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Saul, Doeg, Nabal and the “Son of Jesse”: Readings in 1 Samuel 16—25

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Saul, Doeg, Nabal and the “Son of Jesse”: Readings in 1 Samuel 16—25 By Joseph Lozovyy Ph.D. Thesis The University of Edinburgh 2006 TO MY PARENTS DECLARATION I declare that I have composed Saul, Doeg, Nabal and the “Son of Jesse”: Readings in 1 Samuel 16—25 and that it is my own work, that it has not been submitted, in whole or in part, for any other degree or professional qualification, and that all sources used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by complete references. Joseph Lozovyy TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations . ix Abstract . xiii Foreword . xiv CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION I. Introductory Remarks . 1 II. Various Approaches to 1 Sam. 25 . 3 A. Historical Critical Approaches to 1 Sam. 25 . 3 B. Literary approaches to 1 Sam. 25 . 8 1. David as the Hero of the Story . 15 a) Positive Views . 16 b) Negative Views . 20 c) Narrative Analogy . 21 2. Abigail as the Heroine of the Story . 23 3. Nabal as the Hero of the Story . 26 III. The Stories in 1 Sam 21 and 22 . 27 A. Difficulties and Tensions in Studying 1 Sam. 21 and 22 . 27 B. Literary Approaches to 1 Sam. 21 and 22 . 31 1. Negative Views of David . 32 2. Positive and Semi-Positive Views of David . 35 IV. MT, LXX, Q and Josephus in 1 Sam. 16—25 . 40 A. Samuel Scroll in Qumran . 41 B. The Septuagint Versions of 1—2 Samuel (1—2 Reigns) . 44 C. The Text of Samuel in MT, LXX, Q and Josephus . 46 D. 1 Samuel 17—18 and its Versions . 49 V. The Need for the Present Study . 58 VI. The Approach Taken Here . 60 A. Limitations . 60 B. The Text and the Reader . 61 C. Procedures . 62 iii CHAPTER II NABAL THE CALEBITE I. Introductory Remarks . 64 II. Characterization of Nabal . 65 A. Nabal’s Name . 65 1. The Meaning of lbn and hlbn . 65 2. Other Explanations . 66 B. Nabal’s Reputation . 68 C. Nabal’s Greatness . 69 D. Nabal’s Status . 70 E. Nabal’s Origin . 72 III. Geographic Setting . 76 A. Paran or Maon? . 76 1. Argument for Maon . 77 2. Argument for Paran . 78 B. Maon: the Wilderness or the Town? . 81 IV. Narrative Analogy and 1 Sam. 25 . 83 V. Looking for the Answers . 88 A. Was Nabal a Calebite Chieftain? . 88 B. Saul’s Monument and Nabal’s Residence . 91 C. The Nature of Nabal’s Business . 93 VI. Summary . 102 iv CHAPTER III DOEG THE EDOMITE I. Introductory Remarks . 103 II. Doeg the Edomite in Biblical Tradition . 103 A. The Characterization of Doeg the Edomite . 105 1. Doeg’s Edomite Origin . 105 a) It Points to Doeg’s Race . 108 b) It Points to Doeg’s Residence . 109 c) It Points to Doeg’s Characterization . 109 2. A Question of Doeg’s Detention . 110 a) Detention for Non-Religious Reasons . 111 b) Detention for Religious Reasons . 111 1) Reception of an Oracle . 111 2) Act of Penance . 112 3) Observance of a Sabbath or a Holy Day . 112 4) King’s Business . 114 5) Professional Business . 114 c) rc[n is Employed as a Literary Device . 115 3. Doeg’s position in the Court of Saul . 117 a) Literal Sense . 119 1) Mighty Bodyguard (~ycrh ryba) . 119 2) Chief of Saul’s Shepherds (~y[rh ryba) . 121 b) Figurative Sense . 122 1) “Shepherds” as a Class of Functionaries . 122 2) A “Shepherd” as a Military Title . 123 3) A “Shepherd” as a Ruler . 123 B. Looking for the Answers . 124 1. Doeg’s Identity . 124 2. Doeg’s Testimony . 129 v a) The Extent of Doeg’s Knowledge . 129 1) What Did Doeg See happened in Nob? . 129 2) The Five Loaves of Holy Bread . 134 b) The Key Point in Doeg’s Testimony . 136 3. Ahimelech’s Defense . 141 4. Doeg and Saul . 142 III. Summary . 148 CHAPTER IV SAUL, DOEG, NABAL vs. JONATHAN AND THE “SON OF JESSE” I. Introductory Remarks . 150 II. Saul vs. David the “Son of Jesse” . 152 A. A Matter of the Heart of God’s Elect . 154 B. The Origin of God’s Elect . 162 III. Jonathan and David . 168 A. The “Love” Factor in the Jonathan/David relationship . 170 B. The Design of 1 Sam. 18:1-4 . 172 C. The Nature of the Covenant . 174 IV. Saul, Doeg and Nabal and the “Son of Jesse” . 181 A. Doeg vs. the “Son of Jesse” . 181 B. Nabal vs. the “Son of Jesse” . 189 V. Summary . 195 vi CHAPTER V THE BOOK(S) OF SAMUEL AND ITS WRITER(S) I. Introductory Remarks . 197 II. The Calebites in Biblical Tradition . 198 III. 1 Samuel 25 and its Author(s) . 202 A. The Key Points in Abigail’s Speech . 204 1. Call to Apply Judgment and Discernment . 206 2. Warning to the Enemies of God’s People . 207 3. “An Enduring House” . 208 4. “The Bundle of Living” . 209 5. Call to Memory . 210 B. Nabal and Abigail: The Characters’ Representative Nature . 211 IV. 1 Samuel 17—22 and its Writer(s) . 212 A. Sam. 17:54 and 1 Sam. 21:10[9] . 213 B. 1 Samuel 21—22 . 214 V. History and Ideology in 1 Samuel 16—25 . 215 VI. Conclusion . 231 CHAPTER VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS I. Looking Back . 233 II. Looking Ahead . 239 vii Appendix I: Temporary Setting . 242 Appendix II: Doeg in Rabbinic Literature . 245 Appendix III: The Phrase hwhy ynpl in the Hebrew Bible (A Word Study) 253 Appendix IV: Who Were the Biblical Amalekites? . 255 Appendix V: The Significance of the phrase “The Sword and the Spear” in 1 Samuel . 264 Appendix VI: Nabal’s Downfall . 269 Appendix VII: The Chronicler and the Post-Exilic Writers . 274 Appendix VIII: The Making of 1 Samuel . 281 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 290 viii PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS ABD The Anchor Bible Dictionary, ed. D. N. Freedman et al., 6 vols. (New York: Doubleday, 1992) ASV American Standard Version (1901) BDB Brown, F., S. R. Driver, and C. A. Briggs, eds. of W. Gesenius’ Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. (Oxford University Press, 1907) BHS Elliger, K. and W. Rudolph, eds. Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (Stuttgart: Beutsche Bibelstiftung, 1977) DB A Dictionary of the Bible: Dealing with its Language, Literature, and Contents Including the Biblical Theology, ed, James Hastings, (Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1898) IDB The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, ed. Buttrick G. A., (New York: Abingdon Press, 1962) ISBE The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, ed. Geoffrey W. Bromiley, rev. ed, 4 vols. (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979-88) EB Encyclopedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary Political and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible, ed. T. K. Cheyne, (London: Adam & Charles Black, 1903) EJud Encyclopaedia Judaica, (Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd., 1971) HALOT The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament, Ludwig Koehler and Walter Baumgartner, translated and edited under the supervision of M.E.J. Richardson (Leiden: Brill, 1994-99) HB The Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) HDR History of David’s Rise Josephus Ant. Josephus’ Jewish Antiquities JPS Jewish Publication Society OT (1917) KJV King James, or Authorized Version (1611) LXX The Septuagint LXXA The Codex Alexandrinus, a major uncial manuscript of the Septuagint LXXB The Codex Vaticanus, a major uncial manuscript of the Septuagint LXXL The so-called Lucianic manuscripts of the Septuagint LXX– LXX < MT (+ Q) LXX+ LXX > MT (+ Q) MS, MSS manuscript, manuscripts MT The Masoretic Text ix MT– MT < LXX + Q MT+ MT > LXX + Q NIDOTTE New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology & Exegesis, ed. Willem A. VanGemeren, 5 vols. (Carlisle: Paternoster Press, 1996) NASB The New American Standard Bible (1977) NET The NET Bible (The New English Translation) NIV New International version (1984) NKJV New King James Version (1982) NRSV The New Revised Standard Version (1989) OG The Old Greek translation Q Qumran Text RSV The Revised Standard Version (1952) Syr. The Syriac translation or Peshitta Targ. The Targum TDOT Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, ed. G. J. Botterweck, H. Ringgren, and H.-J. Fabry (1974-) TNK JPS Tanakh Version (1985) Vulg. The Vulgate (Jerome’s Latin translation) YLT Young’s Literal Translation ZPEB The Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible, ed. Merrill C. Tenney, 5 vols. (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1975) 1QSam Samuel Manuscripts from Qumran Cave I 4QSama,b,c Samuel Manuscripts from Qumran Cave IV JOURNALS AND SERIES AASF Annales Academiæ Scientiarum Fennicæ AB The Anchor Bible Series AJT Asia Journal of Theology AnB Analecta Biblica Series ArtS The Artscroll Tanach Series ATD Acta Teologica Danca Series BASOR Bulletin of American School of Oriental Research BETL Bibliotheca ephemeridum theologicarum lovaniensium BG Biblische Gestalten Series Bib Biblica BI Biblical Interpretation BIS Biblical Interpretation Series, ed. R. Alan Culpepper and Rolf Rendtorff BR Bible Review BS Bibliotheca Sacra (Dallas) BTB Biblical Theology Bulletin BWANT Beitrage zur Wissenschaft vom alten und neuen Testament x BZ Biblische Zeitschrift BZAW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft CBOT Coniectanea Biblica, Old Testament Series CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CBQM Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series DJD Discoveries in the Judean Desert Series, Clarendon Press, Oxford DSB The Daily Study Bible, ed. J. C. L. Gibson EAJT East Asia Journal of Theology EBC The Expositor’s Bible Commentary: With the New International Version of the Holy Bible, ed. F. E. Gabelein, 12 vols. (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1979- 88) EF Erträge der Forschung Series EJ Evangelical Journal ETL Ephemerides theologicae Lovanienses FOTL The Forms of the Old Testament Literature Series HAR Hebrew Annual Review HB Herdes Bibelkommentar HBT Horizons in Biblical Theology HSAT Die Heilige Schrift des Alten Testamentes, ed.
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    Torah on Tap Amalek! http://rabbiseinfeld.blogspot.com/ 2008/03/finding -amalek.html Genesis 36: And Esau dwelt in the mountain-land of Seir--Esau is 8 ח ַוֵּיֶׁשבֵּ עָׂשו ְּבַהֵּר שִעיר, ֵּעָׂשו הּוא .Edom ֱאדֹום. And these are the generations of Esau the father of a 9 ט ְּוֵּאֶׁלה תְֹּּלדֹותֵּ עָׂשו, ֲאִבי ֱאדֹום, .the Edomites in the mountain-land of Seir ְּבַהר, ֵּשִעיר. These are the chiefs of the sons of Esau: the sons of 15 טו ֵּאֶׁלה, ַאלֵּּופי ְּבֵּני-ֵּעָׂשו: ְּבֵּני Eliphaz the first-born of Esau: the chief of Teman, the ֱאִלַיפז, ְּבכֹורֵּ עָׂשו--ַאלֵּּוף תיָׂמן ,chief of Omar, the chief of Zepho, the chief of Kenaz ַאלּוף אָֹׂומר, ַאלְּּוף צפֹו ַאלּוףְּקַנז. the chief of Korah, the chief of Gatam, the chief of 16 טז ַאלּוף- ַקֹּרחַאלּוף ַגְּעָׂתם, Amalek. These are the chiefs that came of Eliphaz in ַאלּוףֲ עָׂמֵּלק; ֵּאֶׁלה ַאלֵּּופי ֱאִלַיפ ז .the land of Edom. These are the sons of Adah ְּבֶׁאֶׁרֱץאדֹום, ֵּאֶׁלְּה בֵּניָׂ עָׂדה. When Esau was getting old, he called in his grandson Amalek and said: "I tried to kill Jacob but was unable. Now I am entrusting you and your descendents with the important mission of annihilating Jacob's descendents -- the Jewish people. Carry out this deed for me. Be relentless and do not show mercy." (Midrashim Da’at and Hadar, summarised from Legends of the Jews volume 6 – Louis Ginzburg p.23) Exodus 17: Then came Amalek, and fought with Israel in 8 ח ַוָׂיבֹּא, ֲעָׂמֵּלק; ַוִיָׂלֶׁחםִעם- .Rephidim ִיְּשָׂרֵּאל, ִבְּרִפִידם. ,And Moses said unto Joshua: 'Choose us out men 9 ט ַויֶֹּׁאמֶׁר מֹּשה ֶׁאל-ְּיֻׁהֹושַע ְּבַח ר- and go out, fight with Amalek; tomorrow I will stand ָׂלנּו ֲאָׂנִשים, ְּוֵּצאִ הָׂלֵּחם ַבֲעָׂמֵּלק; '.on the top of the hill with the rod of God in my hand ָׂמָׂחר, ָאנִֹּכי ִנָׂצב ַעל-רֹּאשַ הִגְּבָׂעה, ַּומֵּטה ָׂהֱאלִֹּהים, ְּבָׂיִדי.
  • The Image of King David in the Babylonian Talmud | Sefaria

    The Image of King David in the Babylonian Talmud | Sefaria

    11/17/2020 The Image of King David in the Babylonian Talmud | Sefaria The Image of King David in the Babylonian Talmud Source Sheet by david silber More info ❯ שמואל ב י״א-י״ב II Samuel 11-12 (א) ַו ְי ִה ֩י ִל ְתשׁוּ ַ֨בת ַה ָשּׁ ָ֜נה ְל ֵ֣ﬠת ׀ ֵ֣צאת At the turn of the year, the season when (1) kings go out [to battle], David sent Joab ַה ַמּ ְל ֿא ִ֗כים ַו ִיּ ְשׁ ַ ֣לח ָדּ ִ֡וד ֶאת־יוֹ ָא ֩ב ְו ֶאת ֲ־ﬠ ָב ָ֨דיו with his officers and all Israel with him, ִﬠ ֜מּוֹ ְו ֶאת־ ָכּל־ ִי ְשׂ ָר ֵ֗אל ַו ַיּ ְשׁ ִ֙חת ֙וּ ֶאת־ ְבּ ֵ֣ני ַﬠ ֔מּוֹן and they devastated Ammon and besieged ַו ָיּ ֻ֖צרוּ ַﬠל ַ־ר ָ ֑בּה ְו ָדִ ֖וד י ֵ֥וֹשׁב ִבּיר ָוּשׁ ָלִֽ ם׃ (ס) (Rabbah; David remained in Jerusalem. (2 (ב) ַו ְי ִ ֣הי ׀ ְל ֵ֣ﬠת ָה ֶ֗ﬠ ֶרב ַוָ֨יּ ָקם ָדּ ִ֜וד ֵמ ַ ֤ﬠל Late one afternoon, David rose from his couch and strolled on the roof of the royal ִמ ְשׁ ָכּב ֙וֹ ַו ִיּ ְת ַה ֵלּ ֙ ַﬠל־ ַ ֣גּג ֵבּית ַ־ה ֶ֔מּ ֶל ַו ַיּ֥ ְ רא palace; and from the roof he saw a woman ִא ָ ֛שּׁה ֹר ֶ ֖ח ֶצת ֵמ ַ ֣ﬠל ַה ָ ֑גּג ְו ָ ֣ה ִא ֔ ָשּׁה טוֹ ַ ֥בת ַמ ְר ֶ ֖אה ,bathing. The woman was very beautiful ְמ ֽ ֹאד׃ (ג) ַו ִיּ ְשׁ ַ ֣לח ָדּ ִ֔וד ַו ִיּ ְד֖ ֹרשׁ ָֽל ִא ָ ֑שּׁה ַו֗יֹּא ֶמר and the king sent someone to make (3) ֲהלוֹא־זֹא ֙ת ַבּת ֶ ֣־שׁ ַבע ַבּת־ ֱא ִל ָ֔יﬠם ֵ֖א ֶשׁת ,inquiries about the woman.
  • I. Archaeology II. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Jezreel Valley I

    I. Archaeology II. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Jezreel Valley I

    265 Jezreel Valley 266 the measurement of Judah (Josh 15 : 56). Ahinoam, 2. The Area by the Spring. Below the tel is an allu- one of David’s wives, originated from Jezreel (1 Sam vial covered terrace with evidence of occupation 25 : 43). The traditional identification of this town from the Neolithic (7th millennium) onwards. In with Tell Ṭarrāme has been contested. 2007 the Israel Antiquities Authority undertook a small salvage excavation on a section of the terrace, Bibliography: ■ Vos, J. C. de, Das Los Judas: über Entstehung und Ziele der Landbeschreibung in Josua 15 (VTSup 95; Leiden and exposed remains from the Intermediate Bronze 2003). [Esp. 440–45] Age. In 2012 an airborne LiDAR scan revealed archi- tectural remains and new excavations were com- 2. Place in Issachar menced in 2013 directed by Jennie Ebeling of the University of Evansville and Norma Franklin of the The Israelite town of Jezreel (MT Yizrĕ el, “El/God University of Haifa. sows”) is mentioned in 2 Kgs 9–10 (see “Jezreel [Place in Issachar]”). Bibliography: ■ Ebeling, J. et al., “Jezreel Revealed in Laser Bob Becking Scans: A Preliminary Report of the 2012 Survey Season,” NEA 75.4 (2012) 232–39. ■ Franklin, N., “Jezreel: Before and After Jezebel,” in Israel in Transition: From Late Bronze II to Iron IIA (c. 1250–850 BCE), vol. 1, The Archaeology (ed. L. L. Jezreel (Place in Issachar) Grabbe; LHBOTS 491; London 2008) 45–53. ■ Ussishkin, I. Archaeology D./J. Woodhead, “Excavations at Tel JezreeI 1990–1991: II. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Preliminary Report,” Tel Aviv 19 (1992) 3–56.