Sea cucumber fisheries, utilization and trade in Indonesia Item Type book_section Authors Wiadnyana, Ngurah N. Publisher Secretariat, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Download date 25/09/2021 07:35:20 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/40974 Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center SEA CUCUMBER FISHERIES, UTILIZATION AND TRADE IN INDONESIA By Dr. Ngurah N. Wiadnyana 4 1. Introduction Sea cucumbers resource is known for years ago as delicious food for certain people, especially Indonesian waters contain high marine biodiversity for Chinese ethnic. Actually the consumers of sea including sea cucumbers which are used intensively cucumbers have increased widely. Beside of China, in whole regions. Sea cucumbers constitute a group Japan and Korea, export of sea cucumber product of animal having relatively no movement, so that is also to United State of America (Hartati et al., it is easy to harvest these echinoderms organisms 2002). As export commodity, sea cucumbers has in large quantity to be commercialized. As trade played important role for foreign exchange earning commodity and an important export product of and increases yearly both in volume and trade value Indonesia, sea cucumbers might be exploited (General Directorate of Capture Fisheries, 2006). continuously by fishermen in large quantity to In accordance with highly demand and price of sea provide the market demand. In fact, this phenomenon cucumbers which reach to about US $ 65 per kg it has influenced the existence of sea cucumbers stimulates the fishermen to exploit intensively sea themselves. The actual condition shows that it is cucumbers in Indonesian waters. more and more difficult to find sea cucumbers in enough quantity, because their populations in the In Indonesia, sea cucumbers fishery has done by nature tend to decrease. Certain species seem suffer the people since Dutch colonization (Nuraini, et al., the depletion of its population or be vulnerable, for 1990). The areas of its harvest spread from west to example: prickly redfish (Theleonata ananas) and eastern part of Indonesia. These benthic organisms sandfish (Holotoria scabra). A similar condition inhabit usually coral reefs that are found potentially has occurred in some countries, so that it stimulates in Indonesian waters and its species composition many countries to propose sea cucumbers entered includes those with high economic value such as to CITES (The Convention on International Trade Holoturia scabra and many others with having no of Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora). economic value (Aziz, 1997). As a country having potential sea cucumbers The continuous exploitation of sea cucumbers by resource, Indonesia would need to provide accurate fishermen has influenced the current population information on the existence of sea cucumbers status of sea cucumbers which tend to decrease stock in nature in order to find out necessary in the waters (Darsono, 2002, Hartati et al., 2002, management measure. For that, it is needed Andamari et al., 1989). In fact, the density of sea scientific data and information of sea cucumbers on cucumbers population is relatively low also the size several aspects such as: species composition, stock becoming small and the fishermen must harvest size, distribution, production, utilization, trade, the sea cucumbers in deeply waters. However, the effort of marine culture of sea cucumbers. To fulfill awareness on sea cucumbers by stakeholders is necessary data and information some scientific still low (Darsono & Djamali, 1998) in conserving and technical reports published from publication its stock populations. Therefore, management from ten to fifty years ago are traced as follow: measure of sea cucumbers should be done before Yusron (1987, 1989, 1990, 1991); Andamari et al., these important resources become vulnerable or (1989); Yusron and Pramudji (1995); Pralampita endangered. Scientific knowledge on the condition et al. (1992); Suprapto et al. (1992); Darsono and of sea cucumbers would be needed to good manage Djamali (1998) for biological and fisheries aspects; these important resources. General Directorate of Capture Fisheries (2006) for production and trade; and Darsono et al (2002) and Hence, studies and understanding related to the Yusron (2004a, 2004b) for marine culture aspects. resources and fishery status including species 4 Member of the Ad hoc Regional Working Group on Sea Cucumber Fisheries and National Focal Point for Indonesia, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries 30 Report of the Regional Study on Sea Cucumber Fisheries, Utilization and Trade in Southeast Asia composition, distribution, biological aspects as well Phylum: Echinodermata as market, trade of sea cucumbers are all necessary Class : Holothuroidea SubClass : Aspidochirotacea to be scientific witness for orientation and solution Ordo : Aspidochirotida to manage and maintain its resource in sustainable Family : Holothuriidae uses in Indonesia and as necessary information for Genus : Holothuria, Actinopyga, CITES authority. Bohadschia Species : Holothuria scraba, H. nobilis, H. fuscogiva 2. Potency and Distribution of Sea Actinopyga miliaris, Cucumbers A. echinites, A. lecanora Bohadschia argus 2.1 Species Composition Family : Stichopodidae Genus : Thelonota Species : Thelonota ananas Inventory activities on sea cucumbers have conducted since in the end of 1970’s in Indonesian Based on existing information, it was reported that waters. It was found about 53 species of sea the highest biodiversity of sea cucumbers is found cucumbers that are belonging from genera: in North Sulawesi (Kwandang Bay, Tiga Islands, Holothuria, Actinopyga, Bohadschia, Labiodemas, and Sangir Islands) with number of 21 species. Thelonota dan Stichopus (Clark & Rowe, 1971). In Koloka District Sulawesi Tenggara Province From all species identified, there are about 22 it found about 20 species of sea cucumbers with consumable species and only 8 species of these dominant species of Bohadschia marmorata (87%), Echinoderms that constitute important fishery Holothuria leucospilota (6%) and Synapta maculate commodity with highly economic value (Table 1). (7%) (Nuraini et al., 1990). The high biodiversity The mostly species exploited is sandfish (Holotoria of sea cucumbers is found also in Alas waters of scabra), especially that collected in Bangka West Nusa Tenggara with number of 20 species and Belitung waters, Seribu Islands, Riau Islands, dominant species of Synapta chloronothus South Sulawesi, Buton, West Nusa Tenggara. The next species also strongly exploited is black fish (A. The species inhabiting dominantly each location is miliaris) that highly captured in Seribu Islands of different from one to other locations depending on Jakarta and West Nusa Tenggara. Other important water habitat condition. In North Sulawesi waters species is prickly redfish (T. ananas), that especially (Kwandang Bay, Tiga Islands and Sangir Island) collected in West Nusa Tenggara (Aziz, 1987). the dominant species are Holothuria pervicax, H. impatient, H. atra, H. coluber and Bohadshia The species presented in Table 1 are systematically marmorata (Darsono, 2002). While in Seribu belonging to the family of Holothuridae and Islands of Jakarta Bay the dominant species are H. Stichopodidae. Furthermore, the systematic of sea impatiens, B. marmorata and Synapta maculate cucumbers is done according to classification of (Hartati et ah, 2002). In coastal waters of Waisisil, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (http:// Saparua of Maluku Province the dominant species animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu). is sandfish (Holotoria scabra), reaching about 77 % of total number of the sea cucumbers production T ab le 1. Sea cucumbers species with highly economic value Scientific Name Common Name Local Nam e Holothuria scraba Sandfish Teripang Pasir, Teripang putih H. n o b ilis Black teathfish Teripang koro, teripang susuan H. fuscogiva White teatfish Teripang susuan Actinopyga echinites Brown fish Teripang batu A. lecanora Stone fish Teripang bilabo, Teripang batu , Teripang tempulu A. miliaris Black fish Teripang lotong Bohadschia argus Leopard (tiger) fish Teripang mata kucing, Teripang kridou bintik Theleonata ananas Prickly redfish Teripang pandan, Teripang nanas Source: Darsono (2005); (www.isoiblog.com ), Hartati et al. (2002) 31 Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (Andamari, 1989). At Batuampar of Lombok Kangean, Sulawesi (along of southern coast, south­ the species, H. marmorata is found in highest east, middle, northern part including Sangir Talaud number, reaching about 68 % of total number of sea waters), Maluku (middle, northern, south-eastern cucumbers collected (Prahoro & Suprapto, 1991). parts), West Nusa Tenggara covering some waters of Sumbawa Island (Saleh Bay, Waworada, Sape The abundance of sea cucumbers in Indonesian and Alas Waters) and East Nusa Tenggara covering waters is in general low, based on research results the waters of Flores, Sumba, and Timor waters their abundance was less than 1 individual m-2, (Djamali et al., 1998). excepted in Bunaken of North Sulawesi where the sea cucumbers abundance might reach to 3 Sea cucumbers habitat is found in coral reef and individuals m-2 and in Southern Tanimbar (South- seagrass ecosystems, from intertidal zone to the East Maluku) the abundance reached to 2.75 deep sea water of about 20 m. However some of individuals m–2 (Table 2). them inhabit offshore deeper waters. Under their good adaptation capability, sea cucumbers are 2.2 Spatial Distribution capable