DOCSLIB.ORG

Marine Biodiversity: Responding to the Challenges Posed by Climate Change, Fisheries, and Aquaculture

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

e Royal Society of Canada Expert Panel Sustaining Canada’s Marine Biodiversity: Responding to the Challenges Posed by Climate Change, Fisheries, and Aquaculture REPORT February 2012 Prof. Isabelle M. Côté Prof. Julian J. Dodson Prof. Ian A. Fleming Prof. Je rey A. Hutchings (Chair) Prof. Simon Jennings Prof. Nathan J. Mantua Prof. Randall M. Peterman Dr. Brian E. Riddell Prof. Andrew J. Weaver, FRSC Prof. David L. VanderZwaag SUSTAINING CANADIAN MARINE BIODIVERSITY An Expert Panel Report on Sustaining Canada's Marine Biodiversity: Responding to the Challenges Posed by Climate Change, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Prepared by: The Royal Society of Canada: The Academies of Arts, Humanities and Sciences of Canada February 2012 282 Somerset Street West, Ottawa ON, K2P 0J6 • Tel: 613-991-6990 • www.rsc-src.ca | 1 Members of the Expert Panel on Sustaining Canadian Marine Biodiversity Isabelle M. Côté, Professor, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University Julian J. Dodson, Professeur titulaire, Département de biologie, Université Laval Ian A. Fleming, Professor, Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland Jeffrey A. Hutchings, Killam Professor and Canada Research Chair in Marine Conservation and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Dalhousie University Panel Chair Simon Jennings, Principal Scientist, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Lowestoft, UK, and Honorary Professor of Environmental Sciences at the University of East Anglia, UK Nathan J. Mantua, Associate Research Professor, Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, University of Washington, USA Randall M. Peterman, Professor and Canada Research Chair in Fisheries Risk Assessment and Management, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University Brian E. Riddell, PhD, CEO, Pacific Salmon Foundation, Vancouver, British Columbia Andrew J. Weaver, FRSC, Professor and Canada Research Chair in Climate Modelling and Analysis, School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria David L. VanderZwaag, Professor and Canada Research Chair in Ocean Law and Governance, Marine & Environmental Law Institute, Schulich School of Law, Dalhousie University The Report should be cited as follows: Hutchings, J.A., Côté, I.M., Dodson, J.J., Fleming, I.A., Jennings, S., Mantua, N.J., Peterman, R.M., Riddell, B.E., Weaver, A.J., and D.L. VanderZwaag. 2012. Sustaining Canadian marine biodiversity: responding to the challenges posed by climate change, fisheries, and aquaculture. Expert panel report prepared for the Royal Society of Canada, Ottawa. The opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Royal Society of Canada. 282 Somerset Street West, Ottawa ON, K2P 0J6 • Tel: 613-991-6990 • www.rsc-src.ca | 2 Table of Contents Members of the Expert Panel 2 Chapter One: Executive Summary 9 1. The Case for Sustaining Biodiversity 9 2. The Report 10 3. Topics and Key Findings 11 4. Recommendations 13 Chapter Two: Introduction 14 1. The Expert Panel 14 2. Mandate and Terms of Reference for the Panel 14 a. Mandate 14 b. Terms of Reference 14 3. Questions for the Panel 15 4. What is Biodiversity? 15 5. Why is Biodiversity Important to Sustain? 16 6. Canada’s Stewardship Responsibilities to Marine Biodiversity 17 7. Scientific and Extra-Scientific Issues 19 a. Drivers of Change in Marine Biodiversity 19 b. Clarification of Issues Addressed and Not Addressed by the Panel 19 c. Recovery of Marine Biodiversity: Societal Influences 20 8. Panel Procedures 23 9. Acknowledgements 24 Chapter Three: Canada’s Oceans 28 1. Introduction 28 2. The Northwest Atlantic Ocean 29 a. Geography 29 b. Circulation and Water Masses 30 3. The Arctic Ocean 32 a. Geography 32 b. Circulation and Water Masses 33 4. The Northeast Pacific Ocean 34 a. Geography 34 b. Circulation and Water Masses 35 5. Biological Oceanography: The Basics 36 6. Canadian Marine Ecoregions 38 7. Species Richness of Canada’s Oceans 40 8. How Many Species are in Canada’s Oceans? 40 9. Patterns of Species Diversity 42 10. Canadian Species Diversity in a Terrestrial Context 42 11. How Many More Species? 44 12. Main Findings 45 282 Somerset Street West, Ottawa ON, K2P 0J6 • Tel: 613-991-6990 • www.rsc-src.ca | 3 Chapter Four: Physical and Chemical Indicators of Climate Change in Canada’s Oceans 46 1. Introduction 46 2. Surface Properties 46 a. Observed 20th Century Changes 46 b. Projected Changes During the 21st Century 52 3. Observed and Projected Trends in Regional Wind Systems 56 a. Aleutian Low 56 b. Arctic Oscillation and Arctic Dipole 57 c. Coastal Upwelling and Downwelling Winds on Canada’s West Coast 58 4. Observed and Projected Trends in ENSO, PDO, and NPGO 59 a. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 59 b. Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) 59 c. North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) 60 5. Coastal Sea Level 61 a. Present Rate of Change and Coastal Erosion 61 b. Projected Changes During the 21st Century 63 6. Water Chemistry and Stratification 64 a. Observed Trends in Carbonate Chemistry and pH 64 b. Dissolved Oxygen 67 c. Nutrient Pools 68 d. Stratification 69 7. Main Findings 70 Chapter Five: Trends in Canadian Marine Biodiversity 72 1. Introduction 72 2. Marine Species at Risk 72 3. Metrics of Population Status 76 4. Abundance Trends 77 a. Plankton 77 i. Pacific 77 ii. Atlantic 79 b. Marine Fishes 81 c. Diadromous Fishes 84 i. Pacific 84 ii. Atlantic 89 d. Marine Mammals 92 e. Seabirds 93 5. Main Findings 94 Chapter Six: Trends in Canadian Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture 96 1. Introduction 96 2. Capture Fisheries 97 a. Landed Catches in Canada 97 b. Value of Landed Catches in Canada 100 3. Aquaculture 100 282 Somerset Street West, Ottawa ON, K2P 0J6 • Tel: 613-991-6990 • www.rsc-src.ca | 4 a. Marine Aquaculture Production in Canada 100 b. Value of Aquaculture Production in Canada 104 4. Fisheries Enhancement Activities 105 5. Main Findings 106 Chapter Seven: Climate Change: Oberved and Projected Consequences for Canadian Marine Biodiversity 108 1. Introduction 108 2. Net Primary Production and Carbon Export 108 3. Biogeographical Shifts 111 4. Phenology and Environmental Mismatch 115 5. System Regime Shifts 119 6. Hypoxia 121 7. Ocean Acidification 121 8. Interactions Between Climate Change and Fisheries 122 9. Main Findings 123 Chapter Eight: Fisheries: Observed and Projected Consequences for Canadian Marine Biodiversity 124 1. Introduction 124 2. Reductions in Abundance 124 3. Effects on Benthic Communities and Habitats 126 4. Effects on Marine Fish Communities 128 5. Effects on Species Community Structure and Food Webs 131 6. Recovery From Overfishing 132 7. Main Findings 134 Chapter Nine: Aquaculture: Observed and Projected Consequences for Canadian Marine Biodiversity 135 1. Introduction 135 2. Finfish Aquaculture 137 a. Pacific 137 b. Atlantic 140 3. Shellfish Aquaculture 143 a. Pacific 143 b. Atlantic 145 4. Seaweed Aquaculture 146 5. Main Findings 146 Chapter Ten: Canada’s International Commitments to Sustain Marine Biodiversity 148 1. Introduction 148 2. Mainstreams (Three Central Conventions) 149 a. UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 149 b. UN Agreement on Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks 149 c. Convention on Biological Diversity 150 i. Commitments 150 282 Somerset Street West, Ottawa ON, K2P 0J6 • Tel: 613-991-6990 • www.rsc-src.ca | 5 ii. Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 151 iii. Programme of Work on Marine and Coastal Biodiversity 152 iv. Issuance of CBD Guidelines 152 3. Sidestreams 153 a. Convention on Wetlands of International Importance 153 b. Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage 155 c. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) 155 4. Soft Cross-Currents 156 a. UN Conference Documents 156 i. Agenda 21 156 ii. Rio Declaration of Environment and Development 157 iii. WSSD Plan of Implementation 158 b. FAO Documents 158 i. FAO Code of Conduct 158 ii. International Plans of Action 159 iii. FAO Technical Guidelines 159 c. UN General Assembly Resolutions 160 5. Regional Eddies 162 6. Main Findings 164 Chapter Eleven: Canada’s National Commitments to Sustain Marine Biodiversity 171 1. Introduction 171 2. Statutory Commitments 171 a. Oceans Act Pledges 171 b. Marine Conservation Area Promises 172 c. Fisheries Management Provisions 172 d. Species at Risk Protections 172 e. Other Sectoral Legislative Trickles 173 3. Canadian Governmental Documents 173 a. Canadian Biodiversity Strategy 173 b. Policy and Planning Initiative Pursuant to the Oceans Act 174 c. Documentary Support for Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture 176 i. Sustainable Fisheries 176 ii. Sustainable Aquaculture 178 d. Cooperative MPA Encouragements 179 4. Main Findings 179 Chapter Twelve: Is Canada Fulfilling Its Commitments to Sustain Marine Biodiversity? Charting Future Law and Policy Coordinates 184 1. Introduction 184 2. Charting National Law and Policy Coordinates 185 a. Fully Implementing Existing Law and Policy Coordinates 185 i. Living Up to Oceans Act Commitments 185 1. Advancing Integrated Management Planning 185 2. Completing a Network of Marine Protected Areas 187 282 Somerset Street West, Ottawa ON, K2P 0J6 • Tel: 613-991-6990 • www.rsc-src.ca | 6 ii. Putting Principled Governance into Fisheries Management Practice 189 1. Policy Context 189 2. Precautionary Single-Species Management – A Contribution to EBFM 190 3. Precautionary Approach: Biological Reference Points 191 4. Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management 197 a. Evaluations of Effects on Biodiversity – Habitat Impacts 199 b. Biodiversity Reference Points 199 5. Eco-certification 200 6. Public Participation 200 7. Management and Biodiversity: Conclusions 201 iii. Overcoming Slow SARA Implementation 201 b. Considering Legislative and Regulatory Strengthenings 204 i. Re-Thinking the Oceans Act 204 ii. Modernizing the Fisheries Act 205 iii. Casting a Federal Legal Net for Sustainable Aquaculture 206 iv. Considering SARA Legislative Amendments 207 v. Pondering Comprehensive Biodiversity Legislative Provisions 209 vi. Enhancing Shark Conservation Measures 209 c. Enhancing Transboundary and International Governance Arrangements 210 3.
Recommended publications
  • Precious Corals (Coralliidae) from North-Western Atlantic Seamounts A

    Precious Corals (Coralliidae) from North-Western Atlantic Seamounts A

    The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Marine Sciences Faculty Scholarship School of Marine Sciences 3-1-2011 Precious Corals (Coralliidae) from North-Western Atlantic Seamounts A. Simpson Les Watling University of Maine - Main, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/sms_facpub Repository Citation Simpson, A. and Watling, Les, "Precious Corals (Coralliidae) from North-Western Atlantic Seamounts" (2011). Marine Sciences Faculty Scholarship. 97. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/sms_facpub/97 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Marine Sciences Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 2011, 91(2), 369–382. # Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 2010 doi:10.1017/S002531541000086X Precious corals (Coralliidae) from north-western Atlantic Seamounts anne simpson1 and les watling1,2 1Darling Marine Center, University of Maine, Walpole, ME 04573, USA, 2Department of Zoology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA Two new species belonging to the precious coral genus Corallium were collected during a series of exploratory cruises to the New England and Corner Rise Seamounts in 2003–2005. One red species, Corallium bathyrubrum sp. nov., and one white species, C. bayeri sp. nov., are described. Corallium bathyrubrum is the first red Corallium to be reported from the western Atlantic. An additional species, C. niobe Bayer, 1964 originally described from the Straits of Florida, was also collected and its description augmented.
  • Pleuronectidae, Poecilopsettidae, Achiridae, Cynoglossidae

    Pleuronectidae, Poecilopsettidae, Achiridae, Cynoglossidae

    1536 Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (Linnaeus, 1758) Pleuronectidae Witch flounder Range: Both sides of North Atlantic Ocean; in the western North Atlantic from Strait of Belle Isle to Cape Hatteras Habitat: Moderately deep water (mostly 45–330 m), deepest in southern part of range; found on mud, muddy sand or clay substrates Spawning: May–Oct in Gulf of Maine; Apr–Oct on Georges Bank; Feb–Jul Meristic Characters in Middle Atlantic Bight Myomeres: 58–60 Vertebrae: 11–12+45–47=56–59 Eggs: – Pelagic, spherical Early eggs similar in size Dorsal fin rays: 97–117 – Diameter: 1.2–1.6 mm to those of Gadus morhua Anal fin rays: 86–102 – Chorion: smooth and Melanogrammus aeglefinus Pectoral fin rays: 9–13 – Yolk: homogeneous Pelvic fin rays: 6/6 – Oil globules: none Caudal fin rays: 20–24 (total) – Perivitelline space: narrow Larvae: – Hatching occurs at 4–6 mm; eyes unpigmented – Body long, thin and transparent; preanus length (<33% TL) shorter than in Hippoglossoides or Hippoglossus – Head length increases from 13% SL at 6 mm to 22% SL at 42 mm – Body depth increases from 9% SL at 6 mm to 30% SL at 42 mm – Preopercle spines: 3–4 occur on posterior edge, 5–6 on lateral ridge at about 16 mm, increase to 17–19 spines – Flexion occurs at 14–20 mm; transformation occurs at 22–35 mm (sometimes delayed to larger sizes) – Sequence of fin ray formation: C, D, A – P2 – P1 – Pigment intensifies with development: 6 bands on body and fins, 3 major, 3 minor (see table below) Glyptocephalus cynoglossus Hippoglossoides platessoides Total myomeres 58–60 44–47 Preanus length <33%TL >35%TL Postanal pigment bars 3 major, 3 minor 3 with light scattering between Finfold pigment Bars extend onto finfold None Flexion size 14–20 mm 9–19 mm Ventral pigment Scattering anterior to anus Line from anus to isthmus Early Juvenile: Occurs in nursery habitats on continental slope E.
  • Magazine SUMMER 2020 OCEANA.ORG

    Magazine SUMMER 2020 OCEANA.ORG

    Magazine SUMMER 2020 OCEANA.ORG Oceana Senior Advisor Alexandra Cousteau and Bloomberg Philanthropies CEO Patti Harris are pictured at the Our Ocean 2019 conference in Oslo, Norway. For more, read the CEO Note on page 3. © Ilja C. Hendel Transparency Crusader (Sea) Food Security COVID-19 and Fisheries Renata Terrazas, Oceana’s VP in The ocean can feed a billion people, Dr. Daniel Pauly explains how fish Mexico, on publicizing vital data but who needs fish most? stocks could recover post-pandemic Board of Directors Ocean Council Oceana Staff Valarie Van Cleave, Chair Susan Rockefeller, Founder Andrew Sharpless Ted Danson, Vice Chair Kelly Hallman, Vice Chair Chief Executive Officer Diana Thomson, Treasurer Dede McMahon, Vice Chair Jim Simon James Sandler, Secretary Anonymous President Keith Addis, President Samantha Bass Gaz Alazraki Violaine and John Bernbach Jacqueline Savitz Chief Policy Officer, North America Monique Bär Rick Burnes Herbert M. Bedolfe, III Vin Cipolla Katie Matthews, Ph.D. Nicholas Davis Barbara Cohn Chief Scientist Sydney Davis Ann Colley César Gaviria Edward Dolman Matthew Littlejohn Senior Vice President, Strategic Initiatives Mária Eugenia Girón Kay and Frank Fernandez Loic Gouzer Carolyn and Chris Groobey Janelle Chanona Jena King J. Stephen and Angela Kilcullen Vice President, Belize Ben Koerner Ann Luskey Ademilson Zamboni, Ph.D. Sara Lowell Mia M. Thompson Vice President, Brazil Stephen P. McAllister Peter Neumeier Kristian Parker, Ph.D. Carl and Janet Nolet Joshua Laughren Daniel Pauly, Ph.D. Ellie Phipps Price Executive Director, Oceana Canada David Rockefeller, Jr. Maria Jose Peréz Simón Liesbeth van der Meer Susan Rockefeller David Rockefeller, Jr. Vice President, Chile Simon Sidamon-Eristoff Elias Sacal Rashid Sumaila, Ph.D.
  • Northern Wolffish,Anarhichas Denticulatus

    Northern Wolffish,Anarhichas Denticulatus

    COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Northern Wolffish Anarhichas denticulatus in Canada THREATENED 2012 COSEWIC status reports are working documents used in assigning the status of wildlife species suspected of being at risk. This report may be cited as follows: COSEWIC. 2012. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Northern Wolffish Anarhichas denticulatus in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. x + 41 pp. (www.registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca/default_e.cfm) Previous report(s): COSEWIC. 2001. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the northern wolffish Anarhichas denticulatus in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vi + 21 pp. (www.sararegistry.gc.ca/status/status_e.cfm) O’Dea, N.R., and R.L. Haedrich. 2001. COSEWIC status report on the northern wolffish Anarhichas denticulatus in Canada, in COSEWIC assessment and status report on the northern wolffish Anarhichas denticulatus in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 1-21 pp. Production note: COSEWIC would like to acknowledge Red Méthot for writing the status report on the Northern Wolffish, Anarhichas denticulatus in Canada, prepared under contract with Environment Canada. The report was overseen and edited by John Reynolds, COSEWIC Marine Fishes Specialist Subcommittee Co-chair. For additional copies contact: COSEWIC Secretariat c/o Canadian Wildlife Service Environment Canada Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3 Tel.: 819-953-3215 Fax: 819-994-3684 E-mail: COSEWIC/[email protected] http://www.cosewic.gc.ca Également disponible en français sous le titre Ếvaluation et Rapport de situation du COSEPAC sur le Loup à tête large (Anarhichas denticulatus) au Canada.
  • Corallium Rubrum

    Corallium Rubrum

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OAR@UM Marine Ecology. ISSN 0173-9565 SHORT COMMUNICATION Deep-water Corallium rubrum (L., 1758) from the Mediterranean Sea: preliminary genetic characterisation Federica Costantini1, Marco Taviani2, Alessandro Remia2, Eleonora Pintus1, Patrick J. Schembri3 & Marco Abbiati1 1 Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali, C.I.R.S.A. - University of Bologna, Via S. Alberto, Ravenna, Italy 2 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche ISMAR – Istituto di Scienze Marine, Sede di Bologna, Via Gobetti, Bologna, Italy 3 Department of Biology, University of Malta, Msida MSDO6, Malta Keywords Abstract Corallium rubrum; deep-water populations; genetic diversity; Mediterranean Sea. The precious red coral Corallium rubrum (L., 1758) lives in the Mediterranean Sea and adjacent Eastern Atlantic Ocean on subtidal hard substrates. Correspondence Corallium rubrum is a long-lived gorgonian coral that has been commercially Federica Costantini, Via Sant’Alberto, 163, harvested since ancient times for its red axial calcitic skeleton and which, at 48100 Ravenna, Italy. present, is thought to be in decline because of overexploitation. The depth dis- E-mail: [email protected] tribution of C. rubrum is known to range from c. 15 to 300 m. Recently, live Accepted: 7 August 2009 red coral colonies have been observed in the Strait of Sicily at depths of c. 600–800 m. This record sheds new light on the ecology, biology, biogeo- doi:10.1111/j.1439-0485.2009.00333.x graphy and dispersal mechanism of this species and calls for an evaluation of the genetic divergence occurring among highly fragmented populations.
  • (Anarhichas Lupus) and Spotted Wolffish (Anarhichas Minor) in West Greenland Waters

    (Anarhichas Lupus) and Spotted Wolffish (Anarhichas Minor) in West Greenland Waters

    NAFO SCI. Coun. Studies, 12: 13-20 Distribution, Abundance and Migration of Atlantic Wolffish (Anarhichas lupus) and Spotted Wolffish (Anarhichas minor) in West Greenland Waters Frank Riget Greenland Fisheries and Environment Research Institute Tagensvej 135, Copenhagen N, Denmark and J. Messtorff Bundesforschungsanstalt fUr Fischerei, Institut fUr Seefischerei 0-2850 Bremerhaven, Federal Republic of Germany Abstract Results from stratified-random bottom-trawl surveys off West Greenland during the autumns of 1982-86 indicated substantial decline in biomass and abundance of both Atlantic wolffish and spotted wolffish. Atlantic wolffish were the more abundant of the two species, with the catch rate generally decreasing from north to south, and occurred mainly in the 0-200 and 200-400 m depth ranges. Spotted wolffish, on the other hand, were rather uniformly distributed over the three depth ranges (to 600 m) and also over the north-south strata. Mean lengths of both species tended to increase from north to south. Reported recaptures from the taggings, during 1955-64, of 174 Atlantic wolffish and 746 spotted wolffish were 2 and 53 respectively. The two Atlantic wolffish were taken in the vicinity of the tagging site about 2 years after they were tagged. Spotted wolffish exhibited rather stationary behavior, with most recaptures generally within 20 nautical miles (nm) of the tagging sites up to 10 years after they were tagged. Only three spotted wolffish were found more than 100 nm from the tagging sites, two southward and one northward. Analysis of long line catches of spotted wolffish in the Nuuk area indicated local seasonal movements. Introduction experiments.
  • First Molecular Data and Morphological Re-Description of Two

    First Molecular Data and Morphological Re-Description of Two

    Journal of King Saud University – Science 33 (2021) 101290 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of King Saud University – Science journal homepage: www.sciencedirect.com Original article First molecular data and morphological re-description of two copepod species, Hatschekia sargi and Hatschekia leptoscari, as parasites on Parupeneus rubescens in the Arabian Gulf ⇑ Saleh Al-Quraishy a, , Mohamed A. Dkhil a,b, Nawal Al-Hoshani a, Wejdan Alhafidh a, Rewaida Abdel-Gaber a,c a Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia b Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt c Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt article info abstract Article history: Little information is available about the biodiversity of parasitic copepods in the Arabian Gulf. The pre- Received 6 September 2020 sent study aimed to provide new information about different parasitic copepods gathered from Revised 30 November 2020 Parupeneus rubescens caught in the Arabian Gulf (Saudi Arabia). Copepods collected from the infected fish Accepted 9 December 2020 were studied using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy and then examined using stan- dard staining and measuring techniques. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted based on the partial 28S rRNA gene sequences from other copepod species retrieved from GenBank. Two copepod species, Keywords: Hatschekia sargi Brian, 1902 and Hatschekia leptoscari Yamaguti, 1939, were identified as naturally 28S rRNA gene infected the gills of fish. Here we present a phylogenetic analysis of the recovered copepod species to con- Arabian Gulf Hatschekiidae firm their taxonomic position in the Hatschekiidae family within Siphonostomatoida and suggest the Marine fish monophyletic origin this family.
  • Number of Living Species in Australia and the World

    Number of Living Species in Australia and the World

    Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World 2nd edition Arthur D. Chapman Australian Biodiversity Information Services australia’s nature Toowoomba, Australia there is more still to be discovered… Report for the Australian Biological Resources Study Canberra, Australia September 2009 CONTENTS Foreword 1 Insecta (insects) 23 Plants 43 Viruses 59 Arachnida Magnoliophyta (flowering plants) 43 Protoctista (mainly Introduction 2 (spiders, scorpions, etc) 26 Gymnosperms (Coniferophyta, Protozoa—others included Executive Summary 6 Pycnogonida (sea spiders) 28 Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta under fungi, algae, Myriapoda and Ginkgophyta) 45 Chromista, etc) 60 Detailed discussion by Group 12 (millipedes, centipedes) 29 Ferns and Allies 46 Chordates 13 Acknowledgements 63 Crustacea (crabs, lobsters, etc) 31 Bryophyta Mammalia (mammals) 13 Onychophora (velvet worms) 32 (mosses, liverworts, hornworts) 47 References 66 Aves (birds) 14 Hexapoda (proturans, springtails) 33 Plant Algae (including green Reptilia (reptiles) 15 Mollusca (molluscs, shellfish) 34 algae, red algae, glaucophytes) 49 Amphibia (frogs, etc) 16 Annelida (segmented worms) 35 Fungi 51 Pisces (fishes including Nematoda Fungi (excluding taxa Chondrichthyes and (nematodes, roundworms) 36 treated under Chromista Osteichthyes) 17 and Protoctista) 51 Acanthocephala Agnatha (hagfish, (thorny-headed worms) 37 Lichen-forming fungi 53 lampreys, slime eels) 18 Platyhelminthes (flat worms) 38 Others 54 Cephalochordata (lancelets) 19 Cnidaria (jellyfish, Prokaryota (Bacteria Tunicata or Urochordata sea anenomes, corals) 39 [Monera] of previous report) 54 (sea squirts, doliolids, salps) 20 Porifera (sponges) 40 Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria) 55 Invertebrates 21 Other Invertebrates 41 Chromista (including some Hemichordata (hemichordates) 21 species previously included Echinodermata (starfish, under either algae or fungi) 56 sea cucumbers, etc) 22 FOREWORD In Australia and around the world, biodiversity is under huge Harnessing core science and knowledge bases, like and growing pressure.
  • Holothuriidae 1165

    Holothuriidae 1165

    click for previous page Order Aspidochirotida - Holothuriidae 1165 Order Aspidochirotida - Holothuriidae HOLOTHURIIDAE iagnostic characters: Body dome-shaped in cross-section, with trivium (or sole) usually flattened Dand dorsal bivium convex and covered with papillae. Gonads forming a single tuft appended to the left dorsal mesentery. Tentacular ampullae present, long, and slender. Cuvierian organs present or absent. Dominant spicules in form of tables, buttons (simple or modified), and rods (excluding C-and S-shaped rods). Key to the genera and subgenera of Holothuriidae occurring in the area (after Clark and Rowe, 1971) 1a. Body wall very thick; podia and papillae short, more or less regularly arranged on bivium and trivium; spicules in form of rods, ovules, rosettes, but never as tables or buttons ......→ 2 1b. Body wall thin to thick; podia irregularly arranged on the bivium and scattered papillae on the trivium; spicules in various forms, with tables and/or buttons present ...(Holothuria) → 4 2a. Tentacles 20 to 30; podia ventral, irregularly arranged on the interradii or more regularly on the radii; 5 calcified anal teeth around anus; spicules in form of spinose rods and rosettes ...........................................Actinopyga 2b. Tentacles 20 to 25; podia ventral, usually irregularly arranged, rarely on the radii; no calcified anal teeth around anus, occasionally 5 groups of papillae; spicules in form of spinose and/or branched rods and rosettes ............................→ 3 3a. Podia on bivium arranged in 3 rows; spicules comprise rocket-shaped forms ....Pearsonothuria 3b. Podia on bivium not arranged in 3 rows; spicules not comprising rocket-shaped forms . Bohadschia 4a. Spicules in form of well-developed tables, rods and perforated plates, never as buttons .....→ 5 4b.
  • Atlantic Zone Based on Satellite Data, and (3) Egg and Larval Distributions of Cod and Haddock from Cape Hatteras to the Laurentian Channel

    Atlantic Zone Based on Satellite Data, and (3) Egg and Larval Distributions of Cod and Haddock from Cape Hatteras to the Laurentian Channel

    Fisheries and Oceans Pêches et Océans Science Sciences C S A S S C É S Canadian Stock Assessment Secretariat Secrétariat canadien pour l’évaluation des stocks Proceedings Series 2000/17 Série des compte rendus 2000/17 Final Report of the 2000 Annual Meeting of the Fisheries Oceanography Committee Including the Report of the Workshop on the Cod Recruitment Dilemma February 22-25, 2000 Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Center St. John’s, Newfoundland 1D.P. Swain, Chairperson (FOC) 2M. Castonguay, Chairperson (Cod Recruitment Workshop) 1Fisheries and Oceans Canada 343 Ave Université Ave Moncton, New-Brunswick E1C 9B6 2Fisheries and Oceans Canada Institut Maurice Lamontagne 850 Route de la Mer, C.P. 1000 G5H 3Z4 September 2000 ii Executive Summary of the 2000 FOC Annual Meeting The Fisheries Oceanography Committee (FOC) of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) met in St. John’s, Newfoundland at the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Center on 22-25 February 2000. The Committee reviewed environmental conditions in the Northwest Atlantic during 1999, convened a workshop on the Cod Recruitment Dilemma, reviewed additional papers on physical and biological oceanography and on changes in cod diets, and conducted its annual business meeting. 1. Physical Environment in 1999: Eight papers were reviewed on the meteorological and physical oceanographic conditions in 1999. Air temperature warmed relative to 1998 throughout most of the northwest Atlantic, reaching record high values in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, on the Scotian Shelf and over eastern Newfoundland. Sea ice coverage and duration were below average in most areas. Water temperatures from southern Labrador to the Grand Bank and off southern Newfoundland were generally above normal values.This was reflected in below-average volumes of the cold intermediate layer (CIL) and warmer- than-average bottom waters off Newfoundland, especially on the Grand Bank where bottom temperatures were 1-3°C above average.
  • Catching the Complexity of Salmon-Louse Interactions

    Catching the Complexity of Salmon-Louse Interactions

    Fish and Shellfish Immunology 90 (2019) 199–209 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Fish and Shellfish Immunology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fsi Full length article Catching the complexity of salmon-louse interactions T ∗ Cristian Gallardo-Escáratea, , Valentina Valenzuela-Muñoza, Gustavo Núñez-Acuñaa, Crisleri Carreraa, Ana Teresa Gonçalvesa, Diego Valenzuela-Mirandaa, Bárbara P. Benaventea, Steven Robertsb a Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile b School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences (SAFS), University of Washington, Seattle, USA ABSTRACT The study of host-parasite relationships is an integral part of the immunology of aquatic species, where the complexity of both organisms has to be overlayed with the lifecycle stages of the parasite and immunological status of the host. A deep understanding of how the parasite survives in its host and how they display molecular mechanisms to face the immune system can be applied for novel parasite control strategies. This review highlights current knowledge about salmon and sea louse, two key aquatic animals for aquaculture research worldwide. With the aim to catch the complexity of the salmon-louse interactions, molecular information gleaned through genomic studies are presented. The host recognition system and the chemosensory receptors found in sea lice reveal complex molecular components, that in turn, can be disrupted through specific molecules such as non-coding RNAs. 1. Introduction worldwide the most studied sea lice species are Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus rogercresseyi [8–10]. Annually the salmon industry presents Host-parasite interactions are a complex relationship where one estimated losses of US $ 480 million, representing between 4 and 10% organism benefits the other and often where there is a negative impact of production costs [10].
  • Greenland Turbot Assessment

    Greenland Turbot Assessment

    6HFWLRQ STOCK ASSESSMENT OF GREENLAND TURBOT James N. Ianelli, Thomas K. Wilderbuer, and Terrance M. Sample 6XPPDU\ Changes to this year’s assessment in the past year include: 1. new summary estimates of retained and discarded Greenland turbot by different target fisheries, 2. update the estimated catch levels by gear type in recent years, and 3. new length frequency and biomass data from the 1998 NMFS eastern Bering Sea shelf survey. Conditions do not appear to have changed substantively over the past several years. For example, the abundance of Greenland turbot from the eastern Bering Sea (EBS) shelf-trawl survey has found only spotty quantities with very few small fish that were common in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The majority of the catch has shifted to longline gear in recent years. The assessment model analysis was similar to last year but with a slightly higher estimated overall abundance. We attribute this to a slightly improved fit to the longline survey data trend. The target stock size (B40%, female spawning biomass) is estimated at about 139,000 tons while the projected 1999 spawning biomass is about 110,000 tons. The adjusted yield projection from F40% computations is estimated at 20,000 tons for 1999, and increase of 5,000 from last year’s ABC. Given the continued downward abundance trend and no sign of recruitment to the EBS shelf, extra caution is warranted. We therefore recommend that the ABC be set to 15,000 tons (same value as last year). As additional survey information become available and signs of recruitment (perhaps from areas other than the shelf) are apparent, then we believe that the full ABC or increases in harvest may be appropriate for this species.