alcimus , Josephus t ells us in t he An tiqui tiestha t t he p eop le mal-::e Judas ~ ,j acc a baeus h igh pri est. 3 Josepnus reflec ts Eacchab ees in seeing the high priest- hood ana. t ~J. e ru1eloship of the rlD.t i on ~)assed on i'rs r1 J on athan to Sir:Jon to John Hyrcanus . One i nteresting di v e:::'genc e in t he t rea tr.lent of Josephus i s t nat in Book :G of the A.n.tioui ties, he -..rri teo:; tna t t he sons of As8.tl1.onaios after t hey ~wnt on the offen s ive against t he lr.ac edonians, lI1'e _ stLl1.ea. t rio t:::'G.. Qi tion, D. .-;pointing us hi gh priest J onG..thanll4 whereas in Book XIII he :.ad ;..rri tten thut Jonath':.ln put on tne r ob es of t 2e high prie 3t only a f ter he received a::moint nent l itnt . XII, 385. c f . 1 H 7 : 9ff. for t ake over by Alcimus. 2---Ant • XII, 4 13, 1 E. 9 :5Lt. - 57. 3I bid• 414 . cf. l~ 1 9 C: L!-3il. Ho :'1ention of this is m .. de in 'dar or in A..l.'1t . :eX, 235f f . n or in 1 & 2 h . 4A.n.t . XX, 239 . 67 l by King Alex3....'1der . Later Jonat han receives confirmation in 2 the high !, r iesthood for~n Demetrius. Simon is recorded as being r:lade high pries t b .,: the raul ti tude3 and Hyrc3....'1us takes ove r the high p riesthood that had been his f a t her 's before.4 As He h a ve n oted b e fore , John Uyrcanus is a f a vorite Hi th Jo sephus . Josephus tells us that Eyrc~~us, ha ving assumed the high pries tly office ' of his father, firs t prop itiated God Hi th sac~ific es and t llen y, ~arched o1;,t a s ainst Ptoler, iY . EverythinG tha t Hyrcanus does turns out \'Jell. He ejects .? tole ~ny from the country and makes a league '-Ii th : Antioc Qus . Later he :nakes a league 1-Jith the nomans. He , . takes S~aria ~0d utte rly destroys it. God s p oke to mm vlhil e he \..]a s offering incense on more tha..'1. one occa sion. J osephus c loses t he section on this lIidealll high p riest thus : And so Hyrc anus quieted t he ou tbreak fu"1Q l i ved h app ily thereal'ter; and when he died after adn inistrerins the g over~men t excellently f'or thirty-one ye d. :'s, he left five sons . NOH he Has accounted by God 1'jorthy of' three of the greates t privileges, the rule of the nation, the office of high p riest a..'1.d the gift of proph- lAnt. XIII, 46 t e lls us that JO ;':1a"Cha.n Dut on the high priestly robes four ye2.::.'s after deatil of JUQ2.s . cf. 1 li[ 10 : 20- 21. 2roid• 12.5. ' 31,Ola. . , 213 • c.f' l h'f 13·3• 6 • 4Ibid• 230. ef. 1 1< 16: 2LL . -- ' .5A..'1.t . XIII, 230. 68 ecy, for the Dei ty vIaS 'lIi th hi:n a:.'1d en5:bled him to foresee and foretell the f uture •••• John Hyrcanus, a ccording to Josephus, fore sai-i and predicted tha t his blO e~de:.."" sons would not remain a t t he head of affairs. and his prophecy Has c ertainl y right. The oldest, Judas ( AristobulUs) died of illness aft er having held the high priesthood for one year together Hith the ki ngship, for JUdas also put the diadem upon his head for a single year , being t he first to hold both offices. 3 Aristobolus Has very cruel to his :-uother and . t o all his brethren. Even .:-~ntigonu s , Hho Has his favorite brother, , he killed out of jea lousy.4 At his death, Al exander Jaw~aeus ruled vigorously for t v;enty-seven years IlS king and high priest. Josephus shoHs hir:l as a strong and an 3.C ti ve ::1an . iTtlen he vms afflic ted by a quartan ague, he hoped t o shake off the malady by a return to active life. Ee, accordingl y, p lalL~ ge Q into ill timed c ac'.paigns and, forcinG hi:nself to tas ~{ s be yond his strengt h, hastened his end. He died, at fu"'ly r ate, xnid stress gnd turrwil, after a· r eign of t Henty-seven years. Alexander turned t he lcinz;do!rr over to his Hife Alexandra. She kept the rule of the kingdom for herself and appointed lIbido 299ff. Cf. i1ar I, 54-69. 2\'lar1, 69. 3An t • XX, 241. Cf. ~ . XIII, 301ff. 4\'1ar. I, 72-80 . 5v.far I, 106. 69 her elder son, Hyrcanus, to be hig h priest, b e cause he Ha s · t he older, and becaus e of lIhis disp osition, Hhich viaS too l ethargic to b e troubled about public affa irs. lIl Alexandra ruled for nine y e ars, but :'after her death Hyrconus' brother Aristobulus made \·;a r upon him, defeate d him, deprived hirJ. of his office and and himself liecarle both kinG and hi gh priest of the n a tion. ilL And nOl·; v·Te enter thep8riod .)f many IIdeposin gsll from the hig h priesthood. Hhen Aristobolus had reigned as king and high priest of the nation for t10J0 years and thI'ee months, PO y.1pey ca."Yle a..'1 d took the CJ. r:.y of Jerusaler.l by stor:n and sent him '.-ii t h h is c 8. ildr en to rtor,le in b onds. Pomp ey als o re s torei the high priesthood to Hyrcanus and Jerrli tted hir:l to h a ve t h e l eader ship of the nation, but forbade him to wear a diade,.l. Hyrcanus ::,uled . for t-'·Jenty-fo',.;.r ye:lrs ••• Then Ba ::,zab:lne s and ? acorus, the ruler s of Farthia, c ros s i ng t h e Euy hr8.tes, :na de ',jar on tiyrcanus, cap turei hirJ. o.li v e , and appointed lmti[ onus, son of Aristobulus, king. The latter ruled for thl~ e e years and three ['20nth 5, follm·,in;:; Hil. icn. he i'ia S cap tured after a s e i g e by Sossuis and Herod . ';/hen he had b een taken to Antioch, he i.-Ia5 s lain b y Antony. 3 As a t ~ansition from this troubled period the the period of Heroe, Hho r:iade a regular practic e of a ppointing and relnovinr:; high priests a ccorcii!16 to his convenience, I i-IOuld like to ins ert Josephus I condemnation of tais lwactice . Josephus is condel1l!'..ing ReI'od for removing Ananel from the high priesthood: I Har I, 109 ff. Cf. Ant XII, 407ff. 2 VV Ant • .A.il.., 243 . Cf. An t. XIV, 4-7 ; i'ja r I, 120-122. 3.'i.n t. XX, 2h4-246. 70 So King Herod i mmedi a t e l y tood the h.igh priesthood a'.my from Ananel, \·,ho Has •• • of a h igh priestly family and had been t roa tod b;jr Herod as a va l ued friend. Just as he once h ad honour ed him, when he took over the k i ngship, so he now dis::ni ssed h i m i n order to enu his domestic troub l es. But in this he acted w."11aHfully, for never had anyone been deprived of t his office Hhen once he had aS3umed it except tha t Antioc hus Epi phanes had violated this 1 m .' first Hhen he removed Jesus and a:opointed hi s brothe r Onias ; and next ¥Jas Aristob01us, Hho removed his brother Hyrcanus ; and t he t i"l ird vTa s Hero d lTho n he took the office a'~oJa'J 1 from Anane l and gave it to t he young Ar.istobolus e 5) From Ee rod until the Destruction of the Temp le by . 2 TltUS. Josephus tells us tha t there '.'Jere t-;"renty-eig;ht high p riests dV.J' j.ne; t ._ese one hundre d and seven yea 2.~ s. 3 He also t e lls us : Herod, H1'1en -e ne ldnGdom 1:JaS c cr:l:ni tted to him b y t he 110::1ans , aban.doned the c) r a ctice of a p)oin t ing tho s e of ).s8,:onai an lineace as hi[;h ;;rie8:;s, and Hi tii t he exception of Aristobulu3 alo:-:'8 , as signed t he office to so~e insignificant p ersons wh o were merely of pries tly desc ent ••• • Herod ' s son Arch l aus also f ollcmec. a similar polic y in the a ppoint- l Ant. XV, 39-41. The GreeK ';-lOrds used here are : ~1<:(L/c'"ZT-x ( 1 1;2"1/ br?f! /" : took aI'JaY the high prie sthood frOi>1 ; { I;:" . " ( .) / t<<< r€. A l; rrc: 1--.-/ : dismissed him; c(dc"l I1C:C{-? _ " " ' > .J {~ ( 7-J;lV I L iLnV : be deprived of t his office ; t;( 0 20. C 1./ , ves' t / \ ( ' 7 k / Li >:'\ vyJI C-- () U'""" v : rer,'loved J esus ; C 1:: P ({ tX yc\' V r-:--- l ' .;;edt-: Al r c ~ __ : removed Hyrcanus. I . 2Fo r a detailed treatment, s ee : Gustav Holscher , 0i e JIS?,henpri e:::; te::.'li:::te b e i J osephus UJ1d d i e eva..Ylgelisc he Chron o l g i e , (He i delbers: 1 660 ) . 3Ant • XX, 250 . 71 ment of high priests, as did the Romans after him H£cn tasy tool( over the govcrmuent of the Jews. As 1-1e h ave seen, Herod first a~')~') ointed Ananel, an ob- Gcure priest from 3abylon to be high )riest. 'Eh en he lt re_ movedll hir:1. Josephus tells us that Herod had Arisobulus murdered2 and AnaJl.el obtains the office onc e more . i'ihile Josephus does not exp lain hOH Jesus, s on of ? habes, obtained offi c e , He do read that Herod promptly tlremoved ll him to make roo:n for Simon, h is future father-in-laH. 3 Later, eThan the daughter of Sinon no 10?lger pleases Herod, he once again 11 t a..1{:es a,ray the hifSh prie s thood, If t hi s t ime from Simon fu'1d appoints I''iatthias, son of l'heophllus.4 Next, when Eerod is t hreatened by sedition in Jer- usalem, Ilhe remo ved the high priest {'Iatthias from his priestly office as b ein3 partly t o blar:le for was. t had happ ened. a5 Joazar, "lho succeeded Hatthias, Has tile first high priest whom Archelaus removed. i.'men Archel aus C8.J.l1e t o Judaea and took pos session of his ethnarchy, he rE)Y;lOVec.6 Joazar: the s on of Boethus, fro::1 the 'nig h pries thood, bla:. ~ ling him for h a ving s~ p ported the rebels, ~'1d i n his place ap_l ointeQ Joazar' s brother Eleazar •••• lIor did Eleazar long remain i n the priesthood f or while he Has still alive, he Has r eolaced by Jesus, the '. - lIbido 247. 2Ant • xv, 55-56. Cf. ~lar I, 437 . 3,\nt. XV, 322. 4Ant• XVII, 78. 5Ant • XVII, 164. \ 6Re~oved from the hiSh priesthood: ,) , ~ J c ~ f J/ C S T(lf/ A Q_l/LL,f1 ~~/ f/Z V • . . '// f I ( 7 / 72 son of See. l It seems that Joazar was reinsta ted,2 for he is once ' again stripped of his pOHer by Q,uirinus and Ananus is in stalled in his stead. 3 Next Valorius Gratus, deposed .llianus from his sacred office and proclaimed I snmail, the son of ?ho.oi, high priest. Not long after"lards, he re:noved him also and ap pointed in his stead Ele~zar the s on of the high priest .Ana..rms. A. ,year I nter he de:9osed him also, and entrusted the; office of high ~' ri8st to Simon the son of Ca;:G.ith. -rhe last lc.en tioned held this posi tion for not ::nore than a ye8.r and' wasL, suc ceeded by Joseph who was called Caio.phas. r Vi tellius m~rked his hlO visits to Jerusale:n by C:18.nging .. , . , the nlgn prles'G. On his first visit, Vi tellius Has guided by our 12011 i::1 dealine; In. th t he v est~8nts , o. nd instructed the warden not to meddle ,·:i t ~1. the ques ticns ·.ihcre t hey ',jere to oe stored or when they s hould b e u sed. After he had bestowed these be::lefits upon the nation, he re moved from his sacred office the hiGh priest Joseph surn21ed Caiaphas, and apPo2.nt d in his Jonat h~~ , son .~anus the high ) riest. 5 On his next visit, Vi tellius s:;Jent t hree days a t Jcrus ale r~l dur ing i,.Ihich he d~~:)osed Jona tha.'1. fro:1. his office as high priest fu~~ conferred it on Jonathan ' s broth er Theophilus. lA_"lt. XVII, 339-3L~1. 2Ant• XVIII, 3. 3Ibid• 26. 4~. XVIII, 34-35c 5.~"lt . XVIII, 95. 6'--1bid• 123. 73 King Agrippa c ontinues the same p8.ttern. He removes l Theophilus and gives the office to Simon. ?Iext he deprives Simon of offi ce and offers it to Jonathan ,-,ho refuse s in f avor of' his brother, Hatthlas. 2 Next Jonathan ' s brother Natthlas is replaced by Elioneus, son of Cantheras. 3 Herod of Chalchis, brother of' the deceased Agrippa, rec eived s pecial authority over the temple and the ho l~" l ves- sel s and the selection of high priests fran Claudius Caesar. Next, ~hen Herod is threatened by sedition in Jerusalem Hi s first e:~ercise of this pm-rer -Has to re::-.10ve .21ioneus fu"1d t o appoint J oseph, son of' Came L 4 A.fter somo tLae, he re- moved hL.1 fro:11 office and assiGned the office to Ananias, s on of Hedebaeus . 5 The l o. st high priei:;ts in the li :.:; t of Josephus were appointed in the following way according to the An tiouities : iCing .4.grippa II appoints Ishr:mel , i-,hen .hnanias is t aken in chains to Caesar . under Ish:.11ae l Josephus records: There nOliT ~'!Cls e:;Jdndled mutual en::ni ty aIld class warfo.re between t he ~ i;~ ; r i ests, on the one hc..nd and. t hc priests o.nd ti1e l eaders of t he populace of Jerus8.1G~ , on t he other. Zach of t he facti .J :ls formed a::1d. collec ted f o:e itself' a band of t he mos t reckl ess revolutionaries and a c ted 0.3 t:::eir l co.d.er . A. •'1d i-lhen they c lo.shed, t hey usee. o.busive l ancuo.;e and ~)el ted eo.ch other with s tones . And there was not even one person to reb\l.!.-ce the" . Ho, it '.. !o.s as if there i-JaS no one in cho.r ge of the city, so that they acted as .f. 1 ~o.J. V\. I X, 207;; . 2I bid• 313 . 31'oid• 3L2 . 4Ant• X...X, 15-16. 5Ibid• 103. 74 they did with full license. Such was . the shame lessness and effrontery which possessed the high priests that they actually were so brazen as to send slaves to the threshing floors to receive the tithes t hat Here due to the priests, l;.ri th the 1:e sult t hat t he poorer priests starved to death. 'ifuen Ishmael is t ake:l asa hostage in RO l"1e, King Agri pp a II, gave the high pr iesthood to Joseph Gabi, son of Simon. 2 Then s hortl ~j after'o'lards, he removed him and put Ana:."lus,son of Ananus in office~3 ' But he only lasted for three mo nths a:.'1d i-JaS de ~; oseci from the high priestnood because of his rash ness ~'1d replaced by Jesus, son of Damaeus.4 King Agrippa II next replaced Jesus, son of Damaeus Hith Jesus, son of Gam- aliel. As aresul t, a feud broke out bet}':een f a.ctions sup) ort- ing the tHO. But according to the Antiouities it Has An 6 ani as ,:ho was in control. He Has in control because he ob- tained a good deal of money obtained b y t~~ing the tithes of the priests. 7 The last l"..igh priest appointed by t he king '\-JaS 1,.La ttnias 8 "under HhoL'l tile \-Tar of t he Je'.. ;s Hi t h t he Romans began. 11 In t he Har, Josephus tells us of, t he appointment of Phanasus: .; These i-lretches i,/ the zealots ) conve' r ted t he te::1ple of God into t heir fortress ~'1d refUGe from 1~. 179-181. 2Ibid• 196. 3Ibid• 197. 4fu"lt. Y0C, 198-203. " "d · 5~. 213. 6~.1 7Ibid• 205-207. 8lbid• 223. 75 an outbreak of popular violence, a..'1.d made the Holy Place the headqu arters of t heir t yrmmy. To these horrors was a dded a spice of mockery more galling t han the ir a ction. For to test the abject ::mo:ni s sion of the ~,) o ;lUlace and r.1ake tria l of their o',:n s tren6th, they essayed to a ppoint t he h i eh pri ests by lot .•• • Th ey a ccorcingl y su..;n:',lOned one of the high priestly cl ~'1S c a llee. .;::,'rl iachin a nd c ast l ots for a hig h prie st. By c h~nce the lot f e ll to one who proved a s i gnal illus ~~a tion of their depravity; he Has an indi;lidual na:.r:1ed i:)hanni ( 2h3..i.l.asus), son of Sal-mel, of tile villaGe of .1.p t Lia, a ;uaYl , ·;i~o not only wa s not descended fr ~m h i gh ~r iests, out was such a · clo·,.;-.n "'c 'llat lle sce.rcely kn6H Hhat t i"'.6 high priesthood raeant. ..:;. t any r ate "'c h e y dr8. ~6 ecl t h eir reluctant victim out of tne c ount ry ano. clres:::ing him u p for his assllil1ed ~) art , as on a s taGe' put the sacred vestments upon hir~ ••• To th e~rl this mon st:eous i mpiety Has a s u bje ct for jesting and s ;)ort, but the other priest s b eholding fran a dis "Gai.1. ce t his moc l ~ery Qf their l aH, c oul d not restrain t heir J.. t ca~""s ••• l ~ar IV, 152 -157. 76 AP ?EEDI X A Descriptive Li st of Texts Conc erning High ?riests in the i;lri tiClgs of Josephus. Ant. I, 10-13: Hagnanimityof Eleazar the high pri est in allowing Law to be translated is a pre c edent for Jose) hus. 111,151-178: Description of pr i est l ~T and high pj.."iestly vest ments . 179-187: SJl,lbolism of t aberno.cle and vestments expl airJ.ed. 188-192 : Appointment of Aaron a s hi gh priest. 204-207: I naugural c eremonies for Aaron and sons . 208-211: Attitude of Aaron at death of his tHO sons. 214,-218: Further ciescription of high priestly vestments . 224-257: Description of sacrifices. 240-;J l~ 3: Description of Day of Atone1"lent. 276-279: Special l a1-1s of purity for priests and high priests. IV, 14-16: Confirmation by God of Aaron as high priest in f a ce of rebellion by Korah, ~_ . 3. than and Abira:il and follO't'lers. 79: Sacrifice of red heifer by high priest. 83: Death of Aaron and succession of Elea zar to high priesthood. 152-153: ?hinehas, s on of El eazar t he h i ~h ) riest, slays Zambrias. 171: Eleazo.r , the hiGh priest, is sum~oned by Eases t o Hi tness c ession of ArlOri te l and to tHO and a he.lf tribes. 172: Life of high 2:J riest is term of exile for cr'i:-;le of lilanslau;hter. 186 : E08es urges peopl e to f ol lo'd counsel s of Eleazar and Joshua. 77 Ant. IN, 209: Septe:mial reading of the LaNs by the high priest. 218: High priest and the lY20phet and the council of elders to decide difficult cases. 224: :rUng to do nothi ng Hi t hout advice of high priest. v, 43: Joshua SUL'I:'Jons t he high priest .2;leazar and t he magist~ates to draN lots. 55: 31eazar SHears all. oato. of friendship Hith Gibeonites. 57 : Joshua convokes the high priest Zleazar and t he Council to help hi~ decide. 80: Eleazar helps in distribution of land. 103-104 : Eleazar helps sett le the problem of the trans-Jordanian tribes. 119: Eleazar dies , leavinG hi6h uriesthood to Phinehas, his son. 120 : Phinehas prophesies will of God. 159: ?eo]le beseech God throl~h Phinehas to abate anger and God anSl 'Je~S through .2hinehas. 318 : Eli, the high priest, becomes leader of Israelites after death of Slliuson. 338-351: The iniquity of .2;li's sons. 354: Sons of high priest arrive 1·;i th ark. ?hinehas son of Eli, i s already actin3 a s high pri est. 356: Sons of ~li are killed in b~tt l e . 3.$8-359 : .2;li, the higb. pries-'c, dies "Iv-hen he hears t h~ ark has been c a~tured . ' 2 c' • " • " • . n '1 361_- 3b : ~uccesslon.ol OlGQ pr les~s lrom ~ eazar t o Eli. VI, 107: ;~hinh i s nentioned as hi::;h ':) riest nt time of Saul. 115 : Snul orders h1 3~ pr iest to don hiGh priestly robes nnd pro ; hesy to him what \~uld happen. 1 22 : Saul orde:::' s ,ichi tob, the hiGh pt1est, to 78 prophesy but there is no I'eS ~j on se from God. Ant. VI, 242-244 : Ahi:nelech the high ) riest helps David. 255-261: Saul destroys Ahimelech and his i'CJl1i ly ( except Abiather ) foI' helping David. 269: Abiathar escapes to David. 29L~ : SarQUel is said to have been ruler of the people after the death of Eli the hiGn priest. 359-360: David asks Abiathar to don high priestly vestment:;: and prophes;y to him. Riga priest prophesies victoI'Y. 378: Saults tragic eno ~s seen as partly punish- . t n 1 1 -'- n -'-h , . . . . - nen lor s_aug1uer 01 v.S nl g ~ prle 3 ~ and his family. VII, 56 : Zadok, the high pri est, is mentioned. 72: David orders the high priest to prophesy to him Go d ts pleasure . 110: Zadok and Abiathar are high priests . 200: Zadok and ;.biathar remain Hi to. ark in J erusalel:1.. 222f; Higapriests 3end word to David. 245ff : Son of Zadol: aIm01.l...YJ.ces victory to David. 260ff: Hi gh priests act as messensers foI' David. 293: Zadok and Abiathar are appointed priests . 354 : Zadok anoints Solomon. 393 : RyrcQUus, the high priest, afterHards used the money put in the tomb of David b y Solomon. VIII, 10: Abiataar is deposed fraM the nigh priesthood. 11: The passage of the hiCh priesthood from the house of Ithm,w.r occurs as prophesied. 12: Genealogy of the house of ?hinehas duri ng the time Eli and t[1e house of Itc18..J.i1ar held the high pri esthood. 16: Zadok is ~~ de sole high priest by SoloMon. 93 : Productio :1 of high priestly vestments for the 79 templ e of Solomon. High pri estly cr 01m is the saIne one hoses made . Ant. VIII, 230 : J eroboarn makes n.i mself hiGo. ~)r i es t nnd is --- punished by Go d. I X,142-15B : Jehoiada t he hi ~h , riest successfully ex ecutes ~ he overthrow of Athali ah and ento.roneillent of JOash. 161-165: J ehoi ada is very inf luential over King Joash: r epairs t em) l c . 1 66-169 : Eing Joash c hanGes after death of Jehoiada and orders Zechariah killed. •.:,. • ~ .1.-.on 170ff .: _ unJ. s ('....I '.nen u O.L Joash for his lli'l.lawful a. c ts i s de s cribed. 222-227 : Uzziah is pmli si1ed b :,~ . God f or putt i ng on priestly garb ili'l.d onterin ~ to t no Go lde ~ altar t o offer s ac rific. High priest at ti ~e is Az ariah. x, 56 : Eilk1ao. desc ribed as one of t he officials in charge of reouilding t m;lp l e . 57-59 : Hilki ah discovers a oook of j>~o se s t l aH in the t em:!.) l e . :rie r eads them to ~Cing Josian. 65 : Josiah kills prie s ts wO.o were not of the fa.rnily of Aaron. 14 9-150 : I n deportation of J ews t o Baoylon, Ser aiah t he hien pries t is !:ille d and hi s s on Jehoza d~~ i s carried i n to captivity. 151-153 : List of higo. pr i ests fr·:)Iil Zadok t o Jeho zadak. 154: The high p:'iest is releas8d frOl:J. confinement. Ant. XI, 62 : Darius agrees to 9ay for ::r1aking of high prie·s tly vestraents. 71: ?riests are expelled frOE offi c e for no t havinG proof of desc ent . 73 : Lenders :) f return include J eshua, son of t i.l.e high pr'iest, J ehozadGJc. 75ff.: Jes rlua the hi gh pri est a~d Zerubbnbel r e store t he customary sa crific es . 80 ~. XI, 79-90: J eshua the hiGh priest and Zerubbabel restore the temple. 95: Zerubbabe1 and the high nrie3t convince officials no to stop buildinG of temple. Ill: The high priests were at the head of affairs until the Hasr.lOneans C2J:le to rule as kings. 121: The high :) riest o.t time of Xerxes Has Joiakim. 1l~5 -15 3 : Foreign I'li ves Here pu t aI·my by tile desc endants of Jeshua the high priest and of the other priests, Lovites and Israelites . 158 : Joiakim dies and is succeeded by Eliashib. 297: Joiada succeeds his father :01iashib as high priest. Jobanan succeeds him. 297-301: Johanfu'1 ~d lls his brother in' the t empl e fu'1d i s pu,,'1ished througL! 3aGoses . 302 : Jaddua, son of Johanan succeeds him as high priest. 306-312 : Ha::1asses , brother of Jadciua, is excluded from exercisin~ hiGh priesthood because of his foreiGn wife . 317-339 : Story of Alexander the Gr8 <~ t and high priest J addua. 347: Son of J addua, Gnias, bec omes high pri est. XII, 11-118 : Josephus ! version of Arist eas story ~hich involves 31eazar the high priest. 156-157 : Succ ession of high priests f~om 31eazar to ( . Ea:.'1asses t o Onias, son of Ul::1.:Jn . 158-159 : Onias desc ribed as one of little soul, v ery avaricious. 1 6off.: Stor:,; of J03e:)h, son of sister of Onias. 223-2 a~ : Succe ssion to high priesthood of Si~o n and Onias. 223 : ~ i mon the hi;h }riest joins ~~ j ority in sup':) orting older sons of Josec;h asainst t he young est, ;~ y::,canus . 81 lint. XII, 237-238 : Older brother of' Onias is ,appoi nted hiGh - - priest by imt ioc h'.ls 2nd t hen r emo ved in f' a vor of' Onias, his younGer brother. , 239-21-!-1: He lenization b;I hiGh priests include s c han.Gin.G of' n2-2'.18 of' Jesus to Jas on and of' Oni as to ==e nlaus. 3 8L~ -3 86 : Antiochus 2upator sends Oni as L~ene l au::; to Beroea i n Syri a a~d has him killed. He was a Hic ~{ec, and i r:l:,: ious [,'lan. -,UciEus is c hosen as next hiGh !; riest. 387 : Alc i:mu s is said to be of f' a.:.ri ly of high priests. (cf'. ,:"nt. XX, 235 ) 391f.: Alcimus is listed anong t he Hicked ane. r eneGade JeHs 'i-!l10 accuse t C.Leir 01T£1 nation. 413: After t he pai n f u l dea th of Alcimus, the p eo:L) le give high p ri e sthood t o Juda::; l'=acchabaeus. L~19: Judas is s aid to be high pries t of t he nation. h.3L~ : Judas is sai d to die after holdi::1G (ligh p riest hood for t hree years . XIII, 45 : Alexande:- Balas elects J onathan h i Gh ~ ri es t. 46: Jonathan P,\1ts on hil;(1 :?riestly vest:ments. 62~73: Onias , son of high p ri e st On.ias, builds a t e;:.1ple at Le ontopolis. 83: .Hexander 'Hri"t e s t o the h i Gh ~~ ri 8 st Jona tha.n. 1 24 : Jona t han confir:ned in high pr i esthood by Demetrius . L ~S - 21 2 : Hi g h p riestly reiGn of Jonathan is deseri bed. 209 : Jonatl"a.'1 is :'::urdered . 213: Si~ori c hosen h igh :? riest by the ) o, ula ce . 213-230 : HiC;h prie s "e Go od of Si!llOn is ci. esc l'ibed . 228- 230 : SL:on is killed an.d John :1yrC2...I'l',';,S sueee e a.s his f uther as hi Gh ,ri est, offers s~crifice . 230-300 : nibt1 :;ri estllOod of JoL"1 Hyrcanu s is described . 282- 283: S)ecial COliLllLiea tion of God t:) J ocm Iiyr c anus . 299- 300 : S ie c ial :::;ifts of J Ollli Hyrcx'lus. 82 301: Aristobulus turns the Goverm:lent into a . kingdom. 372ff.: 2:vil deeds of Alexander Jannaeus. 408 : Alexandra ap) oints her eldest son, nyrcanus, h igh pri est . XIV, 4 -7: Hyrcanus yields rule t o Aristobulus . 37-73: ?ompey reinstates Hyrca..Ylus as l:igh ~; riest. 97: Aristobulus \·!as high pri es t for three years and six months. 137-14 3: Caesar c onfirms Eyrc anus as high priest for t aking part in the c ampaign. 148 : Hyrc anus i s high priest and et~Ylar c h . 191-26Lt. : Letters and decrees of Cai1J.s Julius Caesar c oncerning ny"-" c anus and the J eHish freedom of religion. Hyrcanus is recognized as high pries t and etlmarch in these l e tters. 306-318: Letters fl~()m I·i . &''1taony Hhic h recognize Hyr c ~~us as hig~ priest ~d etili'1arch. 324ff.: Advice of Hyrcanus is asked by H. A..Ylthony con c erning Eero d . Eyrcanus f avors Herod . 365 -366 : Anti gonius mutila tes ears of n yrcanus to exclude him from high priestly prac t ice. XV, 11-21: Release of high pries t Hyrc allUs froY:1 c ap ti vi ty of .?arthi D...Yls c:.nd his return to Jer u salem. 22: Herod ap ~) oi n ts Ananel high priest. 24 : Alexandra seeks to have her s on ~:;'ristob u lus made high pri est. 31-LL l: Herod r e::;J.o ves Ananel fu'1d ap)oi nts j .r istob ulus to the hib~ pri esthood fo:::' l1is 01,.-:1 personal r8c:.SJ~S . 50-56 : :-le:::,od has .,ristobulus mu:eder ed and res tores Ananel. 179-182 : ~ val1J. a tion of the c haracter of Ey~> C ru1US t ae t ~c h i Gh priest. 3 22 : Herod t o facllito.te his mal>:..~iaGe -,lith Si mon is 83 daughter, r emoves J esus, son of ! habes, from the hi~h p r iesthood and a ppoints Simon. Ant. XV,403-409 : On t~1e custody of the high ',l'iest I s vest ments . XVI, 163; l':!ention of IIHyrcanus hiGh )ries t of t he ,Host High Go d II in de cre e frolil A '.lgus tus. XVII, 14: Mention that Herod ' s son Herod wa s born of the daughter of the hi gh priest. 19: l:ention of daughter of hig h priest as i'life of Herod • . 78: Herod divorces daughter of high priest ~~d removes Simon fror, l high priesthood. l"iat thias, son of Theophi1us , is ap9 0inted. 1 64-1 67 : Serod r e~o ve3 Eatthias ~nd ap ~ oints Joazar as h i gh ;') ::::,iest. During t he ter:'!l of l-ia tthias, Joseph ~as hign p ries t for a day. 207: ?oople demand a ne,v and purer high priest from Archclaus. 339 : Arcc. e1aus r emove s Joazar from t he high priest hood a..Tld a pI:: oints Eleazar. 34 1: ~leazar is replaced by J esus, son of See . XVIII , 3: Je'l-J s yield t o arguments of high pries t Joazar. 26: Quirinius stri '~) s Joazar of the h igh priest hood and appoints A..1'lanus, son of' Seth. 34-35: Gratus deposes Ananus fu"'1d proclQimes I s tLilael to be high priest. Then he ap90ints Simon in place of I sh,11ael, then reI.love s J l!-rlO n a..1'ld ap _.oints Joseph Caiphas. 94: Purification of h i gh ;-l riestly vestme nts before feast days . 95: Vitel1ius appoints J onathan instead of Joseph. 109: Herod's son, Herod, is mentioned as beinG son of t he daughter of' t, '~ e hi gh priest, Simon. 123: Vite11ius de]oses J onatha..Tl and app oints Theophilus. 1 36 : ? · ~en ti o n of Earia.::r.-,:e as tl:e d:luGhter of the high priest. 84 Ant. XI~(, 297-298 : Ag!'i~pa rer:lOves Theophilus and appoints --- Simon Cantheras. 313-316 : Agrippa offers hiGh pri esthood to Jon~ than but he !'efuses in favo!' his brother , Matthias. 342 : Agrippa a p 00ints Elionaeus in p l a c e of Mat thias as high priest. xx, 6-13: Struggle over possession of h i ~h priestly vestraents. 15-16: Herod, brother of deceased Agrippa is g iven . auti10ri ty bJ Claudius Caesar to select t h e high priest. He app oints Joseph son of Cruae i. 103: Herod r-er:lOves J-9sep h and a ppoints -'manias" . son of i: Iedebaeus. 131: AnaIlias is sent t o Rome i n chains by Quadra tus. 179: I s lnaael son of ?habi is app ointed high priest. 195-196: Hero r etains Ishmael as hostage . Ag rippa then apl) oints Jose ~J h son of hig h priest Si mon. 1 97: Agrippa removes Joseph and appoints Ananus, son of itnfu'1Us . 1 99-203: Younger imanus is removed for rashness a.11.d r eplaced. by Jesus, son of Dmmaeus . 205-207 : high priest _~anias enjoys good r e~utation but is. guilty of evil practic es. 213: AGrippa replaces Jesus, son of DarJ.naeus, Hi t h Jesus, son of Gamaliel. 223: Jesus , son of G8-r:1aliel is ci.epri ved. of high priest h ood r;nG. it is given t o i-Iatt:lias, s on of Theophilus. 224- 251: .Jo se:)hus lists t ho eigi1t:l three hiGh priests f rom Aaron t o ~hanasas . T.-Jar I, 26 : Jose-) h1.ls nlaCls t o s :) e o_ ~~ 01' vestme Clts of 'nl- .5r~'Q- - -~1:.1 -'l·.1 e-;'"-.u l.I. 31-4 7: ? ersecution of L"1tiociYL,s :md r ise OI~ i-:acca bees. 33 : Onias , the high pri est escapes t o ~) tol emy . 85 i-Jar I, 53: Si mon is appointed high priest. 54-69: John Hyrcanus as high priest. 68-69: Throe s pecial privileges John Hyrcanus. 70: Aristobulus makes hir.1self a lcing . 70-84 : Aristobulus rules only a year. He kills his brother ~"d di os in plli"is~~ent . 85,;:,106 : Hoctic reie;n of Alexano.er Ja.2:maeus o 109 : Queen Alexandra appoints her eldest son, Hyrcanus, as cligh priest. 120-122 : Hyrcanus abdicates in favor of Aristooulus. 1 23-151: The struggl e of the par~lsans of 3yr c~~us and of Aristobulus enables }ompey to gain control. PO-:'l'pey captures Jerusalem.. 152: Pompey enters Hhere none but the high priest is allowed to enter. . 153: Pompey reinstates Eyrcanus as high priest. 162-169 : Gaoinius defeats AlexQllder, restore s order ~~d l"ein3tates ~-i:yrc ilnus in Jerusale:'l and gives him custody of the temple. 194: Eyrc~~us is confirmed ilS hiSil ppies t by Caesar in order to please ,·\.ntipa ter. 199 : Caesar declares Hyrcilllus t o be the more deserving c laimant to the high priesthood. Antipater is made viceroy of all Judea. 270: A..71ti Gonus ends the a ctive Gl E;n priesthood of Hyr c an~s by l a cerating his ear . h37 : Herod b ostoHs t lle hiGh priestllood u)on Aristooulus w~en he is only seventeen , t hen has him dro"::1c ci ';!hen si,ri:-ll,' ; nG . 562: Earia:-rrrle identifie 5. as h:LSh priest ' s daught er. 'Ilar II, 2hO : Ti.le JeHis'(1 nota':Jlcs includ::'::1[; the h::';h Driest . Jonat~". an , s on of ,-1.nanus , ap:?co..l t o ' ~~uad~nil tuS • " I, 3. • -/ "-7'" . Jon2.th2.J1 ilnd ,'-Dani an, t:le C.iS:l :; riests are 86 s en t up to Caesar. Har II, 256: J onat :1n.n the high :,J r i est i s f i rst t o b e a ssassinated by t he sicarii. 301, J16, 31 8, 331, 3LI2 , 410, 422,428 et passi m i n \'Jar : ':c h i ef ) r i e1}t; s :t are l inked Hi th no tables a...'1.d o ther l e a ding :nen. 409-41 6 : unaer the l e a dership of ~ l eazar, son of Ananias the hig h priest, it ,\·iD.S decided bj- t hose at the Te:n:J le to a ccept no Flore s a c rif i c es from foreigners . L~ 26 , 429 : The house of Ananias, t he high pri es t , is burnt. 441- L!-42 : Ar.an i as t he h i gh ~'; r i est i s r,:urdere d . 562 : ~~a...'1.Us , the h i gh pr iest i s e l e c ted along with Josep h t o s upreme c ontrol of a f fai rs i n t he c i t y . 5 66 : El eazar, son of t he high :,Jriest Neus, is ele cted one of t he ger.erals. 64 7- 6 5L~ : Ac tivities of Ananu s t .. e hi gh pri est i n J erusal e:·n . IV,14 7-l5 7: The c oice of t he high prie st ? h~lasus b y t h e Zealots. 1 62-192 : Spe ·::; c h of _Il_~anus t he high ~~ r i est agains t. the Zealo ts . 1 64 : "I "-Iho Hear the hi gh pries tly v estraents, II 238 : J esu s , t h e c hie r pri est n ext i n seni ority to Ananus , D.ddres ses the I dU:'7laeans. 319-325: Enc omuim of Ana:.'1us and J esus. 1 D col. "'-'08 " . . ~ ', ...... - 3Lj.. '/ , :;J t;. , > : : ' . en'G~on 01 ...... nanus , vele cn gn :;:' I'l es'G. V, 230- 236 : Ti1e ~-:.i gh ) r ies t i s ves t r.lents and his Darti cipat ion i n feas t s . 506 : l';ention of the t Olnb of Anemias t i,1e h i Gh priest. 5 27: h~ t t hias , so n of Boethus clai:ns high ; r i estly a n c estr y . 87 VI, 114: Joseph and Jesus, chier priests, and c er tain sons of chief priests go over to Romans with other l eaders. VII, 267: hurder of chief priests b J Idu..rneans to exterminate religious l{orshipe 423: Onias i s mentioned as one of the chief priests at Jerusalem. ApioD: I, 29: The kee ~) ing of r a cords was a task assigned to the chief priests and the prophets. 36: JeHish records contain names of high priests i'or b-JO thousand years. II, 104: Sanctuary was entered only by high priests, clad in the raiment proper to themselves. 185-189: Exc ellence of the theocratic c::::nstitution under the leadership of t he high priest. 193-194 : Special functions of the high priest. Life - 2-4: Josephus t races his ancestry b a c~ t o the Hasmonean high priests throuGh a daughter of Jonathan. 9: Josephus re ~) orts that high :,-; riests of the city ':lent ot him for precise informa tion on SUbj ects. 193-194 : Josephus mentions hi gh priests _~lanus and Jesus. 197: Sir'lon is said to be descended fror.'l hiGh pries -'cs. 216; Jonathan is sent from Simon 2nd AJ."1aDUS the high priest. 88 APPENDIX B Lists of t : _e Qualities of the Levi tical High Priest ,Reflec ted in the Epistl e t o the Hebrews 1. List by C. Spicql Re cu par l e pri vil~ge d l une desc onc, a...Yl c e charnelle . DIe' t-er: :nne0 / par.La- 1 8t;ls0 1 a t 10:'1o T:lasa.J..que0 . ? r~tr es ~ fl ortels , trans:nettent leurs !)ourvoirs ~ leurs successeurs . H OllL"l1CS f aibl es at pecheurs. lP etaient que pr-et~"es . Leur cuI te es tune i::nag e at une o~ Offran.de o:J.Otidi en_YJ.e . LIEU : Da.nD lliYJ. tabernacle terrestre. EFFET : Sacrific es i nef :C icaces. Dieu n e les agreait pas . O ' 2 • LJ..S t .o a. s ec, on t'-'lie ~r ea~men.L. t 0 f C • ~lren~.... 1 1 1n0 T ·~rll~-r.1 . 2 1) Tile ~~ ries t is c o.lled by Go d , 5 :4-6. 2) He represents t he p eople b efor God, 2 :17; 5 :1. 3) Even before God he i s in solida.rity Wl~ ~ men. 5 :1. 4) He is able t o h.ave sJ'Tn ~; athy for o t 'clel'S because lIe himself is Heak. 5 : 2-3. 5) 'lbe offe:c>ing of unbloody an d "cloody sacrific es f or sins i s his true task, 5 :1 ; 8 :3;10:11 . 6) This takes p lace in expi ation, 2 :17 . 7) There is no re~ is s i o n without the she dding of b lood. 9 :7,18-22. 8) The Driest offers fo r his o.·m sins and fo:." t hose of tile J ean Ie oec ause he t oo is \·Ie:::.}:. 5 : 2 - 3; 7 : 27. 9) The Levitical ~) riesthood does Ea t Cl cco::np lisn its f inal goaL . It neither sets 3i:'1 a side ~ e ~o ::lan G ntl:r nor pe:c-fec ts man by fel1oHs~ip :·;i t h Go d, 7: 11, 19 . roh ~ . I' 0 t . ., . , ~ 0 10) 1., e sense 01 gUl ~ J..S .'10 re:;loveu OJ 'G~18 sacrlilc e s of t h e Levitical p:c-i esthood, bu t t n s s a crific es r.1USt b e c ont i ::med. 9 : 9;10 : 2-3. 'l'h o c l:ltus become s 1 V." ~).... .!..' c q , ~. b 0 -'i . V0 1 -? , :9 . 12'o . , c . 2 C Sh , 1 (C • (, _J / G p o t ' 1 r l' 1 ' 1 • 0 re!'.. .J:c, L. t. L. S-" ~ ( [ /Jcou,{; , . !l..1 -co ... , ''c ueo 0 ;l.ca 'C'\ lOC .L; ~ "''''·~'r o -~ :.- :n / ': r"'n ( ; /"}' ''' O lo U' ~ -" C i 1; '-""" 'i/o 1 ., ~l.J.;=.:::.-=v;.::__ "",, _.Lc....._ .. J.. _ • • .1. ., ~ 1...... ~ / " '-).: o..J , !:.:.::.. ~ - t.:, c,..;...:.. ... , 190':'~ ) _. ::> , pp. 277- ,? 70 " 89 a r eDinder of sins, 10:3. 11) The ? riosts who practice it are mortal. This is Hhy they are a c hanging p lu:.." ali ty, 7: 23. 12) The s2crifices lac:, the character of etornity and c onsequently need to ·oe repeated c ont L:.ually. The s a c rifice on the ~ay of Atone~ent is offered only once a year, but it is offered every year. 9:6 f., 12;10:1. 13) The mi nistry of :.; riests may h a ve so:ne ~~ urifying pOHer, 9:13, but it brin;:;s about only exte rnal and c ultlc purific ations . 1 LL ) The blood of' ani::r'.als ca..!Il.ot take 2..1!ay sin, 10:4. 15) It is a priesthood by virtue of physical des c ent. 7:16 . 16) It i s c arried on in an earthly s~ctuary . 9:1. 17) A sanc tuary made bJ" human hands, 9: 11. . 18) It . is only a true t aoernac 1e. 9 : 23 ; 8 : 5 ;10 :1. 3. Lists of texts t aken direc tl::r froY:l the ~ ') istle t o the Hebre~is c oncerning the Levi tic al high :;::;ries (,hood di:c"e ct1y or indirectly. 2:17 It Has essential t hat he should i n tnis Hay b e c ome c o~pletely like his brothers so tha t he couLd b e a c ompassionate 8."-'l.d trust'·iorthy hign _; riest of God' s l~el i gion a ble to atone ~'or hlh'na...'1 sins. 5:1-4 Every hier: pri est has b een ta~en out of mankind a...'1d i s appointed to act for Ylen in their relations Hith Go d, to offer g ifts and sacrifices for sins ; and so he C8."-'). symp athize 1,·;i th t hose 1;1[1.0 a~"e i SD8ra:.1t or -u.11certain because he too lives in the l_rdt ations of Heal:ness . That is Hhy he has to Y,lake sin oi'rerin; s for himself as Hell as for the peo '.) l e . Ho one take s t :,-i s honour on himself, but e a c S o~e is c alled b y God as rlaron . "Has . 7: 5 l:le lena,,'; tllat c.esc endants of Levi ,·;0.0 a::'1 8 :J.d.--n.i t ~ed to t no priesthood are o jli;ed oy t he LaH to t ~c e ti t hes rr o::;1 the .-;e ople , lli'1d tilis is ta~~ir'.G the:,l fro::.l t heir OIU brothers , althOUGh t~ey too are descended fro r:1 Abra;13.nJ.. .. 7:11-16 NOH if perfec tion had been reac hed t hrou;h the Lc:-.,i tic al ~ riesthoocl o c c ause tlle La~ · ; s iven to tile nations res:;s on it, 1-Jh7 H:"S it s~ill ncc es :-; ary for a neH .::; riesthood 'co arize, one of t:"l8 sc....'":1e 0:2cor 2. 3 Eelchizodelc not co--.:n t ed a s oain:; ai.' tl"!.C 3 0.28 oreier as c .. ap·:::m ·? 3ut 8::,J.y cnan;::;e in tCle ·ries t:l0oci Eust r,wan a c ~an0e in t lle LU'.-T as ,·,ell. So our Lord, of uno::;l these t iir..;s Hc-,",e sai d , b e l on::;:: d to a difforc:lt tribe, t he : ·1e~nbers of VInich 90 have never cione s ervice at the 8.1 tar ; everyone knoHs he C 011le from Judah, a t ribe \·:hich Zoses di6. not even mention whcn dealin~ with priests . This becomes even more clearly evident H~en thore appears a second He lchizedok, Hho is a ;') rie st not by virtuc of a l aH about physical desc '3nt, bV.t by the pol-icr of an inciestructible life . 7 :20-2u. The other's indeed 'tIGre ::11ade .priests ,.;1 th,:mt any oath ••• Then there used t o be a great nur,1ber of t hose other ~ riests, because ceath put an end to e a ch one of t hem; but this one because he r emains forever, c an never lose his ) riesthoOd. 7: 26-28 To suit us, the ideal high priest "muld have to be holy, innocent and uncontc..minateci., beyond t he influence of sirmers and raised u ~) above the heavens; one Hho would not need to offer : acrifices every day as t he other hi gh priests do for their own sins and then for those of the neo ple, because he has done t his once an.d for all by offe'::'ing nimself. The LaH app oints hiGh ~ riests who are men subject to weakness ; but the =-, :eor:iise on oath, >-!hich c ame after the LaH, a ppointed t ho Son who is made ,erfect forever. 8:3-.5 It i s t . e duty of every i:igh .o riest to offer gifts and ::: acrii'ices, and so this one too lllUS~ have somethi ~g to offer. In f a ct, if he were on earth, he l:auld not be a priest at all, since t L1.ere ['ere o thers Kho r:ake the offcl'ings laid do\.ffi b ~~ t he Lm·[ fu'1d these on ~. y r:.aintain tne service of a model or reflection of the heavenly realities . 8 :7-13 I f that first covenant had bee:1 i·;i t ~cu t a fault, there woul d have been no need for a second one t ·:) repl;J. c8 it . . :~nd in f a ct Goo. does find fault with then; he says : (Jr 31:31-34) By s .) e .:.. kin; of a neH c ovenanl; no L :nlies that t h e fl"Y'- s-;'"0 on.i...... "" l" ....." .-'-' 1 --'_...,·" ...... a',J~ aIr!""". F_ I o'·~H ""-L"'n--t J -'n -'i n'"c old- 0'--"- -..;:..J" re~ v's more fu'1.tiquated. li..'0.til in t l:.e end it disaypea:'s . 9 :1-5 The first coven.::t...'1t also h 2.d i ts la~·;s governing Horst'.2. ,) , Qnd its sanctu2.:'Y, a sanctuary on t ~:i 3 earth. There ~;c;.s a t ent ~ ' it'li.Cr.l c ..: ~n .) :liscd t·~·;o c or:: ; 2.rtrr~8nts ; th.e _'lrs-c , in ~'!!l ~C ~: t':1e 1 2.:.:.-.1p - star..c, tL1.8 ta'Jle a~ci tlle ~:,c.sent:a ti on loaves HEL'e l:e)t, '.. ias c alled the Ho ly i lace; t~ell b eyond the s e c ond veil, 2:.."1 ir..ne~:t1o::; t , _. f:..rt , ~ ·!·::1.i c 'n 1. ·: ~S c ~:.1 1 8ci t ~ iC I-:oJ. ~T )f 11 01ie3 to '.·i:~ i c ~, belon,:;ed the Golei altar of incen:::;e , fu'J.d t ~:e a:,,: of tho co ven:::..nt , plD.tod all ove r ~>[i til. gold . In t his we~e kept the gold j :::..r containing t he 91 manna, Aaron ' s bran c h tll.:::.t greH t ne bu d s , a"1.d the s tone t 3.blets of the covenant. On to .) of it Has the throne of me~ c y , and outsp rea d ove r it were the g lorious cherubs . This is no t . t h e t ime to bO i nto greater dctail about t his. 9:6-10 Under the s o p rovisions, pri ests are c onst~~ tly goins into the outer tent to c arry out their acts of worship , but the second tent i s entered only onc e a y ear and then only oy t he (ligh !)ri est Hho mu s t go in b J himself and t ake the blood to offer for his o ~,m f aults and the people 's. By t hi s t he ~""!. oly Spiri t is showi ng that n o one has tie r i ght to GO into the sanctuary as long as t he outer t ent r er,lains st3.nding ; it i s a s :lrabol for this present t i:ne. Hone of the g i f ts and .sQcrifices of:"cred under these regul G. t i ons c an possibly b ring any Horshi~)e r to perfection in his i n ...'1.er self; t ._oJ a:.ne r'J.les about t h e outHard life, COl:'_n.e cted. -.,i th foods and d~ink s an.d ..,rashin g a t v arious times intended to be in fO::'ce onl:;f until it should b e t L ile t o reform them. 9:13 The Blood of goats a nd b '..:.lls a..~ d t he a s hes of a heifer are s}rinkled on those ~ho have incurred defilement and they restore the holine ss of their out .,mrd lives . 9 :18-20 Even t he e Qr lier c ovenant n eeded so~ething to be k illed in oj,~der to take effect, a Ed T.. j~ : y after l· ):o ses had annou:.l c e o. all t ha cOr.l;": c,nctl1en~s of t i1.e L D.':l to t he PGo~i l e , hi tool: ti18 c alves ' blooe" an c.~·the goats' blood and 30;',18 I,;a t eY' 2..c'1. Q '.'ii th t (lOSe he 8 ) pin ~ : l ed the '0 001:: itself and all t e:e g eo) le usi!).,; sC 8.rle i; i,:oo l aC1U hyssop ; s s. ying as he did so : This is t :-.e blood of the covenant that God h a s l aid ci o v ~ n for you. 9:2l-2L~ After tlJ.at , he s · ~ rink le d t ~1 e t ent D.ne. all tt.e litU:1 ~~ i c D.l vessels ~}it:l blood in t ae S:J:J.8 HD.;; . I n f a ct, accopdil1G to the La" j alY.lo st every t h in:; hD.s t o b e purified "ii t "l 01000.; arlO. if tnG~e i s no c: he 0.c, i n g of blood, t ~ C :'0 is :,0 "-~e :.l i 5sion. Obviously only tl-:.e copies o f h e a venly tnin~s CCL'1. be .::; urifie <.t i n t~ 1 i3 ',i:lS , and t h e neavenly t;o.:Ln3s t he:':lselves clC.~.T e to be pu r ified by a hi gi1er so:,t of s2.orifice than t :lis . It is not as t':lOugh Christ haa. ent ered a r:: 2.n - made saD.c-cuD.r :1 ,jt1ic n W2.S only mo delled on t he r eal one ; ~ut it was hCD.ven itse lf so t hat he could D.p ~ e:J.r in the a ctuD. l pres ence of God on our bei.1:l1f. 9: 25- 26 : Ana. he does not ho.ve to offer (D.r:lce l ::' c:.r; a i n and a g D.in like the high ~riest e; oin;:; int o t he s 2.n ctuary year after yeo. r Hi t h blood tho.t is not llis O':T.i.1 , or e l .:: e h e Hould h a ve liad to suffer ove r (..... 11.d ovor c.Guin since t he Ho r l d beGa n . Instotld of tilat, he hD.s :.l:lde his . 92 a PDearance onc e and for all, nOH at the eno, of the l ast a ~~, t o do away with s in by sacrificing himse lf~ 10 :1-4 So since the Lm'J hns no mor'3 t han a reflection of these realities , nnd no finished ',) icture of the:.l, it is quite incapable of bringing the worshippers to perfection, with t he S8.:.ne sacrifices rep e:J.tecil:JT offered ye o.. r after year. Other-,rise , the offel'in; of thel':l ' 10:11 All the 2w iests stand a t their duties every day, offerins over and over aGain the s.::..me sacrifices Hhich arc quite incapable of tnJdns aHay s i::-1. 13 :11 The bodies of the ani mals \'ihoso blood i s brough:t into the sanctuary by the hig h priest for the atcme:'.1en t of sin are burnt outs ide the c amp. 92 appearance once ~~d for a ll, now at the enu of the l ast a ge, t o do away ~ith sin by s a crificing himself. 10:1-4 So since the Lai"J has no more t han a reflection of t hese r ealities , and EO fin:!..shed ':-; ictu x'e of the:,l, it i s quite incapable of brinbing the Horshippcrs to perfection, ui t ll t he s xne s2.crifices rCl) e8.tedl:I offered yeo. r fl, f ter year. OtnerHi se, the of'fel~il! ;; of -;:;he1 vrould h a v e stopped, because t;'1e \,orsh i 9P81"S Hh en 'cile:r had been ] urif ieci once, Dould have no a wareness of sins . In steo.d of tha t, the s ins are recalled y ear after year in t he s[,-c"-° ific'" s. Bull I s blood and goats I blooc. are u sel ess for takin:::; aHay s i ns . 10:11-18 The efficacy of Christls sac rific e . 10:11 All the p rie s -;:;s stc.nd a t their duties every da y, offerin:; over and over aGain the S2..me s a crifices Hhich a r'c quite incapable of ta.dnS aHay sin. 13:11 The bodies of ' the ani mals i:ClO SG blood is brought into t he sanctuar;l by t he hig h lJriest i'or t he atonement of sin are burnt outs ide the c aJ:'np . 93 AL' ?EITDIX C Jose ')hus ' Treat:llent of Helchizedek Ant. I, 179-182. 1ISo Aoraham, havL'!g; :ccncued Sodor,li te ~)ris oners, previously ca:9tured by t :,e Assyrians in cluding his l~i:lsma..'1 Lot, returned in !,lcace. '1'he king of t he Sodonitcs net him at a ~ l ace whic h t hey c Qll the 'royal plain'. There he was receiv e d by t he king of Solyma, Lelcb.. i:::;edek; this na:;:.e means 'righteou3 kill!; ,' a...YJ.d such lIaS he by com mon c onsent, insomuc h that for this reason he Has rJ.oreover nade priest of God : 3013'-:ma Has i n f a ct t he place aftenTa::.~ds c a lled Heiro:::;olyma. l'~ oH thls Yielchisedek hospi ta"oly enterta ined As;raham ' s arl"-y, providing abundantly for all the ir needs fu'1d in the c ourse of the feast he bega...YJ. to extol Abrahanl and to bless God for having delivered his enemies into his hand. Abraham then offc:'sd him the tithe of the spoil, and he accep ted the gift. 1I Har VI, ~ .. 38. lilts (Jerusalem's) original founde:e "Has a Canaarite chief, c alled in the native tongue'Right eous King'; for suco.. i:1deed he Has . In virtue t herof he ,iaS the first of:. officiate as priest of God and b eii:..g t he first to build the temple, gave the ci t-y, previously c alleo. SoJY .. :,1a, the n 8:.18 of Jerusal em. II 94 BI BL l OG BAPRY C. Spicq in L ' £~ftP e .\u.,'( Etbreux (lapis : J. GabQlda &; Co. , 1 952), Vol. I,p-) . 379-410, gives a c o:.:::::lete a D.11otat ed biblio Gra ~') hy of tho ~ ' ; i stle to t;18 I-I obY'-eiis u p to his tir!1e of public ation. I':ore i~cccnt naco:2ial c an b e found in Aelred Cociy, Eea V8"1.!J__ Sru:t_ c tuary an::l Li tv-rCl :i.::~ th~s tl~ t o the HebreHs (,::i t . Heinrn.o_~ Ind. : Grail ..:' ublico. tions, 1960), npl 2C7-21~imon KistGwal-::e:c>, '1'ne ?saLl Ci tn.tion;:; L'J. tnG 0 -l--Enis~'lelJ _ .1-0v ';-h'"v ...., Hebv>e"'~_ ' .!.. ~J OJ. ( "'~·"-;].n.l...e"I 0...> 0 ... "QJ::...... t. I I;]. ." Foize-~na-~ach\.1.,..1 .J. ":> 6 - / :G ' 1 7 61;"'---, pD. r 153-159; ""elbert V L. H. Fe1dII1an in S ch~~?:F..2h:lj:J_ .gD_~'li l0 and ~?s ephus 1937.- 1962 (UeH York: Yeshiva University, 19b3l and 2 . F . H. Si1Ul.,t fn Studies in J-osechus ( London : S. P.C. K., 1961) give valu able surveys on the scholarship concerning Josephus and the texts and editions of Josephus . For more dot:liled bibliographies in specific areas see : · ?elletier, S . J., Flavius Jos~ 0 he Autobio ~;;;ra ~) hie ( ?aris: Les Belles Lettres, 1 959 r, xxvii xxxvi ; "''endre .celletier, S . J., Flavius Jose-:)h~ ada·,)tccteur de 1 2. Lettl~e d ' AristG'e ( ?2_ris : C. iilr:c ksiecli:, 19(2) , pp, 11-15 ; rialp:l harcus and Allen -~'Jil:e;T'en, _Jose -:,:> h.u~ (C x nbridge, I'lass.: Harvard Unive::'si t :.r Press, 1963), Vol. VIII, }p. '567-589 ; L.E. 1.<'el6.::;.an, J ose nhus (ibid. 1965),. Vol. IX, pp , 556-587. - -- 95 SELECT BIBL TOGT"ULjEY I. SOURCES Bauernfeind and i.[i cnel ( ed.&:trans.) }?lavius Jose'JQus : Der Judes che Kriep,. Darmstadt: 1959-1963. . --- D8.nby, Ge:::,iJe:~t, The Hi shnah. London : Oxford Uni versi ty Press, 1933. Jones, Alc;~ander ( ed.) Jepusalc:n Bible. Garden City, .l'! . Y.: Doubleday &: Col, Inc. 196~ herl-:, Auc;ustinus, S. J. (ed.) lJOVUI,1 I'esta:nentu21l Graece Bt Latine e Bome : Pontifiecal BiiJlical Isntitute, 1914 (9t-he ed.) Niese, B. (ed .) Flavii Jose ~h is Ooe:::'ao 7 vols. Berlin : ihem;]'2...... moCL1.e Ve:::,la1;s, 1955. Pelletier, .,.'u"ldre ( ed. 6; tr2ns.) Flavius Jos~ ,) he--Autobio graohie . ?aris: Les Belles Let-l..-res, 19-59 . Reinach, T. ( ed.) Oeuvres Cor.mletes de Flavius .Jose;)11.e . 6 vols. ?aris: ?uolic ations de La So ciel a ~e Des ~ l..udes Juives, 1900-1926. Reinach, T. 2...1'ld Blum, L. (trans.) Flavius Jose·;) he C~ntre A-oion. Paris:Les Belles Lettres, 1930. Septuag:int Version of the Old Testament (v;i t h 2n :2;nglish tranolation c.. ;."ld Hi ~h v 3.J:'ious r-eCld in;s ::nd critical notes). London : Samuel Bagster and Sons Ltd. (n. d .) Tbl.cke:;:,a~7, :1 . St. J., and !,.arcus, ;.-1alph, T::'e -dor}:s of Josephus, 9 vols. London, He-..: Yox, :.:L."ld C:ru , :br r~i;::;e (1926-1965) . 1-;el-1 Yor~;: : Geo . lJutl18-"U &: Sons, 1926-1965. !.-{lliston, -,'i ~ (t:::'ans.) Jo ~}eD~us. Edinburgh: 1737. II. T:2X'l'UAL ~.\.l;u L3XICOG_-U.. ?3IC ;[Olms ~ , T ' l l~ " 4' '" - ,.... • 11. -:j1 -. ' ~ _ ,·' ,.., ,-1'i co' ....,rne. \ 1J.. v, .Il .L3...;. ... , ill .. O. U'lngrlc " _. .J,L 1-our, , ..-,• G-rue_~-..' .. ":,~-=-,,n Le:..:icon of che lJe -~'l 'restru.-'~ent and Otc.c:"l .LtQrl"~ - Clr:2i.sti QIl :3.. ~t :lr c • t.;tlI c a;; 0 : -- -U ni-v8~ sit Y -0 f l.J(l'fc aGO ~ ; res s , 1'157. Bromily, Geoffrey W., 1.(i t te1 I S Theologic::>.l 0i.ctio~r;j of the ~ . . . - 19' Ne'H Te~ L:a:-, le::1~ . li-~o.nCl.. . "'~2.. ) l as : ~erar, : 9..ns , L p _") - • 98 Richar:is, G. c., ::L.'ld S[11.J.-tt, ~ . J. F ., "Criti. c c,l Hotes on Josephu.s 1".nti 0u:l.ti oG . 1! Cla3 ~;ic.;~1:o1 c~~~t..c'.'o\','. 31 (1937), pp. 170 -177. Shutt, rt . J . E. , _Studi_ • . _ es. ___ i__n __Jo_ __se-ohus_ 4'" . _ _ . London: S . ? C.E., 1961. Thackeray, E • St. J., J0 8e~h~~::.~ ;· 1 ::F;-2~.d~ t)'le_.::'_ist9F.i£12' lleH York : J Cc'lish inotit1..1.ee of "{eJ.l gion ? ros s , 1929. Hi IJe2.I:ls on, Geoffrey _I.rthur, Th0 -;iorJJl of Jose-qlms . London: Sec ko!' 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