BLADE RUNNER: a Ficção Científica E a Ética Da Ciência Na Sociedade Líquido-Moderna

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BLADE RUNNER: a Ficção Científica E a Ética Da Ciência Na Sociedade Líquido-Moderna Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo PUC-SP Edilson Rodrigues Palhares BLADE RUNNER : a ficção científica e a ética da ciência na sociedade líquido-moderna MESTRADO EM CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS São Paulo 2010 EDILSON RODRIGUES PALHARES BLADE RUNNER : a ficção científica e a ética da ciência na sociedade líquido-moderna Dissertação apresentada à Banca Examinadora da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências Sociais, área de concentração Sociologia, sob orientação da Prof. a Doutora Marisa do Espírito Santo Borin. PUC-SP 2010 Banca Examinadora _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ DEDICATÓRIA Dedico esta dissertação à memória do escritor de Ficção Científica Philip K. Dick, cuja obra representa uma grande ruptura neste gênero ao questionar a identidade humana em relação ao avanço tecnológico dos meios de produção material da vida. Ao diretor de cinema britânico Ridley Scott e sua equipe que há 28 anos transcodificou magistralmente um romance de Dick para as telas, criando Blade Runner , um filme que desde então se tornou parte inerente de minha vida. Aos fãs e leitores de Ficção Científica como um todo, e especificamente aos leitores de Philip K. Dick, H.G. Wells e Mary Shelley. E evidentemente, aos inúmeros admiradores do filme Blade Runner . À professora doutora Noêmia Lazzareschi, do Programa de Ciências Sociais da PUC-SP, cujas aulas tiveram o poder de fundamentar minha visão do mundo social e científico de uma forma muito mais consistente do que a que eu tinha antes. E principalmente, à minha amada esposa Angela Procópio, que em todos os momentos em que fraquejei e caí perto dela, não só auxiliou no meu reerguimento, como me ensinou a fazer isto por conta própria, caso não estivesse por perto. AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço à minha esposa Angela Procópio pelo grande incentivo, auxílio e pela confiança depositada em meu trabalho, desde o início, além de me fazer perceber a importância de ser amado para também amar o trabalho de pesquisa. À minha irmã Silvania R. Palhares, pelas palavras de estímulo, amizade e apoio logístico. Sem o apoio e estímulo incomensuráveis dessas duas mulheres, esta pesquisa não teria se materializado. Da mesma forma agradeço a uma outra grande mulher, doutora Karina Cleto, a médica que não consegue exercer sua profissão sem criar um fraterno laço com o paciente, que no meu caso foi importante não só para alavancar esta pesquisa, mas a minha vida. Ao meu grande amigo Marco Antônio Durço, que na condição de Chefe do Departamento de Ensino do CEFET-MG, fez todo o possível para a viabilização legal de minha dedicação a esta pesquisa enquanto professor de História da Arte sob sua coordenação. Também devo agradecimentos aos demais amigos e colegas de trabalho do nosso Centro Federal de Ensino Tecnológico que em momentos cruciais foram de extrema importância para a exeqüibilidade deste projeto, como Ana Lúcia Faria, Dalva Silveira, Telson Crespo e principalmente Márcio Antônio Rosa. Ao Diretor Geral do CEFET-MG professor doutor Flávio Antonio dos Santos por ter possibilitado o mestrado interinstitucional com a PUC-SP, assim como a todos de sua equipe de trabalho que contribuíram, direta ou indiretamente para a sua viabilização, particularmente ao Milney Chasin. Ao colega Antonio Alone Maia, pela presteza da tradução para o inglês. À equipe técnica responsável pelos serviços da Google Incorporation e IMDB, pela liberação de informação acadêmica disponibilizada de forma prática e instantânea, que é algo que condiz com a filosofia desta dissertação. E aos qualificadores professores doutores Miguel Chaia e Cláudio Luis Penteado que iluminaram o meu caminho em momento de grande nebulosidade. E por fim, um agradecimento especialíssimo à minha orientadora professora doutora Marisa do Espírito Santo Borin, que acreditou na minha idéia desde o início, me passando sua energia e determinação. A ciência natural algum dia incorporará a ciência do homem, exatamente como a ciência do homem incorporará a ciência natural; haverá uma única ciência. Karl Marx, 1844 RESUMO Este trabalho analisa o gênero lítero-cinematográfico Ficção Científica, pelo recorte do filme “ Blade Runner” (1982) de Ridley Scott. Seu foco se encontra na forma em que este apresenta os limites éticos da ciência em função de uma sociedade que se mantém pelo consumismo, cuja representação se faz na cenografia de uma metrópole futurista (Los Angeles do ano 2019). O objetivo é demonstrar a relação dicotômica da feitura do filme entre produção mercantilista e cinema de autor, a partir daí sua legitimidade como uma Ficção Científica de comprometimento social, possibilitando uma abordagem reflexiva quanto aos limites éticos da ciência na atual condição da modernidade. O argumento é que Blade Runner é uma obra que apresenta um futuro distópico onde as conseqüências de uma produção capitalista alicerçada em uma ciência sem consciência degradaram por completo a natureza, trazendo grandes transtornos sociais e, sob a ótica do filme, inusitados retrocessos das formas de exploração do trabalho. Ao longo da pesquisa se desenvolve o processo de produção de Blade Runner , a relação deste e de Philip K. Dick, o autor do romance original que lhe serviu de base, com a Ficção Científica de cunho distópico e a visualização que o filme apresenta de uma metrópole do futuro em justaposição ao conceito de sociedade líquido-moderna de Zygmunt Bauman. Por fim, um apontamento de que a proposta de Blade Runner oferece continuidade ao romance “Frankenstein” de Mary Shelley, por suscitar a idéia de que a ciência necessita de conscientização ética, sob os pressupostos de Edgar Morin, para que seus efeitos negativos não se voltem contra a humanidade. Palavras-chave: Blade Runner; Ficção Científica; sociedade líquido-moderna; ética e Ciência. ABSTRACT This work analyses the litero-cinematographic Scientific Fiction gender, by Ridley´s Scott movie Blade Runner (1982) cutting out. Its focus is found in the way that this presents the ethic limits of science to the function of a society which mantain itself by the consumism, whose representation hapens in scenography of a forthcoming metropolis (Los Angeles of 2019). The aim is to demonstrate the dichotomic relation in the way the movie was made between mercantilistic production and the author´s movie, and from there its legitimacy as social commitment science fiction, giving way to a reflexive approach concerning ethic limits of science in the actual modern condition. The argument is that, Blade Runner is a work which presents a dispotic future, where the consequences of a capitalistic production based on a science without conscience degraded completely the nature, bringing up great social upsettings and , from the view of the movie unusual retrocessions of labour ways of exploitation. Throughout the research a production process is developed of Blade Runner , his relation and that of Philip K. Dick, the author of the original novel which served as a base, with a scientific Fiction of dispotic approach and the view which is presented by the movie of a future metropolis, in juxtaposition to the concept of liquid-modern society of Zygmunt Bauman. Finally, to point out that, the proposal of Blade Runner offers continuity to “Frankenstein” novel of Mary Shelley, by bringing up the idea that science needs an ethic consciousness, under Edgar Morin pressuppositios, so that its negative effects do not come back against humanity. Key words: Blade Runner; science fiction; liquid-modern society; ethic and science. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO .......................................................................................................... 11 Ficção Científica ..................................................................................................... 13 Blade Runner ......................................................................................................... 15 Cinema ................................................................................................................... 19 Motivação da pesquisa ........................................................................................... 23 Estrutura do trabalho .............................................................................................. 25 Metodologia e referencial teórico ........................................................................... 26 CAPÍTULO I BLADE RUNNER , O FILME E SUAS VERSÕES ............................... 29 1.1 A trama ............................................................................................................. 30 1.2 O processo de feitura ....................................................................................... 34 1.2.1 Transformação em cult-movie .................................................................. 38 1.2.2 A relação com a cibercultura .................................................................... 46 1.2.3 Replicando-se em novas versões ............................................................ 51 CAPÍTULO II FICÇÃO CIENTÍFICA E O REVERSO DA UTOPIA ........................... 60 2.1 A expansão literária e cinematográfica da Ficção Científica ............................ 61 2.1.1 Philip K. Dick, o escritor que concebeu Blade Runner ............................. 67 2.1.2 Robôs e outros simulacros do corpo humano .......................................... 74 2.2. Utopia pela distopia ........................................................................................
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