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Holothuriidae 1165 click for previous page Order Aspidochirotida - Holothuriidae 1165 Order Aspidochirotida - Holothuriidae HOLOTHURIIDAE iagnostic characters: Body dome-shaped in cross-section, with trivium (or sole) usually flattened Dand dorsal bivium convex and covered with papillae. Gonads forming a single tuft appended to the left dorsal mesentery. Tentacular ampullae present, long, and slender. Cuvierian organs present or absent. Dominant spicules in form of tables, buttons (simple or modified), and rods (excluding C-and S-shaped rods). Key to the genera and subgenera of Holothuriidae occurring in the area (after Clark and Rowe, 1971) 1a. Body wall very thick; podia and papillae short, more or less regularly arranged on bivium and trivium; spicules in form of rods, ovules, rosettes, but never as tables or buttons ......→ 2 1b. Body wall thin to thick; podia irregularly arranged on the bivium and scattered papillae on the trivium; spicules in various forms, with tables and/or buttons present ...(Holothuria) → 4 2a. Tentacles 20 to 30; podia ventral, irregularly arranged on the interradii or more regularly on the radii; 5 calcified anal teeth around anus; spicules in form of spinose rods and rosettes ...........................................Actinopyga 2b. Tentacles 20 to 25; podia ventral, usually irregularly arranged, rarely on the radii; no calcified anal teeth around anus, occasionally 5 groups of papillae; spicules in form of spinose and/or branched rods and rosettes ............................→ 3 3a. Podia on bivium arranged in 3 rows; spicules comprise rocket-shaped forms ....Pearsonothuria 3b. Podia on bivium not arranged in 3 rows; spicules not comprising rocket-shaped forms . Bohadschia 4a. Spicules in form of well-developed tables, rods and perforated plates, never as buttons .....→ 5 4b. Spicules in form of tables, occurring alone or along with buttons, rods, or rosettes .......→ 7 5a. Spicules never in form of rosettes;tables with no or reduced disc, bearing spines terminating in form of a maltese cross; body cylindrical; body wall soft ........Holothuria (Semperothuria) 5b. Spicules in form of rosettes ....................................→ 6 6a. Podia in 3 rows on trivium; small papillae dispersed on bivium; spicules in form of rosettes, and tables with reduced disc, bearing a spine ending in a maltese cross (when viewed from above) .............................Holothuria (Halodeima) 6b. Podia not very numerous, irregularly arranged in 10 rows (radial and interradial); papillae on bivium irregularly arranged in 10 rows; spicules in form of rosettes, and tables with disc in a “cup and saucer form”, bearing a low, wide spire ending in a spinose crown ......................................Holothuria (Acanthotrapeza) 7a. Spicules in form of smooth buttons or pseudo-buttons; tables variously developed .......→ 8 7b. Spicules in form of buttons, always knobby, occasionally in form of ellipsoids; tables strongly developed ........................................→ 10 8a. Tables well developed, their disc usually squarish with smooth rim and 8 holes, occasionally strongly perforated ......................Holothuria (Thymiosycia) 8b. Tables moderately developed, their disc with usually notched rim; buttons of variable shape ................................................→ 9 9a. Tentacles 16 to 30; tables with notched rim and a low spire terminating in a ring of irregular spines; pseudo-buttons abundant, irregular; collar of papillae present around base of tentacles and anus ........................Holothuria(Lessonothuria) 9b. Tentacles 18 to 20; some tables often with narrow disc, spire reduced; other tables having a well-developed disc and spire with 4 columns; buttons irregular; no collar of papillae around base of tentacles ...................Holothuria(Mertensiothuria) 10a. Buttons never modified to form fenestrated ellipsoids ......................→ 11 10b. Buttons modified to form fenestrated ellipsoids, and buttons ..................→ 12 1166 Holothurians 11a. Tables with wavy disc, bearing a small spire ending in small spines, giving the table a tack-like shape, with a large central hole surrounded by peripheral holes variable in number; presence of buttons, pseudo-buttons, and small irregular C-, S-, or O-shaped spicules ..................................Holothuria (Stichothuria) 11b. Tables well developed, with smooth disc, spire ending in a cluster of small spines, never giving the table a tack-like shape; presence of buttons with irregular knobs . Holothuria (Metriatyla) 12a. Calcified anal papillae absent; collar of papillae around base of tentacles present or absent ..............................................→ 13 12b. Calcified anal papillae present; no collar of papillae around base of tentacles; body wall very thick and rigid; tables with wavy disc, bearing a low and massive spire ending in a very spinose crown .............................Holothuria (Microthele) 13a. Collar of papillae around base of tentacles; anal teeth present or absent; tables with notched disc and a low to moderate spire, ending in a cluster of very small, or numerous spines; a fringe of rather large papillae between bivium and trivium . Holothuria (Theelothuria) 13b. No collar of papillae around base of tentacles; anal teeth absent; tables with knobby disc and low spire, ending in a cluster of spines; buttons knobby, occasionally modified to fenestrated ellipsoids .............................Holothuria(Cystipus) List of species of interest to fisheries occurring in the area The symbol * is given when species accounts are included. *Actinopyga echinites (Jaeger, 1833) *Actinopyga mauritiana (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) *Actinopyga miliaris (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) *Actinopyga palauensis Panning, 1944 *Actinopyga spinea Cherbonnier, 1980 *Bohadschia argus Jaeger, 1833 *Bohadschia similis (Semper,1868) *Bohadschia vitiensis (Semper, 1868) *Holothuria (Acanthotrapeza) coluber Semper, 1868 *Holothuria (Halodeima) atra Jaeger, 1833 *Holothuria (Halodeima) edulis Lesson, 1830 *Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) leucospilota (Brandt, 1835) *Holothuria (Metriatyla) scabra Jaeger, 1833 [including H. (M.) scabra var. versicolor (Conand, 1986)] *Holothuria (Microthele) fuscogilva Cherbonnier, 1980 *Holothuria (Microthele) fuscopunctata Jaeger, 1833 *Holothuria (Microthele) nobilis (Selenka, 1867) *Pearsonothuria graeffei (Semper, 1868) References Cannon, L.R.G and H. Silver. 1986. Sea cucumbers of Northern Australia. Brisbane, Queensland Museum, 60 p. Clark, A.M. and F.W. Rowe. 1971. Holothurioidea. In Monograph of shallow water Indo-West Pacific echinoderms. London, Trustees of the British Museum, pp. 171-210. Conand, C. 1989. Les holothuries aspidochirotes du lagon de Nouvelle-Calédonie: biologie, écologie et exploitation. Paris, Etudes et thèses ORSTOM, 393 p. Conand, C. 1990. The fishery resources of Pacific island countries. Part 2: Holothurians. Rome, FAO Fish. Tech.Pap., (272.2):143 p. Conand, C. 1997. Are holothurian fisheries for export sustainable? Intern. Cong. Reefs Panama, 2:2021-2026. Feral, J.P.and G. Cherbonnier. 1986. Les holothurides. In Guide des étoiles de mer, oursins et autres échinodermes du lagon de Nouvelle-Calédonie, edited by Guille, Laboute, and Menou. Paris, ORSTOM, pp. 56-107. Tan Tiu, A. 1981. The intertidal Holothurian fauna (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) of Mactan and the neighbouring islands, Central Philippines. Philipp. Sci., 18:45-119. Order Aspidochirotida - Holothuriidae 1167 Actinopyga echinites (Jaeger, 1833) Frequent synonyms / misidentifications: None / Actinopyga mauritiana (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833). FAO names: En - Deep-water redfish. radial anus with 5 teeth interradial bivium with slender papillae calcareous ring mouth ventral, with 20 short and stout tentacles spicules of spicules of spicules of ventral tegument tentacles ventral podia spicules of dorsal tegument (after Féral and Cherbonnier, 1986) Diagnostic characters: Body elongate, arched dorsally (bivium) and flattened ventrally (trivium). Bivium sometimes wrinkled and covered by sediment, wider in the middle and tapering towards both ends. Papillae on bivium long and slender; podia on trivium arranged more or less regularly in 3 rows; calcareous disc of podia around 350 µm in diameter. Mouth ventral, surrounded by 20 short, stout tentacles. Anus surrounded by 5 anal teeth. Calcareous ring with large radial pieces and narrow interradials. Cuvierian tubules few (10), short, pink, and never expelled. Colour: bivium brown, varying from light to dark among specimens; trivium lighter, sometimes orange, with yellow podia. Spicules: ventral tegument with a variety of small rosettes and rods, occasionally perforated; dorsal tegument with larger rosettes and branched plates; ventral podia with some straight, spinous rods; tentacles with rods large, straight, or curved, and very spiny at their extremities. Size: Maximum length about 35 cm, commonly to about 20 cm; mean live weight 0.3 kg (up to 1 kg); body-wall thickness about 7 mm. Habitat, biology, and fisheries: Dwelling in moderately shallow waters (despite its English common name), rarely found in depths of more than 12 m; mostly on reef flats of fringing and lagoon-islet reefs. Abundant in seagrass beds, on rubble reef flats, and compact flats where populations can reach high densities (up to 1/m2). Sexual reproduction during the warm season. A species with a high potential fecundity and early sexual maturity. Harvested in artisanal fisheries throughout the area. Collected by hand while wading on the reefs
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