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By Lee A. Breakiron

A WORLDWIDE PHENOMENON

Few fiction authors are as a widely published internationally as Robert E. Howard (e.g., in Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Lithuanian, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Slovak, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish, and Yugoslavian). As former REHupan Vern Clark states:

Robert E. Howard has long been one of America’s stalwarts of Fantasy Fiction overseas, with extensive translations of his fiction & poetry, and an ever mushrooming distribution via foreign graphic story markets dating back to the original REH paperback boom of the late 1960’s. This steadily increasing presence has followed the growing stylistic and market influence of American fantasy abroad dating from the initial translations of H.P. Lovecraft’s Arkham House collections in Spain, France, and Germany. The growth of the HPL cult abroad has boded well for other American exports of the Weird Tales school, and with the exception of the Lovecraft Mythos, the fantasy fiction of REH has proved the most popular, becoming an international literary phenomenon with translations and critical publications in Spain, Germany, France, Greece, Poland, Japan, and elsewhere. [1]

All this shows how appealing REH’s exciting fantasy is across cultures, despite inevitable losses in stylistic impact through translations. Even so, there is sometimes enough enthusiasm among readers to generate fandom activities and publications. We have already covered those in France. [2] Now let’s take a look at some other countries.

GERMANY, AUSTRIA, AND SWITZERLAND

The first Howard stories published in German were in the fanzines Pioneer #25 and Lands of Wonder ‒ Pioneer #26 (Austratopia, Vienna) in 1968 and Pioneer of Wonder #28 (Follow, Passau, Germany) in 1969. Abridged translations of the Lancer series of Conan paperbacks were published by Wilhelm Heyne of Munich between 1970 and 1972 with covers by Herbert Bruch. Heyne published unabridged versions of these from 1982 to 1992 with photographic covers taken from the 1982 Conan the Barbarian movie. Heyne also printed translations of Almuric in 1973, The Vultures of Whapeton in 1982, The Pride of Bear Creek in 1986, The Treasure of Tranicos and The Flame Knife in 1992, and The Coming of Conan the Cimmerian in 2003, as well as the 444-page paperback Das Conan Universum (1992), which included (in

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German) REH’s “The Hyborian Age”; articles on Howard, the Hyborian Age, comics, and films; and a bibliography, all by editor Erhard Ringer; articles reprinted from the American fanzine Amra by L. Sprague de Camp, P. Schuyler Miller, Lin Carter, and John Boardman; and an article by Hermann Urbanek (see The Robert E. Howard Bibliography of Secondary Sources, Part XXII below for specific contents). Most of REH’s other fantasy was published in German by Erich Pabel of Rastatt between 1975 and 1982 in a series of 17 Terra Fantasy paperbacks with introductions by Hubert Strassl, who wrote under the name Hugh Walker. There were generally two printings, with the second one identified by “2” in the front cover’s lower left corner. Terra Fantasy #37: Horde aus dem Morgenland (Aug., 1977) had the first appearance of the “Sword Woman” epigraph separate from the story. Some of this fantasy was reprinted by Walipress of Hamburg and Bastei of Bergisch Gladbach between 1978 and 1989. Pabel also published several of Howard’s horror stories in Das Haus des Grauens (1977). See HowardWorks.com for specific contents of these and other REH publications in German.

The most active fantasy fandom group in Germany has been the Follow Fantasy Club (= Fellowship of the Lords of the Lands of Wonder), in 1978 renamed the Erster Deutscher Fantasy Club, in Passau. Follow published the fanzines Follow and Lands of Wonder, the latter becoming the prozine Magira, named after the Sword & Sorcery fantasy world created by its editor Hubert Strassl. Strassl did the most of any German to translate and popularize Howard in Germany through introductions to German REH publications and his editorials and inclusion of Howard’s stories, poems, and letters in Lands of Wonder

Cover by Chris

Achilleos

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(i.e. issues #s 1-3 in 1967 and the 1983 reprint of #s 1-4), Magira (i.e. issues #s 11, 18, 21-36, and 38 between 1972 and 1992), and in the Club’s paperback series Fantasia (i.e. volumes #s 6, 11/12, 17, 18, 19, 27, 28/29, 30/31, 36/37, 93, and 100 from 1980 to 1996); see HowardWorks.com for which has what. Magira #38 (spring, 1992) contained the first appearance of REH’s poem “The Dance with Death.” Lands and Magira sell anywhere from $10 to $70 each, mainly on the sites ABEbooks.de and eBay.de.

Magira #33 (fall, 1980) reprinted an article, from Follow #84, giving the account of a visit to Howard’s hometown of Cross Plains, Texas, in 1979 by a few Austrians (it’s never clear how many), including the article’s author, Jonny Winter. Below is my translation. You have to admire Winter’s good humor about their provincial hosts. Note the confusion the townspeople had between Austrians and Australians, which I believe accounts for the fact that, during a 1986 visit there with their fellow REHupans, Thomas Kovacs and Steve Ghilardi, though Swiss, were continually asked, “Where’s the fella from Australia?” [3] This is the guy they were talking about.

Cover by Nikolai Lutohin

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TO FIND THE ONE AND ONLY CONAN

By Jonny Winter

Cross Plains is located in the heart of Texas, a few dozen miles from Abilene. It is, at just under 1200 residents, a rather small town. The name could come from the fact that Cross Plains, Texas, in the vast Plains, lies at the crossing of two secondary roads. Apart from gravel roads they are the only the streets of the village. The pride of the populace is a traffic light at this same intersection, which given the low traffic is not used but will be, and is the only one for miles around, providing the flair of a metropolis. One of the two streets in the local area is Main Street.

Since in all of Cross Plains, according to American custom, there is no sign saying VISIT THE HOME OF THE FAMOUS ROBERT E. HOWARD or THE PLACE WHERE CONAN WAS BORN, I decided to make inquiries at the drugstore. I was greeted kindly and gave my spiel ‒ name, origin, and intention. The druggist tumbled over himself in his helpfulness and drummed up his woman and children, as well as two or three customers, to help the Australians who asked about Robert E. Howard. When I gently corrected them about Austria, which is in Europe, the riot was even bigger: They had never seen real exotics. Although all knew where Howard's house was, they agreed that to find it was too complicated, and therefore took me across the street to the editorial office of the Cross Plains Review. I was sure they would draw me a sketch. Later I figured out that it was probably just a bad trick to get rid of me while giving the sensation of the year to the newspaper people. Or else they take European mountaineers ‒ Austro- Yetis ‒ to be too stupid for the simple explanation: go two hundred yards down Main Street, at the traffic light go a hundred yards to the right, and then left to the white house.

The editor and the printer of the Cross Plains Review look something like newspaper editors with printers usually look in Westerns: left and right, a window etched with the newspaper name, in between a glass door and inside a wooden gate that separates the audience from the staff‒in my case the sole editor of the newspaper, who therefore was also the chief, and in the full consciousness of his media power sat at a high desk, wearing a green eyeshade and sleeve protectors, while in the background the second employee, an old negro, was cleaning a printing press that was older yet. A considerable part of the Cross Plains population crowded in front of me, behind me, and especially next to me in the newspaper office. The Lord Chief Editor scurried from behind his lectern, a cold glint in his eyes, as if you had prodded him with sharp images of Nessie. He was quick to describe the way to Howard’s house, which lasted a quarter of an hour because he strove diligently in between to draw information out of me, of the kind that would be suitable for printing‒understandable if you know the Cross Plains Review. The two-to-three times-weekly newspaper is restricted exclusively to local news, such as that Mrs. Anthony B. Threstlemaker III yesterday had her appendix removed and under the circumstances you should refrain from visits yet, or that Miss Elvira Gonzales, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Pablo Y. Gonzales, would tomorrow be betrothed to Mr. Aaron T. Feinstein Jr., son of Mr. and Mrs. Aaron T. Feinstein, owner of Feinstein’s Delicatessen‒ interrupted by the latest cereal prices and special offers from the supermarket. Any further news was restricted to the national newspapers, such as the Dallas Daily Mudslinger.

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In between, I was given the opportunity to ask a few questions and learned, for example, that Howard was not buried in Cross Plains, but in Brownwood. (We did not visit the grave because we continued in a different direction). Also, I heard that the only man in the place that had known Howard well had for two or three years charged fans up to $5 for more or less truthful stories about REH. In addition, Howard, a previously unknown writer, was apparently now enjoying a renaissance, but the names of Conan, Breckinridge Elkins, and King Kull were not known there because nobody had ever read anything by Howard, and his home had been inhabited for several years by a certain Floyd Carter (no relation to Jimmy). Also, I received the sad news that the third man of the Cross Plains Review, its owner and publisher, had gone fishing, a sad fact, because I would otherwise, in spite of the huge amount of work, have searched old issues of the newspaper from the archive, specifically those numbers that contained the account of Howard's suicide and various detailed obituaries. But of course they said it would be possible to look up the item for me in a few days, photocopy it, and send it to my home address. And of course we could use the items in our magazines! Now, my eyes began to glitter–very wrongly, as you dear readers will learn in the epilogue.

Finally in possession of a roadmap, we reached Howard’s House (see photo on page 8), talked to Floyd Carter (no relation to Jimmy, he declared). And we messed up his worldview because we insisted that Austria is not surrounded by the Great Barrier Reef. After lunch, some purchases, and unsuccessful attempts with the natives to talk about Howard, we were on our long way back to New York. The highlight of our trip was over, and a certain sadness came over us at the idea that we found that Conan was probably born there, but he certainly never lived in Cross Plains.

EPILOGUE

After our trip to the U.S., we are at least one experience richer, namely that Americans are extremely helpful, friendly, and reliable, just so long as you are close to them. Otherwise the principle is apparently: out of sight, out of mind! Despite a letter sent to the Cross Plains Review, and the text being ready to go, thanking the editors and the general public for their help, including a small donation, and in spite of friendly urgency from Europe, we have not had a word from there for half a year after our visit to Cross Plains. There is a possibility, though unlikely, that a letter carrier, far away from here, between koalas and kangaroos, seeks to deliver photocopies, according to Mr. Winter.

The article contains a photo of the Howard house, and more photos of Cross Plains are in Follow #84.

In one of the Erster Deutscher Fantasy Club’s Fantasia paperbacks, namely the 444-page #30/31: Ein Träumer aus Texas: Leben & Werk Robert E. Howards [A Dreamer from Texas: Robert E. Howard’s Life and Work] of March, 1987, edited by Franz Schröpf, there are, among other things, the 222-page title essay about REH by Bernd Karwath (mostly based on de Camp’s biography Dark Valley Destiny: The Life of Robert E. Howard), ten other articles about Howard and his works by Kovacs and others, German versions of “Musings of a Moron” and “The Ghost of Camp Colorado,” 26 letters from Howard, his father, or E. Hoffmann Price, all in German, and 47 REH poems, most both in English and German. Three of the poems had been overlooked in the compilation of Paul Herman’s bibliography The Neverending Hunt. Three others were only given as “Untitled” and rendered only in German. One poem, “A Dungeon Opens,” made its first appearance in this book. See The Robert E. Howard Bibliography of Secondary Sources, Part XXII below for specific contents.

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Fantasia #93: Rauher Sand und Wilde Eichen [Rough Sand and Wild Oaks] published by the Club in the spring of 1995, contains Howard’s semi-autobiographical novel Post Oaks and Sand Roughs, the story “Spear and Fang,” the poem “A Man” (its first appearance), an article on the boxer Kid Dula, and some drawings, all by Howard, as well as seven letters from or to REH and forewords by long-time REH heir agent and scholar Glenn Lord, Kovacs, and Howard’s sometime girlfriend Novalyne Price Ellis. Everything is in German except for some of the letters, which are in English or both German and English, and Novalyne’s foreword, “Der Mann, der Robert Howard War” (“Robert Howard the Man”), which is in both languages. The latter was written especially for this publication and has never been reprinted. I have reproduced the English version below. Dennis McHaney has suggested that it be used in the upcoming REH Foundation reprint of Post Oaks. I hope it is.

Cover by Bodo Schäfer

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ROBERT E. HOWARD THE MAN

By Novalyne Price Ellis

Robert E. Howard always contended that he hated the business of writing. What he meant by that is different from the way most people understand it. To him the business of writing meant the problem of hunting fur the right market, sending a manuscript out, getting it back for revision in order to begin the cycle all over again. Staying at the typewriter from six to eighteen hours a day “hammering out a story” was the thing he most enjoyed. It was something he had wanted to do all his life. Jobs in stores, working in an office, taking dictation were chores he wanted to avoid at all cost.

During the last two years of his life, 1934 to 1936, we were good friends. I listened to his protestations about the “sorry business of writing,” but I did not take him seriously. People who read his novel Post Oaks and Sand Roughs should realize that as a writer, and a good one, he sometimes exaggerated as all writers do to add clarity and give believ-

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ability to a story.

Yes. The character of Steve Costigan is Robert Ervin Howard. To those of us who called him friend, he was Bob, a selling writer whom we envied. He claimed he was Bob Howard, forced into work he hated.

In the 1930s, in the little town of Cross Plains and in the country near Brownwood, where I had lived all my life, a man or woman sitting at a typewriter all day writing stories was thought to be too lazy to get out and get a real job. That may be one reason why Bob talked about hating being at the typewriter all day.

In his book, Post Oaks and Sand Roughs, Bob paints himself as a very moody person. Like all young people, he did have moods ranging from normal to a stage of feeling low, then to feelings of elation when a story sold or something else happened that he was interested in. What normal young person has not had the same feelings and moods?

I was fortunate to have been friends with all three of the young men given the most prominence in the book: Clyde Smith, Truett Vinson, and Bob Howard. There is much of each of them in this novel. I knew two of Bob's other friends: Lindsey Tyson and Dave Lee, but not well enough to know whether Spike Lafferty is a true picture of Lindsey or not. The Lindsey Tyson I knew was such a nice person, I felt the portrayal of him was not quite accurate. Now, I am not sure because I have learned that Lindsey read the manuscript and helped identify the characters in it. Apparently he didn’t object.

The boxing match between Steve Costigan and Clive Hilton interested me very much. Boxing was their favorite sport. If the fight recounted here was.as bloody and ferocious as it is described, I am amazed that the people in the neighborhood did not come out of their houses to stand in their yards and watch it. Being the mother of one son, I am also amazed that Clyde’s mother allowed the match to last as long as it did.

Bob was a great talker. He talked about politics and the world as he saw it. He loved to talk about books. He was probably the most fluent when he wove stories about people he didn’t know. For example, if we passed a man riding a horse on a cold day, Bob could weave a fantastic story about the man ... where he came from … where he was going ... the things he dreamed of accomplishing in contrast with the things he would accomplish. He made that man a most interesting character. . The memory of him waving his arms and telling a story at the very top of his voice will stay with me forever. I’ve always thought if the stories he wrote was the way he described the people and events around him, those stories had to be fascinating.

Bob’s voice was full, rich, and melodious. You could believe he was telling you a story that had been published although you may have known it was being made up as he went along. His description of the fight with Clive Hilton is interesting and entertaining. But his description of the fight with the roughneck in the drugstore who tried to steal the magazine is more exciting and fascinating. It is realism at its best.

Following the description of the fight with the roughneck, he describes his emotions who as a struggling writer is advised by friends, who did not write, how and what he should do with his writing, his frustration in such cases is understandable. His patience is

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another unpredictable aspect of this book. He does not seem as angry with the friends as he was or should have been in such cases.

Another remark he makes which I’d like to comment on is one that I think is typical of him. He says,

He was tough skinned, but there are sensitive nerves under the toughest skin.

This, I think, is a good characterization of Bob himself. He might pretend not to care what people thought about him, but it seemed to me other people’s opinion mattered very much to him.

Another remark, which I found revealing of his deepest feelings, was that “any writer has powerful and beautiful thoughts.”

Over and over he makes remarks about how much he dislikes writing or “sitting all day at the typewriter.” However, he also makes frequent remarks about liking his work! Another admission he makes that I think is important is that his rejection of religion is a sham. Many people have written and used some of those skeptical remarks about religion to prove he was not religious. I do not think such remarks should be taken too seriously. As he says in this novel he was a believer, but, in real life, it’s true he was not a confirmed church goer.

He goes to great length to compliment Clyde on his poetry. Although Clyde’s poetry is excellent, I think Bob overdoes it; however, he always admired other people and compared himself unfavorably with them. I will give another example of this tendency of his, which is not in the book but is appropriate to mention here. He used to talk about what a great writer E. Hoffmann Price was.1 In each case he talked about what a poor writer he himself was. While I can agree with Bob on the importance of Clyde’s poetry, he failed to mention another writing project of Clyde’s in which he was interested.

Clyde was writing a history of Brownwood and Brown County. It was a different kind of history because Clyde was going around the county interviewing old settlers or their direct descendants and getting their stories of the times and problems they faced when they were the first settlers in the pristine county. Bob was interested in that project because he placed many of his stories in former times. Since Clyde’s stories were told by eyewitnesses, it was and is valuable to anyone interested in the early history of the country. It was valuable to Bob.2

1Edgar Hoffmann Price (l898-1988). (Not related to Novalyne Price Ellis.) Howard’s friend and fellow author. Price and his wife visited Howard from 8 to 11 April 1934 in Cross Plains and a second time in mid-October 1935. Price was the only person who met both Howard and penpal H. P. Lovecraft personally.

Concerning the praise, it must be noted that Price was much influenced in his literary development by Howard.

2This book is Frontier’s Generation by Tevis Clyde Smith self-published in 1931. It appeared again in l980, self-published, in an expanded new edition.

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Most of the time, Bob presents himself as a coward. The fact that he faced the man who stole the magazine indicates that he was not the coward he pretended to be.

Another way Bob presents himself unfairly is his leaving the impression that he went home to let his parents take care of him. When he decided to go home and devote his time to writing, he made a bargain with them. He asked to come home and write. If he was not able to sell anything in a year or two, he would get a job in a store or anywhere he could find one. While he was home, he helped with housework and when his mother became ill, he took the full responsibility of taking care of her. To me, this does not mean that 'he had a mother fixation as some people have suggested.

In the last scene of the book where he talks to Clive and Sebastian before he gets on a bus to begin a round the world journey is a vivid picture of one of his cherished dreams. He dreamed of making a trip around the world. One thing he especially wanted to do was follow the trail that Alexander the Great had followed in his conquest of the ancient world.

Anyone interested in Robert E. Howard the man should not hesitate to read and enjoy Post Oaks and Sand Roughs. In spite of a slight exaggeration now and then and a vivid protest of his weakness and inability, it is an excellent picture of Robert E. Howard. If he exaggerated now and then, anyone writing a self history would do the same thing. However, I believe this book gives a realistic picture of three close friends: Robert Howard, Clyde Smith, and Truett Vinson.

Novalyne Price Ellis Lafayette, Louisiana, fall 1991

David Gentzel reviewed Rauher Sand und Wilde Eichen in his zines in REHupa Mailings #s 150 and 152. He praised the quality of its presentation and attention to detail, especially the inclusion of detailed footnotes, 11 photos of REH, and nice drawings by Bodo Schäfer. Unfortunately, the Fantasia series editor Franz Schröpf made errors he did not give the meticulous translators Kovacs and Karwath a chance to correct, including relegating the longest footnotes to an appendix and not referencing them to the text. “True, there are some items in the English version omitted from the German, such as the poem ‘The Seven-up Ballad’. But overall, the German edition looks like a true labor of love by committed fans. Should a new English edition ever be produced, the publisher would be well advised to study and emulate the German version.” [4]

Fantasia #100: Pfade ins Phantastische [Paths into Fantasy] (May, 1996) incorporated 16 REH poems in English and German. It was published in two volumes with poetry by others. A small number were hardbound.

In 1997, Kovacs self-published Robert E. Howard: A Bibliography (a “panther’s cage publication” in Zurich) of all REH and pastiches published in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland from 1967 to 1996. He revised and updated it in 2005. The print runs were unspecified, but low. The revision is an 8½ × 11¾- inch tape-and-clip-bound softcover book containing a 42-page bibliography and 22 pages of color reproductions of the covers of various books and small press items, as well as an introduction (reproduced below) by Kovacs on the history of Howard publishing in those countries. For each publication, he gives the German and English titles, type, author, and page numbers for each REH-related item, flagging the first appearances of REH-written items (also noted in The Neverending Hunt) in color. Most recently

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(2007) it sold for $238.50.

ROBERT E. HOWARD – A 4 DECADE REVIEW

By Thomas Kovacs

When it comes to Robert E. Howard’s prose, nothing can replace the original. If you want to read Howard, you have to read his own words without the changes that someone for some reason made to his texts. Though seldom intending to change or replace the original, translations are necessary in order to reach a broader audience. Even today lots of people don’t speak English and, translations open Howard’s world of words for them. Nevertheless one should not forget that a translation is basically an alteration – a derivative – of the original text.

The Conan boom following the Lancer paperback editions triggered the first German Howard publications. In 1967 and 1968, two fanzines premiered stories by Howard: Pioneer contained the translations of two Conan yams (“Rogues in the House” and “Shadows in Zamboula”) and in Lands of Wonder several of Howard’s poems were reprinted in English.

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“Pigeons from Hell” came out in a paperback anthology at about the same time. The first “Howard” volume was Conan published by Heyne in 1970. During the following two years, Heyne reprinted all of the Lancer paperbacks with fantastic pulp-like covers by the late German science fiction illustrator Herbert Bruck. The eleven volumes featured original artwork and some ripoffs of Frazetta’s paintings by Bruck.

Yet, there was something wrong with these paperbacks – they were all abridged and heavily censored. In the 1970s, German paperbacks had a standard page count for technical reasons and were cut to either 142 or 158 pages.

Despite heavy truncation and average translation, part of the original Howard-essence remained and got me hooked. After all, this was my first confrontation with Howard apart from reading the early Barry Smith Conan comics by Marvel.

The Conan stories enjoyed quite a success in Germany and all the paperbacks were reprinted several times. Some lived to see as many as six printings in only two years.

The early 1970s were also the days of the pirates. Three of Howard’s horror stories, “The Cobra in the Dream,” “Usurp the Night,” and “The Little People” – were printed in short-lived publications of a “pirate” called Wolfhart Luther. These were unauthorized editions, and according to Glenn Lord “some shady agent from the west coast named Kurt Singer must have sold them to Luther.” Obviously the publisher unknowingly solicited these pirated editions. (Other unauthorized publications were to follow. In the mid-1980s, I stumbled over a Howard western in a paperback anthology that Glenn Lord also wasn’t aware of.)

In 1973, Heyne ventured into non-Conan Howard territory and did a paperback edition of Almuric (of course cut down to an exact 142 pages). It was a quite inaccurate translation, done obviously very “quick & dirty.”

Translating fiction is hard work and doesn’t pay well when doing it for the paperback mass market. As a professional translator you have to find techniques to increase your output in order to increase your salary. One such method is to read a paragraph or even a whole page of the text and write the translation down without bothering to check sentence for sentence with' the original. Applying this method to Howard’s prose can be devastating. What you’re doing is summarizing in one language what you have read in another, re-te1ling the story in your own words. My guess is that Almuric was done pretty much that way.

In the mid-1970s, a real Howard-boom swept over Germany. Publisher Pabel started a fantasy-oriented series entitled Terra Fantasy. Every now and then they would do a Howard volume, and by the time they discontinued the series, 16 Howard paperbacks had come out.

They reprinted the classic Howard heroes like Kull, Bran Mak Morn, Solomon Kane, Cormac Mac Art, Turlogh O’Brien and El Borak. In some cases they even printed the manuscript fragments – an unprecedented procedure for mass market editions in Germany.

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One man was directly responsible for these well translated and Howard-worthy editions: Hubert Strassl came out of fandom and was among the initiators of the fanzine Lands of Wonder which later became Magira.

Terra Fantasy also contained horror stories and straight adventure tales by Howard but obviously sales weren’t satisfying, so the publisher canceled the series. Howard continued to live on in the fanzines, especially in Magira. Hubert Strassl was corresponding with Glenn Lord who gave permission to use several manuscripts.

Despite Terra Fantasy having folded, several Howard stories were already paid for and translated. Strassl used them in his Magira except the collection The Iron Man (and Others).

In 1982 when “Conan the Profitmaker,” Arnold Schwarzenegger, hit the theaters, Heyne decided it was about time to reissue the Conan series. They paid for new translations – unabridged and closer to the original this time – one by Lore Strassl (Hubert Strassl’s wife) who had already worked on the Terra Fantasy editions. The page restrictions were obsolete and, even though the outfit looked average and not very attractive (the covers were mere photos showing scenes from the Conan movie) these were the first real German translations of Conan.

In 1984, Bastei published three Bran Mak Morn volumes, one being the original “Worms of the Earth” collection. (Bran had premiered in Terra Fantasy in the 1970s.) An endless Conan pastiche-wave emerged from Heyne. They tried two Howard-westerns with minor success: A Gent from Bear Creek (1986) and The Vultures (1987). Still trying to stay in Conan’s profitable shadow, they published the Cormac Mac Art pastiche series (1987) including the volume that contained Howard’s stories, Tigers of the Sea which had already had a debut in Terra Fantasy. Bastei did Kull in 1989, translated by Hubert Strassl. This was a one volume reprint with all non-Howard texts excluded.

And that’s almost about it for the professional publications. Every now and then a short story would emerge in an anthology published by Pabel, Heyne, or some other German publisher. One noteworthy Howard paperback is an original collection done by Pabel that includes such beauties as “Pigeons from Hell.”

All this time Magira and another fan publication entitled Fantasia reprinted numerous stories, fragments, poems, and letters by Howard. Most of them were used with direct permission of Glenn Lord although some of them weren’t.

I wrote Glenn in February 1980 and asked for permission to use several stories and poems for my own amateur efforts as a publisher of which only the memorial volume of 1986 Writer of the Dark is worth mentioning.

In 1985 I started corresponding with a guy named Bernd Karwath who was collecting material for an upcoming Howard special in Fantasia. I wrote a few pieces for this edition which is still the only real reference work on Howard in German.

Shortly after this and Writer of the Dark Bernd came up with the idea to translate Post Oaks and Sand Roughs. Since Tevis Clyde Smith, the only person opposed to its publication had died in 1984, it seemed like a realistic project. By sheer coincidence I

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had a copy of the manuscript that Glenn bad given me in June 1986. After clearing the questions of copyright and royalties, we got in touch with the publisher of Fantasia.

What followed was pure madness. Bernd and I devoted an incredible amount of time to this particular translation. We started in 1987. François Truchaud did the French version of Post Oaks and Sand Roughs (Le Rebelle) in 1988 and the original text was published by Donald M. Grant in 1989. At that time we were still translating. Soon our text was ready in a rough version. We went through it countless times, always comparing with Howard’s original passages, always trying to choose the best of all possible translations. We consulted every available dictionary and annoyed Glenn with question after question.

When time for publication final1y came, we had an almost ready to print German text with about 200 footnotes on the whole novel. Unfortunately, Fantasia published the translation in spring 1995 without giving us one last chance to proofread it. So a few errors and typos remain. Despite this small stain, Rauher Sand und wilde Eichen (German title) is purest possible Howard in German.

There’s nothing new on the German Howard front these days. Magira has neglected Howard, and Fantasia does an occasional reprint, mostly poems. Hubert Strassl’s generation is over 60 now and the new kids that grew up with comics’ and Schwarzenegger’s Conan fail to see the connection between Conan and Robert E. Howard. They don’t appreciate the original because they simply don’t know it exists.

And still – there must be a few hard-boiled-enthusiasts out there. At least a handful. That explains why from time to time a story surfaces in a horror anthology like Vampirric or Der Lovecraft-Zirkel.

Thomas Kovacs Summer 2005

Here is my translation of Strassl’s introduction “Robert E. Howard” in Ein Träumer aus Texas, which gives a good summary of the German REH scene:

A few personal notes about Robert E. Howard. It started with Jim Parker – Jim Parker’s Adventures in Space – in the first half of the fifties, as Erich Pabel Publishing published the first Utopia volumes. Since then science fiction has never let go of me. For fantasy brought me into contact with the Vienna Science Fiction Group, especially Edward Lukschandl and Axel Melhardt, with the science fiction paperbacks, and with books and magazines that were originally in English. I was particularly taken by a paperback that by that time was already sold out. It was one of those Ace Double Novel books which, on the back and upside-down, had a second novel. We always read them with great pleasure in the tram because the rear cover gave the casual observer the impression that one held the book upside-down. This very special volume, D-36, was from the year 1953 with Robert E. Howard’s Conan the Conqueror on one side and Leigh Brackett’s The Sword of Rhiannon on the other.

I still count both after all these years as two of my favorite novels. Both gave me an addiction for finding more of this kind. There wasn’t much in the Pocket Books division,

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but the earlier magazines, especially the early pulp magazines, were a revelation: Fantastic Novels, Famous Fantastic Mysteries, Startling Stories [sic], Thrilling Wonder Tales, Unknown Worlds, Weird Tales, and later in the small-size category, Fantastic, since there were humorous Robert Bloch fantasies, Abraham Merritt Lost Race romantic tales, Leigh Brackett and Henry Kuttner science fiction adventures, Fritz Leiber’s Grey Mouser stories, John Jakes’ tales of Brak the Barbarian, and many others, most of which in the meantime had been published in German.

But for Howard, it was difficult. Weird Tales from the twenties and thirties were by then very expensive and rare. First contacts with American Fandom, with George Scithers and the fan magazine Amra, helped, and continued later with Glenn Lord, the agent of the Robert E. Howard heirs.

Only when a box with many unpublished Howard manuscripts was discovered in Otis Adalbert [sic] Kline’s estate and when L. Sprague de Camp extended the Conan series for Lancer Books would the process become easier. Conan and Frank Frazetta, that was a fascinating combination, really fueling one’s passion for collecting. You just had to have it all: Howard illustrated by Roy G. Krenkel. Howard illustrated by Stephen Fabian. The fantastic books from publisher Donald Grant. The many fanzines; Glenn Lord’s permission policy was set up. The unknown adventure and western stories. The poems. The letters. Howard’s fragments were completed by other authors at the end of the sixties as he developed as a posthumous best-selling author.

My preference is for the Howard that appeared in the Follow publications: Lands of Wonder, later Magira, from 1967, a half a year after their founding. The first fantasy stories were translated, especially by Edward Lukschandl, Nikolai Stockhammer and myself for Axel Melhardt’s legendary fanzine Pioneer.

The first Howard story (a Conan tale), “Shadows in Zamboula,” appeared in number 25, the last science fiction issue of the magazine. Taking over from number 26, Edward Lukschandl and I launched the Follow Fantasy Club, designing the magazine, and bringing out, under the title Pioneer of Wonder, four numbers of pure fantasy by Robert E. Howard, Fritz Leiber, and Poul Anderson. Also my first Magira stories appeared therein.

The German professional fantasy market (except in individual novels here and there, such as Leigh Brackett’s Legacy of Mars’s Gods in the Utopia Big Volume Series of the publisher Pabel) was also begun by Robert E. Howard with the publication of the de Camp-edited and expanded Heyne Press Conan series in the early seventies ‒ about the same time, J. R. R. Tolkien’s Lord of the Rings was published. Later Terra Fantasy (1974 to 1980) gave me the opportunity to publish Howard in German. The much non- fantastic material, however, appeared only because a planned Robert E. Howard paperback series did not occur and the material was already purchased. But I am sure that many fantasy readers have also read the pure adventure stories with pleasure.

About this special edition of Fantasia ‒ especially as I did not have the opportunity to celebrate in Magira the Howard anniversary year in 1986 ‒ the 80th year of Robert E. Howard’s birth and the 50th of his death, I want to thank all those who put time and energy into the project, first and foremost Bernd Karwath.

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Without Robert E. Howard and Conan the Conqueror there would likely be no EDFC [Erster Deutscher Fantasy Club] eV. The Dreamer from Texas is the real founder of German fantasy fandom.

Hugh Walker, January 87

Thomas Kovacs was born in 1960 in Hungary, emigrated to Switzerland in 1970, and has worked as a bank employee in Zurich. [5] In June, 1981, Kovacs published (through the Raven Club’s The Sowers of the Thunder press) 300 copies of his 60-page (plus covers) fanzine Wolfshead #0: The Demon of the Full Moon,” which features a cover by Kovacs, Part 1 of his article “Robert E. Howard” in German, the poem “All fled, all done” (in German and English), REH’s poems “Musings” and “The One Black Stain” (both in English), and the story “In the Village of Villefère” in German. It has sold for $12 to $38.

That December he followed it with 330 copies of Wolfshead #1, which he retitled Raven #1, a 58-page (plus covers), plastic-clamp-bound zine with a cover by Thomas Geissmann; 14 film reviews; the REH stories “The Man on the Ground,” “Musings of a Moron,” and “The Sword”; his story fragments “Death’s Black Riders” and “The Black City”; eleven REH poems in German and/or English or Hungarian; a Conan/Bran Mak Morn/James Allison/El Borak bibliography and articles on “Robert E. Howard” (Part 2) and on “Unaussprechlichen Kulten,” all by Kovacs; fan fiction; and B & W art. It sells now for about $21.

In October, 1983, Kovacs published the first appearance of REH’s poem “The Rhyme of the Three Slavers” in the four-page Raven’s Special Folio Poem Edition #1 on folded cardstock (250 signed and numbered copies from The Sowers of the Thunder press), which he included in REHupa Mailing #81 (Aug., 1986). It has sold for from $26 to $178.

Kovacs was a REHupan from 1986 to 1990, and was one of the 10 members who attended the first Howard Day in 1986, which he expounds upon in his first zine. Kovacs had met Glenn Lord during his first visit to Texas in 1981. [6] He did zines in Mailings #84/85, #85, #86, #88, #89, #90, #93, #96, #99, #104, and #107, which included his first bibliography of German language REH publications. He published the first appearance of REH’s poem “Neolithic Love Song” (36 two-page, signed and numbered copies; Oct., 1987) sold at the 13th World Fantasy Convention and reproduced in Mailing #88. It sold for $37 in 2005. He then published the second appearance of Howard’s poem “The Return of the Sea-farer” (25 copies sold at the 46th World Science Fiction Convention) and reproduced it in his zine in Mailing #88 (Sep., 1988). The original sold for $222.50 in 2003. Kovacs was also co-publisher, with Vern Clark and Steve Trout, of The Ballad of King Geraint (Gibbelins Gazette Publications and Kovacs’s Barnswoggle Press) in REHupa Mailing #100 (Nov., 1989).

From then on Kovacs used his Dark Carneval Press of Zurich. He edited and published 100 copies of the 46-page softback Spears of Clontarf (100 copies with a cover by Kovacs and illustrated by Bodo Schäfer) in May, 1986. It sells now for about $75.

In October, 1986, Kovacs printed the softback anthology Writer of the Dark. It contains a foreword by Kovacs, an introduction by Glenn Lord, six stories (of which “The Ghost with the Silk Hat” and “The Mark of the Bloody Hand” are first appearances), ten poems (of which four are first appearances), and one letter (a first appearance), with all the others being rarely seen pieces. This 180-page perfectbound book was published in two versions: 200 copies with orange-red covers and 200 with tan covers, though 80 of the latter were destroyed in a flood; another 100 copies were not bound. The front cover of the orange-red version had a drawing of a rat and the back cover a drawing of a top hat and spike, both by

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Schäfer and Kovacs. The tan version had no cover art because by then it had been lost. The orange-red version, numbered #1 through #200, now sells for about $175 each and the tan version, numbered #201 through #400, now sells for about $100 each. Two of the 100-copy set were then hardbound; one is owned by Kovacs and the second was given to Lord.

Lastly, Kovacs put out 1000 copies of a 224-page large-size hardback anthology entitled Winds of Time in May, 2007, incorporating an introduction by Lord, one essay in German by Walker, three essays by Karwath (two in English and one in German), and 38 Howard poems in both English and German, with color cover and B & W illustrations by Hubert Schweizer. It has sold for from $47 to $80.

Other REH-related publications in German are Janus Rex #1 (1978 German magazine containing a feature on REH’s life, career, style, and characters by Walker), Mythor #s 39 & 40 (1980-1981 Pabel magazines including an article on Howard and the poem “All Fled, All Done” in English and German), Comic Forum #15 (1982 Austrian prozine featuring articles on Howard, Conan, Marvel Conan comics, and the Conan the Barbarian movie) and the REH poem “Cimmeria” in English and German), and Science Fiction Times #5 (1982 German magazine containing parts of the REH poems “Recompense” and “Black Chant Imperial”). See The Robert E. Howard Bibliography of Secondary Sources, Part XXII below for specific contents.

In 2012, Christian Schneider published the study “Disreputable Heroes: A Re-examination of Robert E. Howard and His Literature” [7], which updated German readers on recent western REH scholarship and criticizes an article by Hans Joachim Alpers [8] that equated Sword & Sorcery with Fascism. Later commentaries on Howard and Fascism have been made by Bowden [9], Scherpenhuizen [10], Burger [11], and Breakiron. [12]

ITALY

Translations of works by Howard have been published in Italy by Agpha Press, Arnoldo Mondadori, Campagnia del Fantastico/Gruppo Newton, Casa Editrice La Tribuna, Il Cerchio Iniziative, Editrice Nord, Fanucci, Grandi Tascabili Economici Newton, Nexus Editrice, Oscar Mondadori, and Sugar. [13]

In Italy, Yorick Fantasy Magazine was founded in 1987 in Reggio Emilia and is still going strong. It has been edited by Massimo Tassi and is dedicated to fantasy literature, in particular pieces by and articles on Howard, Lovecraft, Clark Ashton Smith, Tolkien, and Emilio Salgari. It’s a large bedsheet magazine printed in tabloid-style newspaper format on glossy paper graced by fine illustrations. Issues containing REH are #s 4/5 through 28/29 and 32/33 and are listed at HowardWorks.com. Critic S. T. Joshi reviewed issues #s 10/11 and 12/13 [14] and Vern Clark reviewed #14/15 [1], both favorably. Subscription to Yorick gave you access to special materials published by the Howard Club, which issued seven Taccuini [Notebooks] between 1995 and 1999 that contained pieces by and articles related to REH. [15] Articles on REH are listed below in The Robert E. Howard Bibliography of Secondary Sources, Part XXII.

In 1992 Yorick published Il segno del serpente [The Sign of the Snake], edited by Massimo Davoli, Lorenzo Mussini, Tassi, and Dario Tedeschi. A 136-page (plus covers) 6.7 × 9.4-inch perfectbound paperback, it had (all in Italian) four REH stories (“The Sign of the Snake,” “A Song of the Race,” “Wild Water,” and “Bastards All!”), articles about Howard by Davoli and Tassi (“The Imaginative Howard”), L. Sprague de Camp (“Skald of the Post Oaks”), Glenn Lord (“The Writing Game”), Mariella Bernacchi (“Kull, the Sad King”), Giuseppi Lippi (“Every Man and His Hero”), Gianluigi Zuddas (“Solomon Kane: A Literary Restoration”), and Franco Spiritelli (“Works of Robert Howard in the Comics”), with an introduction by Gianfranco de Turris and B & W art. It sells now for about $24. Vern Clark published a

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review of it in his REHupa zine. He says Il segno “offers a fine tribute to the continuing impact of Robert E. Howard’s work on readers around the world. … While Howard’s place has not yet been established yet by European critics, the beginnings of literary recognition for Howard are starting to arrive. An excellent example illustrating Howard’s growing critical recognition is [this] volume of essays and fiction.” [16, p. 26]

In 2011, Paoli Bertetti published the book Conan il mito: identità e metamorfosi di un personaggio seriale tra letteratura, fumetto, cinema e television [Conan the Myth: Identity and Metamorphosis of a Character from the Serial Literature, Comics, Film and Television] (Edizioni ETS) on Conan’s origins, history, and changes as he has been portrayed in books, comics, films, TV shows, and role-playing & video games.

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SPAIN

Translations of Howard’s fantasy and horror have been published in Spanish by Alfaguara, Anaya, Bruguera, Enigma, La Factoria de Ideas, Forum, Martinez Roca, Mateu, Miraguano, Obelisco, Quepuntoes Crom, Timon Mas, and Valdemar (see HowardWorks.com).

Javier Martín Lalanda of the University of Salamanca, in his book La canción de las espadas: fantasia heroica en Robert E. Howard [The Song of the Swords: Heroic Fantasy of Robert E. Howard] (Tiempo de Ediciones, Madrid, 1983), covers REH’s life, his heroic fantasy characters and stories, the Hyborian Age, supernaturalism in Conan, the 1982 Conan the Barbarian film, REH in comics and art; and Spanish translations. Two chapters from it are reprinted in English in Josep Parache’s zine at REHupan Frank Coffman’s REHeapa site. [17] In 2009, Martín Lalanda revised and enlarged the book as Cuando cantan las Espadas: La fantasia heroica de Robert E. Howard [When the Swords Sing: The Heroic Fantasy of Robert E. Howard] (La Biblioteca del laberinto, Madrid). Cuando contains four short essays and a book- length overview and analysis of all of REH’s fiction, but concentrating on his fantasy and horror.

Other books in Spanish relating to REH are Conan. Un estudio sobre el mito [Conan: A Study of the Myth] (Sociedad Cultural Metrópolis Milenio, 1999) by Léon Arsenal, Eugenio Sánchez Arrate, and José Miguel Pallarés, and Conan and Guía de la Era Hiboria [Guide to the Hyborian Age] (ed. Alberto Santos; Cyber Fantasy, 1999) by Juan Carlos García Herranz and Arrate.

In 2011 Manuel Barrero published the book Conan. La imagen de un mito [Conan: The Image of a Myth] (Dolmen Comics), which traces the treatment and manipulation of Conan as a character from literature through the comics to the films, and examines the imagery and appeal of Conan and REH’s other heroes.

The major Spanish site on fantasy literature is http://www.tebeosfera.com/1/Libris/REH/Sumario.htm, which includes write-ups on REH and all his fantasy heroes and worlds in books, magazines, comics, movies, and television, and English and Spanish bibliographies of Howard story appearances, by Martín Lalanda, Eduardo Martínez-Pinna, Barrero, and Carlos Yáñez. REH-related Spanish fanzines include Berserkr (seven issues), Bucanero (only issues #s 1-3 contained REH stories), Cimmeria (four issues), Galaxia (issues #s 1, 2, 3, and 6 contained REH), and Weird Tales de Lhork (27 issues published by Eugenio Fraile from 1992 to 2004). [18] Barrero has published a book and DVD on art, comics, movies, animation, and fanzines inspired by Howard entitled REH: Reinos Heroicos (Sword Studio, 2005).

REFERENCES

[1] Clark, Vernon M., Review of Yorick Fantasy Magazine #14/15 in The Dark Man #3 (ed. Rusty Burke; Necronomicon Press, West Warwick, R.I., Apr., 1993), pp. 27-28; reprinted in Clark’s Dreams from Yoharneth-Lahai #55, pp. 24-25 in REHupa Mailing #123 (Oct., 1993)

[2] Breakiron, Lee A., “An American Barbarian Storms France,” in The Nemedian Chroniclers #20, pp. 1-51 in REHupa Mailing #254 (Aug., 2015); reprinted at REHeapa (www.robert-e-howard.org; spring, 2016)

[3] Cavalier, Bill, “How Robert E. Howard Saved My Life,” in The Cimmerian, Vol. 3, #6 (Leo Grin, Playa del Rey, Cal., June, 2006), p. 14

[4] Gentzel, David, in Busted Ribs and Broken English, Vol. 2, #1, p. 1 in REHupa Mailing #150 (Apr.,

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1998)

[5] Kovacs, Thomas, Nevermore #2 in REHupa Mailing #86 (July, 1987)

[6] Kovacs, Thomas, The Sowers of the Thunder in REHupa Mailing #84/85 (Jan./Feb., 1987)

[7] Schneider, Christian, “Disreputable Heroes: A Re-examination of Robert E. Howard and His Literature,” in Inklings: Jahrbuch für Literatur und Aesthetik, Vol. 29 (ed. Dieter Petzold; Peter Lang, Frankfurt, Germany, 2012), pp. 253-273

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[8] Alpers, Hans Joachim, “Lendenschurz, Doppelaxt, und Magie: Heroic Fantasy und verwandte Gattungen” in Die triviale Phantasie: Beitrage zur Verwertbarkeit von Science Fiction (ed. Weigand, Jorg; Asgard-Verlag, Bonn, 1976), pp. 29-58; reprinted in English as “Loincloth, Double Ax, and Magic: Heroic Fantasy and Related Genres” in Science Fiction Studies #14, Vol. 5, Part 1 (DePauw Univ., Green-castle, Ind., Mar., 1978), pp. 19-32; posted at http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/ 14/alpers14art.htm

[9] Bowden, Jonathan, Pulp Fascism: Right-Wing Themes in Comics, Graphic Novels, & Popular Literature (ed. Greg Johnson; Counter-Currents Publishing Ltd., San Francisco, 2013), pp. 56-103

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[10] Scherpenhuizen, David, “Conan der Übermensch” in REH: Two-Gun Raconteur #18, Vol. 1, #18 (ed. Damon C. Sasser; The Black Coast Press, Spring, Tex., summer, 2015), pp. 19-21

[11] Burger, Patrick R., On the Precipice of Fascism: The Mythic and the Political in the Work of Robert E. Howard and Ernst Jünger (Pre-Raphelite Brotherhood Publishing, Lunenburg, Ontario, Canada, 2016); abstract cited in The Dark Man, Vol. 8, #1 (2015)

[12] Breakiron, Lee A., “Letter: Robert E. Howard and Fascism,” REH: Two-Gun Raconteur #19 (ed. Damon C. Sasser, The Black Coast Press, Spring, Tex., summer, 2016), in press

[13] http://www.HowardWorks.com/italian.html

[14] Joshi, S. T., Review of Yorick Fantasy Magazine, #s 10/11 & 12/13 in The Dark Man #3 (ed. Rusty Burke; Necronomicon Press, West Warwick, R.I., Apr., 1993), p. 27

[15] http://www.oocities.org/yorickfantasy/

[16] Clark, Vernon M., Review of Il segno del serpente, Supplement to Yorick Fantasy Magazine #12/13 (ed. Massimo Davoli et al.; Yorick Fantasy Magazine, Reggio Emilia, Italy, 1992) in The Dark Man #3 (ed. Rusty Burke; Necronomicon Press, West Warwick, R.I., Apr., 1993), pp. 28-30; reprinted in Clark’s Dreams from Yoharneth-Lahai #55, pp. 25-28 in REHupa Mailing #123 (Oct., 1993)

[17] Martín Lalanda, Javier, La canción de las espanadas: fantasia heroica en Robert E. Howard (Tiempo de Ediciones, Madrid, 1983); chapter “The Howardian Hero as a Berserkr” reprinted in English in Josep Parache’s Howardiana #3, Vol. 1, #3 (summer, 2002), 4 pp. at REHeapa (http://www.robert-e-howard.org); chapter “Reflections about the Death of Robert E. Howard” reprinted in English in Parache’s Howardiana #5, Vol. 1, #5 (summer, 2003), 4 pp. at REHeapa

[18] Barrero, Manuel and Yáñez, Carlos, http://www.tebeosfera.com/

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THE ROBERT E. HOWARD BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SECONDARY SOURCES, PART XXII

The list of articles below is complete insofar as it contains all items relating to Howard, excepting those by Howard himself (being primary references and cataloged elsewhere) and those inspired by Howard, such as poems by others (being primary references by those authors). It is in alphabetical order by author and then by title. The abstract, if any, is in brackets.

I) Publications in German

AUTHOR REFERENCE

Anonymous “Robert E. Howard Bibliographie” [bibliography of German REH books] in Magira #23/24 (Follow, Passau, West Germany, Dec., 1975), pp. 94-97

Blosser, Fred “The Bard from the Shadow” reprinted in German in Fantasia #11/12 (Erster Deutscher Fantasy Club, Passau, West Germany), pp. 39-46 (Nov., 1981) & in Fantasia #30/31: Ein Traümer aus Texas: Leben & Werk Robert E. Howards (ed. Franz Schröpf; Erster Deutscher Fantasy Club, Passau, West Germany, Mar., 1987), pp. 127-132

Boardman, John “Ocean Trade in the Hyborian Age” [incl. piracy] in Amra, Vol. 2, #13 (George H. Scithers, Arlington, Va., Sep., 1960), pp. 8-12; reprinted in The Conan Swordbook: 27 Examinations of Heroic Fantasy, ed. L. Sprague de Camp & George H. Scithers (Mirage Press, Baltimore, 1969), pp. 221-224 & in The Blade of Conan, ed. L. Sprague de Camp (Ace Books, New York, 1979), pp. 45-50; reprinted in German in Conan der Pirat (Wilhelm Heyne, Munich, 1982), pp. 298-303 & in Das Conan Universum (ed. Erhard Ringer; Wilhelm Heyne, Munich, 1992), pp. 256-263

Brackett, Leigh “Die Schwarze Agnes” [REH’s Black Agnes stories; in German] in Magira #31 (Erste Deutsche Fantasy Club, Passau, West Germany, Dec., 1978), pp. 39-44

Carter, Lin “The Real Hyborian Age” [recently discovered prehistoric civilizations almost as old as those invented by REH] in Amra, Vol. 2, #56 (ed. George H. Scithers; Terminus, Owlswick, & Ft. Mudge Electrick St. Railway Gazette, Philadelphia, June, 1972), pp. 4-10; reprinted in The Blade of Conan, ed. L. Sprague de Camp (Ace Books, New York, 1979), pp. 67-76; reprinted in German in Das Conan Universum (ed. Erhard Ringer; Wilhelm Heyne, Munich, 1992), pp. 357-367 de Camp, L. Sprague “Editing Conan” [his aims & experiences editing the Gnome & Lancer REH books, noting inconsistencies in the Conan stories] in Amra, Vol. 2, #48 (ed. George H. Scithers; Terminus, Owlswick, & Ft. Mudge Electrick St. Railway Gazette, Eatontown, N.J., mid Aug., 1968), pp. 4-9; reprinted in The Conan Swordbook: 27 Examinations of Heroic Fantasy (ed. L. Sprague de Camp & George H. Scithers; Mirage Press, Baltimore, 1969), pp. 81-91 & in The Blade of Conan (ed. L. Sprague de Camp; Ace Books, New York, 1979), pp. 113- 121; translated into German as “Robert E. Howard’s Conan” in Magira #34

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(Erste Deutsche Fantasy Club, Passau, West Germany, summer, 1983), pp. 12- 17 de Camp, L. Sprague “An Exegesis of Howard’s Hyborian Tales” [list of proper & place names with inferred derivations], Part 1, in Amra, Vol. 2, #4 (George H. Scithers, Stanford, Cal., June, 1959), pp. 24-28; Part 2, in #5 (early July, 1959), pp. 13- 23; & Part 3, in #6 (Sep., 1959), pp. 10-23; see de Camp’s addenda in Amra #s 6, 40, 45, & 51; his correction in #45; P. Schuyler Miller’s correction in his “Lord of the Black Throne” in #14; John Boardman’s addition in #45; & Thomas M. Izbicki & Boardman’s letters in #46; reprinted in The Conan Reader (ed. L. Sprague de Camp; Mirage Press, Baltimore, 1968), pp. 94-148; expanded to include pastiches as “Hyborian Names” in Conan the Swordsman by de Camp, Lin Carter, & Björn Nyberg (Bantam, New York, 1978), pp. 205-274; reprinted in German in Das Conan Universum (ed. Erhard Ringer; Wilhelm Heyne, Munich, 1992), pp. 264-347 de Camp, L. Sprague “Hyborian Technology” [practical elements of society in Conan’s time] in Amra, Vol. 2, #23 (ed. George H. Scithers; Terminus, Owlswick, & Ft. Mudge Electrick St. Railway Gazette, Arlington, Va., Jan., 1963), pp. 7-17; reprinted in The Conan Reader (ed. L. Sprague de Camp; Mirage Press, Baltimore, 1968), pp. 28-42 & in The Blade of Conan (ed. de Camp; Ace Books, New York, 1979), pp. 51-65; reprinted in German in Magira #29/30 (Erster Deutscher Fantasy Club, Passau, West Germany, Jan., 1978), pp. 49-58 & in Conan (by REH, de Camp, & Lin Carter; Wilhelm Heyne, Munich, 1982), pp. 301-318 & in Das Conan Universum (ed. Erhard Ringer; Wilhelm Heyne, Munich, 1992), pp. 234-255 de Camp, L. Sprague Introduction [REH’s life, fiction, & books] to Conan (by REH, de Camp, & Carter; Lancer Books, New York, 1967), pp. 9-15; reprinted by Ace (1967) & Sphere (1974); reprinted in French by J. C. Lattès (Paris, 1972), pp. 9-15; reprinted in German by Wilhelm Heyne (Munich, 1982), pp. 11-17; reprinted in French by J’Ai Lu (Paris, 1984), pp. 5-11 & by Le Francq (Brussels, 1998), pp. 23-27 de Camp, L. Sprague Introduction [in German] to Conan (by REH, L. Sprague de Camp, & Lin Carter; Wilhelm Heyne, Munich, 1970), p. 7; reprinted by Heyne in Conan von Cimmeria (by REH, de Camp, & Carter; 1970), p. 8 & in Conan der Freibeuter (by REH & de Camp; 1970), p. 9 & in Conan der Wanderer (by REH, de Camp, & Carter; 1971), p. 8 & in Conan der Abenteurer by REH & de Camp; 1971), p. 8 & in Conan der Krieger (by REH & de Camp; 1971), p. 8 & Conan der Usurpator (by REH & de Camp; 1971), p. 8 & Conan der Eroberer (by REH; 1972), p. 5 & Conan der Rächer (by REH, Björn Nyberg, & de Camp;1972), p. 8 de Camp, L. Sprague Introduction [his & Lin Carter’s collaborations on the Conan saga, REH’s Hyborian world, & publ. about REH & Conan] to Conan of Cimmeria (by REH, L. Sprague de Camp, & Lin Carter; Lancer Books, New York, 1969), pp. 9-14; reprinted by Ace (1969) & Sphere (1974); reprinted in French in Conan le Cimmérien by J’ai Lu (Paris, 1982), pp. 9-16 & by J. C. Lattès (Paris, 1985), pp. 5-11; reprinted in German in Conan von Cimmerien (Wilhelm

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Heyne, Munich, 1982), pp. 15-17; reprinted in French in Conan (Le Francq, Brussels, 1998), pp. 201-205 de Camp, L. Sprague Introduction [the Conan saga] to Conan the Adventurer (by REH & L. Sprague de Camp; Lancer Books, New York, 1966), pp. 9-11; reprinted by Ace (1966) & Sphere (1973); reprinted in German in Conan der Abenteurer (Wilhelm Heyne, Munch, 1983), pp. 11-13 de Camp, L. Sprague Introduction [Conan’s life, & publ. of his stories] to Conan the Avenger (by REH, Björn Nyberg, & L. Sprague de Camp; Lancer Books, New York, 1968), pp. 9-13; reprinted by Ace (1968) & Sphere (1974); reprinted in German in Conan der Rächer (Wilhelm Heyne, Munich, 1984), pp. 11-17; reprinted in French in Conan le vengeur (J’ai Lu, Paris, 1992), pp. 7-12 de Camp, L. Sprague Introduction [heroic fantasy, REH’s strengths & weaknesses as a writer, & Conan’s career] to Conan the Conqueror (by REH; Lancer Books, New York, 1967), pp. 9-11; reprinted by Sphere (1974) & Ace (1981); reprinted in German in Conan der Eroberer (Wilhelm Heyne, Munich, 1984), pp. 11-14; reprinted in French in Conan le conquérant (J’ai Lu, Paris, 1988), pp. 7-11 de Camp, L. Sprague Introduction [the Conan saga, incl. pastiches, & a reprint of John D. Clark’s intro. to Conan the Conqueror] to Conan the Freebooter (by REH & L. Sprague de Camp; Lancer, New York, 1968), pp. 9-14; reprinted by Sphere (1974) & Ace (1968); reprinted in French in Conan le flibustier by J. C. Lattès (Paris, 1982), pp. 9-15 & by J’ai Lu (Paris, 1985), pp. 7-13; reprinted in German in Conan der Pirat (Wilhelm Heyne, Munich, 1982), pp. 11-16; reprinted in French in Conan (Le Francq, Brussels, 1998), pp. 371-376 de Camp, L. Sprague Introduction [Conan’s life & stories] to Conan the Usurper (by REH & L. Sprague de Camp; Lancer Books, New York, 1967), pp. 9-12; reprinted by Ace (1967) & Sphere (1974); reprinted in German in Conan der Thronräuber (Wilhelm Heyne, Munich, 1984), pp. 11-14 de Camp, L. Sprague Introduction [his & Carter’s collaborations on Conan stories] to Conan the Wanderer (by REH, L. Sprague de Camp, & Lin Carter; Lancer Books, New York, 1968), pp. 9-12; reprinted by Ace (1968) & Sphere (1974); reprinted in French in Conan le vagabond by J. C. Lattès (Paris, 1982), pp. 9-12 & by J’ai Lu (Paris, 1985), pp. 5-9; reprinted in French in Conan l’usurpateur (J. C. Lattès, Paris, 1982), pp. 9-12; reprinted in German in Conan der Wanderer (Wilhelm Heyne, Munich, 1982), pp. 11-14; reprinted in French in Conan (Le Francq, Brussels, 1998), pp. 583-585 de Camp, L. Sprague Introduction [Conan’s life] to Conan the Warrior (by REH & L. Sprague de Camp; Lancer Books, New York, 1967), pp. 9-10; reprinted by Ace (1967) & Sphere (1973); reprinted in German in Conan der Krieger (Wilhelm Heyne, Munich, 1983), pp. 11-13 de Camp, L. Sprague “Memories of REH” [de Camp’s & Alan Nourse’s trip to Brownwood & Cross Plains, Tex., in spring, 1965; sketch of REH’s life; & his relations with his father, supposedly indicating neurosis & sexual maladjustment] in Amra, Vol.

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2, #38 (ed. George H. Scithers; Terminus, Owlswick, & Ft. Mudge Electrick St. Railway Gazette, Germany, Feb., 1966), pp. 15-20; reprinted in The Conan Reader (ed. L. Sprague de Camp; Mirage Press, Baltimore, 1968), pp. 12-20 & in The Blade of Conan (ed. L. Sprague de Camp; Ace Books, New York, 1979), pp. 91-98; incorporated into “The Miscast Barbarian” in Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers (Arkham House Publishers, Sauk City, Wis., 1976), pp. 135-177; reprinted in German in Conan von Cimmerien (by REH, Lin Carter, & de Camp; Wilhelm Heyne, Munich, 1982), pp. 259-267 de Camp, L. Sprague & “Conan in Chronologischer Reihenfolge (erscheinen im Heyne Verlag)” Ringer, Erhard [Conan books in German by REH & others in order of Conan’s life chronology as published by Heyne Press, Munich] in Conan Universum (ed. Erhard Ringer; Wilhelm Heyne, Munich, 1992), pp. 187-191

Dodd, Mead & Co. Letter to Howard, Robert E., dated 13 Sep., 1928 [rejecting what is prob. his Post Oaks and Sand Roughs] reprinted in Glenn Lord’s Ultima Thule #2, p. 4 in The Hyperborian [sic] League Mailing #3 (Apr., 1976) & in Bicentennial Tribute to Robert E. Howard (George T. Hamilton, Yorba Linda, Cal., 1976), p. 31 & in Glenn Lord’s Ultima Thule (Joe Marek & Mona Marek, Omaha, 2000), p. 10 & in latter’s reprint by Rob Roehm (Lulu.com, 2007) & in The Howard Review #5 (Dennis McHaney, Memphis, Nov., 1976), p. 5 & in Vernon M. Clark’s Dreams from Yoharneth-Lahai #38, p. 22 in REHupa Mailing #89 (Jan., 1988) & in Fantasia #93: Rauher Sand und wilde Eichen (ed. Franz Schröpf; Erster Deutscher Fantasy Club, Passau, West Germany, spring, 1995) in English on p. 167 & in German on p. 174

Ellis, Novalyne Price “Robert E. Howard the Man” [personal reminiscences about REH; in German & English] in Fantasia #93: Rauher Sand und wilde Eichen (ed. Franz Schröpf; Erster Deutscher Fantasy Club, Passau, West Germany), pp. 11-18 (spring, 1995)

Gettmann, Patric “Conan ‒ Ein Kind unserer Zivilizationsmüdigkeit” [“Conan ‒ A Child of Civilization Weariness”; on Marvel Conan comics, incl. German translations & a bibliography; in German] in Comic Forum #15 (ed. Wolfgang Alber et al.; Hans Jentzsch & Co., Vienna, Sep., 1982), pp. 24-30

Holbein, Wolfgang Foreword [in German] to Conan (Wilhelm Heyne, Munich, 2003), pp. 7-10

Howard, Allan “Conan on Crusade” [REH’s crusader stories] in Amra, Vol. 2, #24 (ed. George H. Scithers; Terminus, Owlswick, & Ft. Mudge Electrick St. Railway Gazette, Arlington, Va., mid-May, 1963), pp. 13-18; reprinted in The Conan Swordbook: 27 Examinations of Heroic Fantasy, ed. L. Sprague de Camp & George H. Scithers (Mirage Press, Baltimore, 1969), pp. 65-73 & in The Blade of Conan (ed. L. Sprague de Camp; Ace Books, New York, 1979), pp. 99-106; reprinted in German in Magira #23/24 (Follow, Passau, West Germany, Dec., 1975), pp. 18-23

Howard, Isaac M. Letter to E. Hoffmann Price, dated 21 June, 1944 [reminiscing about REH & his interests, mentioning suicide note] reprinted in The Howard Collector #14, Vol. 3, #2 (Glenn Lord, Pasadena, Tex., spring, 1971), p. 17-20 & in The

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Howard Collector (ed. Glenn Lord; Ace Books, New York, 1979), pp. 213- 218 & in Rob Roehm’s Onion Tops #22, pp. 20-22 in REHupa Mailing #211 (June, 2008); reprinted in German in Magira #25 (Follow, Passau, West Germany, summer, 1976), pp. 60-63; partially reprinted in Burke, Rusty, “The Note” in The Cimmerian, Vol. 3, #1 (Leo Grin, Playa del Rey, Cal., Jan., 2006), pp. 5-12 & in “La Dernière Lettre” in French in Échos de Cimmérie: Hommage à Robert Ervin Howard (1906-1936) (ed. Fabrice Tortey; Les Éditions de l’Oeil du Sphinx, Paris, 2009), pp. 121-127

Karwath, Bernd Afterword [in German] in Fantasia #93: Rauher Sand und wilde Eichen (ed. Franz Schröpf; Erster Deutscher Fantasy Club, Passau, West Germany, spring, 1995), pp. 177-182

Karwath, Bernd “Bilder im Feuer” [“Pictures in the Fire”; in German] in Winds of Time (Thomas Kovacs, Zurich, Switzerland, 2007), pp. 153-221

Karwath, Bernd “Epilogue: Afterthoughts on ‘The Tempter’” in Winds of Time (Thomas Kovacs, Zurich, Switzerland, 2007), pp. 141-151

Karwath, Bernd “Der Flug des Pegasus” [“The Flight of Pegasus”; in German] in Fantasia #30/31: Ein Traümer aus Texas: Leben & Werk Robert E. Howards (ed. Franz Schröpf; Erster Deutscher Fantasy Club, Passau, West Germany, Mar., 1987), pp. 25-30

Karwath, Bernd “Ein Traümer aus Texas” [“A Dreamer from Texas”; biography of REH based mainly on de Camp’s Dark Valley Destiny: The Life of Robert E. Howard; in German] in Fantasia #30/31: Ein Traümer aus Texas: Leben & Werk Robert E. Howards (ed. Franz Schröpf; Erster Deutscher Fantasy Club, Passau, West Germany, Mar., 1987), pp. 211-432

Karwath, Bernd “Loomings” in Winds of Time (Thomas Kovacs, Zurich, Switzerland, 2007), pp. 11-13

Karwath, Bernd “Writer of the Dark” in Fantasia #36/37 (Erster Deutscher Fantasy Club, Passau, West Germany, Mar., 1988), pp. 57-61

Killian, Peter “Robert E. Howard” [bio & career sketch & sketch of Hyborian Age geography w/maps; in German] in Comic Forum #15 (ed. Wolfgang Alber et al.; Hans Jentzsch & Co., Vienna, Sep., 1982), pp. 17-18

Kovacs, Thomas “Auf den Spuren Bob Howards” [“On Bob Howard’s Trail”; in German] in Fantasia #30/31: Ein Traümer aus Texas: Leben & Werk Robert E. Howards (ed. Franz Schröpf; Erster Deutscher Fantasy Club, Passau, West Germany, Mar., 1987), pp. 31-44

Kovacs, Thomas “Der unbekannte Howard” [“The Unknown Howard”; in German] in Fantasia #30/31: Ein Traümer aus Texas: Leben & Werk Robert E. Howards (ed. Franz Schröpf; Erster Deutscher Fantasy Club, Passau, West Germany, Mar., 1987), pp. 53-58

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Kovacs, Thomas “Fear Dunn ‒ The Dark Man” [in German] in Fantasia #30/31: Ein Traümer aus Texas: Leben & Werk Robert E. Howards (ed. Franz Schröpf; Erster Deutscher Fantasy Club, Passau, West Germany, Mar., 1987), pp. 45-48

Kovacs, Thomas Foreword [in German] to Fantasia #93: Rauher Sand und wilde Eichen (ed. Franz Schröpf; Erster Deutscher Fantasy Club, Passau, West Germany, spring, 1995), pp. 5-7

Kovacs, Thomas Foreword to Writer of the Dark (Dark Carneval Press, Zurich, 1986), pp. ii & iii

Kovacs, Thomas “Namenlose Kulte!” [“Nameless Cults!”; discussion of REH’s Unaussprechlichen Kulten; in German] in The Raven #1 (ed. Denes & Thomas Kovacs; The Sowers of the Thunder, Zurich, Dec., 1981), pp. 55-56

Kovacs, Thomas “Robert E. Howard, Part I” [in German] in Wolfshead #0 (The Sowers of the Thunder, Zurich, June, 1981), pp. 4-10

Kovacs, Thomas “Robert E. Howard, Part II” [bibliography of the orig. publ. of the Conan, Bran Mak Morn, James Allison, and El Borak stories w/comments; in German] in The Raven #1 (The Sowers of the Thunder, Zurich, Dec., 1981), pp. 34-36

Kovacs, Thomas Robert E. Howard: A Bibliography [REH pubs. in German] (Thomas Kovacs, Zurich, 1997, rev. 2005), 78 pp. incl. Kovacs’s “Robert E. Howard – A 4 Decade Review” [survey of German REH pubs.], pp. 5-7

Liebelt, Wolfgang “REH ̶ Sein Leben und sein Tod” [REH’s life & death; in German] in Magira #23/24 (Follow, Passau, West Germany, Dec., 1975), pp. 61-70

Lord, Glenn Foreword to Post Oaks and Sand Roughs (Donald M. Grant, Hampton Falls, N.H., 1990], pp. 5-7; reprinted in German in Fantasia #93: Rauher Sand und wilde Eichen (ed. Franz Schröpf; Erster Deutscher Fantasy Club, Passau, West Germany, spring, 1995), pp. 8-9

Luif, Kurt “Robert E. Howard” [bio & career sketch; in German] in Mythor (ed. Ernst Vlcek; Erich Pabel, Rastatt, West Germany) #39 (Jan., 1981), pp. 3-4 & #40 (Jan., 1981), pp. 3-4

Lukschandl, Eduard “Über Robert Ervin Howard” [on REH; in German] in Herr von Valusien (by REH & Carter; Erich Pabel, Rastatt, West Germany, 1976), pp. 130-145

McWilliams, A. S. Letter to Howard, Robert E., dated 20 Feb., 1928 in ?; reprinted in German in Fantasia #93: Rauher Sand und wilde Eichen (ed. Franz Schröpf; Erster Deutscher Fantasy Club, Passau, West Germany, spring, 1995), pp. 173-174

Michael, Rolf “R. E. Howards hyborisches Zeitalter” [on the Hyborian Age; in German] in Magira #23/24 (Follow, Passau, West Germany, Dec., 1975), pp. 71-74

Miller, P. Schuyler “Lord of the Black Throne” [historical & legendary basis of Erlik in “Shadows in Zamboula,” incl. use in Robert W. Chambers’s fantasy The Slayer of Souls]

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in Amra, Vol. 2, #14 (George H. Scithers, Arlington, Va., Jan., 1961), pp. 8- 11; reprinted in The Conan Swordbook: 27 Examinations of Heroic Fantasy (ed. L. Sprague de Camp & George H. Scithers; Mirage Press, Baltimore, 1969), pp. 50-55, & in The Spell of Conan (ed. L. Sprague de Camp; Ace Books, New York, 1980), pp. 221-225; reprinted in German in Das Conan Universum (ed. Erhard Ringer; Wilhelm Heyne, Munich, 1992), pp. 348-356

Moser, Leopold “Conan ‒ der Barbar; Hollywood entdeckt Sword & Sorcery” [on the 1982 Conan the Barbarian movie; in German] in Comic Forum #15 (ed. Wolfgang Alber et al.; Hans Jentzsch & Co., Vienna, Sep., 1982), pp. 32 & 39-42 w/4 photos

Pesch, Helmut W. Chapter on REH in Fantasy ̶ Theorie und Geschicte (Forchheim, Univ. of Köln, West Germany, 1982), pp. ?-?

Pesch, Helmut W. “Der Mann, der Conan war: Ein psychogramm Robert E. Howards” [“The Man Who Was Conan: A Psychogram of Robert E. Howard”; in German] in Science Fiction Times, Vol. 24, #5 (ed. Uwe Anton & Ronald M. Hahn; Eulenhof, Hardebek, West Germany, May, 1982), pp. 14-17; reprinted in Fantasia #30/31: Ein Traümer aus Texas ‒ Leben & Werk Robert E. Howards (ed. Franz Schröpf; Erster Deutscher Fantasy Club, Passau, West Germany, Mar., 1987), pp. 11-18

Pesch, Helmut W. “Verdauliches & Unverdauliches” [reviews in German of Degen der Gerechtigkeit (by REH; Erich Pabel, 1975), Herrscher der Nacht (by REH; Erich Pabel, 1975), & King Kull (by REH, & Lin Carter; Lancer, 1967)] in Magira #23/24 (Follow, Passau, West Germany, Dec., 1975), pp. 55-60

Price, E. Hoffmann Letter to Francis T. Laney, dated 22 July, 1944 [reflects on REH’s sensitivity, emotional immaturity, family ties, & suicide, & his father’s character] reprinted in The Acolyte #9, Vol. 3, #1 (Francis T. Laney & Samuel D. Robinson, Los Angeles, winter 1945), pp. 14-16 & in The Howard Collector #9, Vol. 2, #3 (Glenn Lord, Pasadena, Tex., spring, 1967), pp. 4-7 & in The Howard Collector (ed. Glenn Lord; Ace Books, New York, 1979), pp. 221-224 & in David C. Smith’s Bocere #14, Vol. 3, #2, pp. 6-8 in REHupa Mailing #145 (June, 1997); reprinted with wrong date in Scott Connors’s Dagon Moor, Aug., 2009, pp. 7-8 in REHupa Mailing #218 (Aug., 2009); reprinted in German in Magira #23/24 (Follow, Passau, West Germany, Dec., 1975), pp. 98-99

Ringer, Erhard “Bibliographie” [REH bibliography; in German] in Das Conan Universum (ed. Erhard Ringer; Wilhelm Heyne, Munich, 1992), pp. 385-444

Ringer, Erhard “Die Filme” [movies about Conan; in German] in Das Conan Universum (ed. Erhard Ringer; Wilhelm Heyne, Munich, 1992), pp. 377-383

Ringer, Erhard “Die hyborische Orte” [Hyborian places; in German] in Das Conan Universum (ed. Ringer; Wilhelm Heyne, Munich, 1992), pp. 39-134

Ringer, Erhard “Die hyborische Welt” [the Hyborian world; in German] in Das Conan Universum (ed. Ringer; Wilhelm Heyne, Munich, 1992), pp. 9-38

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Ringer, Erhard Foreword [in German] to Das Conan Universum (ed. Erhard Ringer; Wilhelm Heyne, Munich, 1992), pp. 7-8

Ringer, Erhard “Robert Ervin Howard” [in German] in Das Conan Universum (ed. Erhard Ringer; Wilhelm Heyne, Munich, 1992), pp. 135-144

Schneider, Christian “Disreputable Heroes: A Re-examination of Robert E. Howard and His Literature” [updates German readers on recent western REH scholarship & criticizes Alpers’s article equating Sword & Sorcery with fascism] in Inklings: Jahrbuch für Literatur und Aesthetik, Vol. 29 (ed. Dieter Petzold; Peter Lang, Frankfurt, Germany, 2012), pp. 253-273

Schröpf, Franz (ed.) Fantasia #30/31: Ein Traümer aus Texas‒Leben & Werk Robert E. Howards (A Dreamer from Texas‒The Life and Work of Robert E. Howard; Erster Deutscher Fantasy Club, Passau, West Germany, Mar., 1987), 440 pp. (see contributors Bernd Karwath, Thomas Kovacs, Helmut W. Pesch, Hermann Urbanek, Klau-Michael Vent, & Hugh Walker)

Strassl, Hubert = Walker, Hugh (q.v.)

Strassl, Hubert “Robert E. Howard (eine Kurzbiographie)” [bio & pub. sketch of REH; in German] in Lands of Wonder #3 (Follow, Passau, West Germany, Nov., 1967), p. 27; reprinted in Magira (Lands of Wonder) 1-4 (ed. Gustav Gaisbauer; Follow, Passau, June, 1983), p. 3/27

Urbanek, Hermann “Die Comics” [on comics about Conan; in German] in Das Conan Universum (ed. Erhard Ringer; Wilhelm Heyne, Munich, 1992), pp. 368-376

Urbanek, Hermann “REH Bibliographie” [REH bibliography of Bastei Fantasy, Erbers Kriminalmagazin, Heyne, Luthers Gruselmagazin, Luthers Gruselzeitung, Terra Fantasy, Ulstein, & Vampir; in German & English] in Fantasia #30/31: Ein Traümer aus Texas: Leben & Werk Robert E. Howards (ed. Franz Schröpf; Erster Deutscher Fantasy Club, Passau, West Germany, Mar., 1987), pp. 433-436

Urbanek, Hermann “Verdauliches & Unverdauliches von Robert E. Howard” [reviews of The Book of Robert E. Howard (ed. Glenn Lord; Zebra, 1976), Conan of Aquilonia by L. Sprague de Camp & Lin Carter; Ace, 1977), A Gent from Bear Creek (by REH; Zebra, 1975), The Incredible Adventures of Dennis Dorgan (by REH; Zebra, 1975), The Iron Man (by REH; Zebra, 1976), The Lost Valley of Iskander (by REH; Zebra, 1976), The Marchers of Valhalla (by REH; Sphere, 1977), Pigeons from Hell (by REH; Zebra, 1976), The Second Book of Robert E. Howard (ed. Glenn Lord; Zebra, 1976), The Sowers of the Thunder (by REH; Zebra, 1975), Tigers of the Sea (by REH; Zebra, 1975), Sword of the Gael (by Andrew J. Offutt; Zebra, 1975), The Vultures of Whapeton (by REH; Zebra, 1975), & Worms of the Earth (by REH; Zebra, 1975), all in German] in Magira #29/30 (Erster Deutscher Fantasy Club, Passau, West Germany, Jan., 1978), pp. 83-96

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Vent, Klau-Michael “Robert E. Howards Non-Fantasy” [in German] in Fantasia #30/31: Ein Traümer aus Texas: Leben & Werk Robert E. Howards (ed. Franz Schröpf; Erster Deutscher Fantasy Club, Passau, West Germany, Mar., 1987), pp. 63-70

Walker, Hugh = pseudonym of Strassl, Hubert

Walker, Hugh Afterword [in German] to Kull von Atlantis (Bastei, Bergisch Gladbach, West Germany), pp. 217-221

Walker, Hugh “Bibliographie [bibliography; in German] in Kull (Follow, Passau, West Germany, 1974), p. 132

Walker, Hugh “Conan: Heroenfigur für den Traum vom Abenteuer” [“Conan: Hero Figure for the Dream of Adventure”; sketches of REH’s life & Conan’s character, books, comics, fanzines, & movie; in German] in Magira #34 (Erste Deutsche Fantasy Club, Passau, West Germany, summer, 1983), pp. 6-7

Walker, Hugh “Die Macht der Toten” [“The Power of the Dead”; …?; in German] in Winds of Time (Thomas Kovacs, Zurich, Switzerland, 2007), p. 10

Walker, Hugh Foreword [in German] to Das Haus des Grauens (Erich Pabel, Rastatt, West Germany, 1977), pp. 7-12

Walker, Hugh Foreword [in German] to Degen der Gerichtigkeit (Erich Pabel, Rastatt, West Germany, 1975), pp. 7-10

Walker, Hugh Foreword [in German] to Der Dolch mit den drei Klingen (Erich Pabel, Rastatt, West Germany, 1980), pp. 7-9

Walker, Hugh Foreword [in German] to Der Krieger von Assur (Erich Pabel, Rastatt, West Germany, 1982), pp. 7-10

Walker, Hugh Foreword [in German] to Der Schatz der Tataren (Erich Pabel, Rastatt, West Germany, 1980), pp. 7-10

Walker, Hugh Foreword [in German] to Die Bestie von Bal-Sagoth (Erich Pabel, Rastatt, West Germany, 1977), pp. 7-10

Walker, Hubert Foreword [in German] to Fantasia #30/31: Ein Träumer aus Texas (Erster Deutscher Fantasy Club, Passau, West Germany), pp. 7-9 (Mar., 1987)

Walker, Hugh Foreword [in German] to Geister der Nacht (Erich Pabel, Rastatt, West Germany, 1978), pp. 7-9

Walker, Hugh Foreword [in German] to Gepenster der Vergangenheit (Erich Pabel, Rastatt, West Germany, 1978), pp. 7-9

Walker, Hugh Foreword [in German] to Herr von Valusien (Erich Pabel, Rastatt, West Germany, 1976), pp. 7-9

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Walker, Hugh Foreword [in German] in Herrscher der Nacht (Ercih Pabel, Rastatt, West Germany, 1975), pp. 7-11

Walker, Hugh Foreword [in German] to Horde aus dem Morgenland (Erich Pabel, Rastatt, West Germany, 1977), pp. 7-11

Walker, Hugh Foreword [n German] to Im Land der Messer (Erich Pabel, Rastatt, West Germany, 1980), pp. 7-10

Walker, Hugh Foreword [in German] to Krieger des Nordens (Erich Pabel, Rastatt, West Germany, 1976), pp. 7-12

Walker, Hugh Foreword [in German] to Kull von Atlantis (Erich Pabel, Rastatt, West Germany, 1976), pp. 7-10

Walker, Hugh Foreword [in German] to Rächer der Verdammten (Erich Pabel, Rastatt, West Germany, 1976), pp. 7-9

Walker, Hugh Foreword [in German] to Unter schwarzer Flagge (Erich Pabel, Rastatt, West Germany, 1981), pp. 7-10

Walker, Hugh Foreword [in German] to Magira #23/24 (Follow, Passau, West Germany), pp. 7-10 (Dec., 1975)

Walker, Hugh “Howards Trivial Epen” [“Howard’s Trivial Epics”; sketch of REH’s life, career, dream-like writing style, & characters, esp. Conan; in German] in Janus Rex #1 (Udo Linke, Mainz, 20 Oct., 1978), pp. 54-57 w/photo of REH

Walker, Hugh Introduction [summary of the publication of REH & REH fanzines in German] to Ein Traümer aus Texas: Leben & Werk Robert E. Howards (ed. Franz Schröpf; Erster Deutscher Fantasy Club, Passau, West Germany, Mar., 1987), pp. 7-9

Walker, Hugh & Foreword [in German] to Das Ungeheuer aus dem Sumpf (Erich Pabel, Wilson, G. Rastatt, West Germany, 1981), pp. 7-9

Winter, Jonny “Von Einem, der Auszog, Conan zu Finden” [“To Find the One and Only Conan”; account of a 1979 visit of some Austrians to Cross Plains] in Follow #84 (Follow, Passau, West Germany) w/photos; reprinted w/photo in Magira #33 (Erste Deutsche Fantasy Club, Passau, West Germany, fall, 1980), pp. 8 & 20

Wright, Farnsworth Letter to Robert E. Howard, dated 20 Jan., 1926 [says typescript of “Wolfshead” has been lost & asking him to send another one] reprinted in Glenn Lord’s The Last Celt: A Bio-Bibliography of Robert Ervin Howard (Donald M. Grant, West Kingston, R.I., 1976; reprinted by Berkley Windhover (New York, 1977)), p. 373 & in Vernon M. Clark’s Dreams from Yoharneth- Lahai #38, p. 20 in REHupa Mailing #89 (Jan., 1988) & in Fantasia #93: Rauher Sand und wilde Eichen (ed. Franz Schröpf; Erster Deutscher Fantasy

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Club, Passau, West Germany, spring, 1995) in English on p. 164 & German on p. 171

II) Publications in Italian

Bernacchi, Mariella “Alcune opera inedite di Robert E. Howard” [“Some Unpublished Works of Robert E. Howard”; in Italian] in Yorick Fantasy Magazine #3 (ed. Massimo Tassi; Reggio Emilia, Italy, date?), pp. ?-?

Bernacchi, Mariella “L’ateneo esoterico di Howard e Lovecraft” [“The Esoteric University of Howard and Lovecraft”; in Italian] in Yorick Fantasy Magazine #10/11 (ed. Massimo Tassi; Reggio Emilia, Italy, date?), pp. ?-?

Bernacchi, Mariella “Howard e la saga di Bran Mak Morn” [“Howard and the Saga of Bran Mak Morn”; in Italian] in Yorick Fantasy Magazine #6/7 (ed. Massimo Tassi; Reggio Emilia, Italy, Dec., 1998-May, 1989), pp. ?-?

Bernacchi, Mariella “Howard, nel segno del serpente” [“Howard, in the Sign of the Serpent”; in Italian] in Yorick Fantasy Magazine #12/13 (ed. Massimo Tassi; Reggio Emilia, Italy, date?), pp. ?-?

Bernacchi, Mariella “Howard, un guerriero del Walhalla” [“Howard, a Warrior of Valhalla”; in Italian] in Yorick Fantasy Magazine #4/5 (ed. Massimo Tassi; Reggio Emilia, Italy, date?), pp. ?-?

Bernacchi, Mariella “Il re e il barbaro” [“The King and the Barbarian”; in Italian] in Il re e il barbaro:Yorick Fantasy Magazine Speciale #25bis/Taccuino #6 (Reggio Emilia, Italy, 1998), pp. ?-?

Bernacchi, Mariella “Kull, il re triste” [“Kull, the Sad King”; discusses the Kull stories, REH’s readings in Theosophy, & Kull as the literary ancestor of Conan; in Italian] in Il segno del Serpent, Supplement to Yorick Fantasy Magazine #12/13 (ed. Massimo Davoli et al.; Yorick Fantasy Magazine, Reggio Emilia, Italy, 1992), pp. 99-101

Bernacchi, Mariella “Rossa d’Hyrkania e altre eroine howadiane” [“Red of Hyrkania and Other Howardian Heroines”; in Italian] in A sessant’anni da Robert Howard: Yorick Fantasy Magazine Speciale #13bis/Taccuino #2 (Reggio Emilia, Italy, 1996), pp. ?-?

Bertetti, Paoli Conan il mito: identità e metamorfosi di un personaggio seriale tra letteratura, fumetto, cinema e televisione [Conan the Myth: Identity and Metamorphosis of a Serial Character from Literature, Comics, Film and Television; Conan’s origins, history, & changes as he has been portrayed in books, comics, films, TV shows, & role-playing & video games; in Italian] (Edizioni ETS, Pisa, 2011), 174 pp.

Bruni, Francesco “La Cimmeria di Conan fra mito e storia” [“Cimmeria of Conan in Myth and History”; in Italian] in Il ritorno di Conan: Yorick Fantasy Magazine

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Speciale #17bis/Taccuino #4 (Reggio Emilia, Italy, 1997), pp. ?-?

Burke, Rusty Introduction to Bran Mak Morn: The Last King (by REH; ed. Rusty Burke; Wandering Star, London, 2001), pp. iii-ix; reprinted by Del Rey/ Ballantine (New York, 2005), pp. xvii-xxiii; reprinted in Italian in Bran Mak Morn (Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, Milan, 2009), pp. 7-?

Burke, Rusty & “Robert E. Howard, Bran Mak Morn and the Picts,” [his long use of Picts in his Louinet, Patrice writings & his evolving portrayal of them as his empathy for & knowledge of their pseudo-historical basis changed] in Bran Mak Morn: The Last King (by REH; ed. Patrice Louinet; Wandering Star, London, 2001), pp. A21-A38; reprinted by Del Rey/Ballantine (New York, 2005), pp. 343-360; reprinted in French in Bran Mak Morn ̶ L’Intégrale (Bragelonne, Paris, 2009), pp. 459- 487; reprinted in Italian in Bran Mak Morn (Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, Milan, 2009), pp. 201-?

Cardascia, Lucia “Robert Howard: un grande scrittore fantastic per i giovani” [“Robert Howard: A Great Writer of Fantasy for Young People”; REH’s literary greatness, esp. for young people; in Italian] in Conan contro ercole: Yorick Fantasy Magazine Speciale #35bis/Taccuino #9 (Reggio Emilia, Italy, 2002), pp. ?-?

Chiavini, Roberto “Conan, fantasy e giochi di ruolo” [“Conan: Fantasy and Role Playing”; Conan in fantasy & role-playing games; in Italian] in A sessant’anni da Robert Howard: Yorick Fantasy Magazine Speciale #13bis/Taccuino #2 (Reggio Emilia, Italy, 1996), pp. ?-?

Davoli, Massimo & “L’immaginifico Howard” [“The Imaginative Howard”; emphasizes the Tassi, Massimo American nature of REH; discusses authors who influenced REH, e.g. Kipling, Conrad, & London; & compares themes in REH’s work to those of 1930s era contemporaries such as Steinbeck & Edward Anderson; in Italian] in Yorick Fantasy Magazine #6/7 (ed. Massimo Tassi; Reggio Emilia, Italy, Dec., 1988- May, 1989), pp. ?-?; reprinted in Il segno del serpente, Supplement to Yorick Fantasy Magazine #12/13 (ed. Massimo Davoli et al.; Yorick Fantasy Magazine, Reggio Emilia, 1992), pp. 81-84 de Camp, L. Sprague “Robert Howard, Conan ed io” [“Robert Howard, Conan, and I”; in Italian] in Yorick Fantasy Magazine #18/19 (ed. Massimo Tassi; Reggio Emilia, Italy, Dec., 1994-May, 1995), pp. ?-? de Camp, L. Sprague “Skald in the Post Oaks” [summary of REH’s life, writings, & popularity] in Fantastic Science Fiction and Fantasy Stories, Vol. 20, #5 (Ultimate Publishing Co., Flushing, N.Y., June, 1971), pp. 99-108; reprinted in The Spell of Conan (ed. L. Sprague de Camp; Ace Books, New York, 1980), pp. 11-25 & in The Treasure of Tranicos (Ace Books, New York, 1980; reprinted by Ace (1980) & Sphere (1989)), pp. 177-191 & in Rob Roehm’s Onion Tops #7, pp. 3-7 in REHupa Mailing #196 (Dec., 2005); reprinted in Italian in Il segno del serpente, Supplement to Yorick Fantasy Magazine #12/13 (ed. Massimo Davoli et al.; Yorick Fantasy Magazine, Reggio Emilia, Italy, 1992), pp. 85- 94; expanded as “The Miscast Barbarian” in Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers (Arkham House Publishers, Sauk City, Wis., 1976), pp. 135-177

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de Turris, Gianfranco Introduction [cites the ongoing influences of Depression-era US pop magazine fiction & says the primordial emotions & violence underlying REH’s work strike a emotional resonance with modern readers & deserve to be studied; in Italian] in Il segno del serpente, Supplement to Yorick Fantasy Magazine #12/13 (ed. Massimo Davoli et al.; Yorick Fantasy Magazine, Reggio Emilia, Italy, 1992), pp. 7-8 de Turris, Gianfranco & Introduction [Solomon Kane’s adventures; in Italian] to Le avventure di Fusco, Sebastiano Solomon Kane (Editrice Nord, Milan, 1998), pp. i-?

Ellis, Novalyne Price “Robert Howard, l’uomo dietro al mito” [“Robert Howard, the Man behind the Myth”; in Italian] in Yorick Fantasy Magazine #16/17 (ed. Massimo Tassi; Reggio Emilia, Italy, Sep., 1993-Jan., 1994), pp. ?-?

Gargano, Bruno “Il mondo howardiano e la music metal” [“The Howardian World and Heavy Metal Music”; in Italian] in La saga di Robert Howard: Yorick Fantasy Magazine #30bis/Taccuino #8 (Reggio Emilia, Italy, 2001), pp. ?-?

Guarriello, Pietro “Robert Howard & l’era del cinematografo” [“Robert Howard and the Era of Cinema”; in Italian] in Yorick Fantasy Magazine #24/25 (ed. Massimo Tassi; Reggio Emilia, Italy, Dec., 1997-May, 1998), pp. ?-?

Guarriello, Pietro “Storio e mito negli scritti de Robert Howard” [“History and Myth in the Writings of Robert Howard”; in Italian] in Yorick Fantasy Magazine #22/23 (ed. Massimo Tassi; Reggio Emilia, Italy, date?), pp. 1F & 5F w/3 photos, 1 of REH

Lippi, Giuseppe “Il mondo intero e perduto di Bob Howard” [“The Whole World and Lost to Bob Howard”; …?; in Italian] in Yorick Fantasy Magazine #26/27 (ed. Massimo Tassi; Reggio Emilia, Italy, Dec., 1998-May, 1999), pp. ?-?

Lippi, Giuseppe “Ogni uomo e il suo eroe” [“Every Man and His Hero”; discusses how the dynamics of REH’s family relationships affected his fiction, & calls his work impressive modern opera filled with violent gusto & vivid imagination on a par with HPL & Poe; in Italian] in Il segno del serpente, Supplement to Yorick Fantasy Magazine #12/13 (ed. Massimo Davoli et al.; Yorick Fantasy Magazine, Reggio Emilia, Italy, 1992), pp. 103-115

Lippi, Giuseppe “Robert E. Howard” [afterword; in Italian] in Bran Mak Morn (Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, Milan, 2009), pp. 245-254

Lippi, Giuseppe “Robert E. Howard. Kull, l’esule definitivo: arriva per il barbaro di Atlantide l’editio princeps, un opera attesta da decenni” [“Robert E. Howard. Kull, The Last Exile: To Get the Atlantian Barbarian into Print, a Work Attests for Decades”; afterword; in Italian] in Kull. Esule di Atlantide (Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, Milan, 2008), pp. 329-330

Lord, Glenn “Le opera perdute di Robert Howard” [“The Lost Works of Robert Howard”; in Italian; translation of ?] in La saga di Robert Howard: Yorick Fantasy Magazine Speciale #30bis/Taccuino #8 (Reggio Emilia, Italy, 2001), pp. ?-?

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Lord, Glenn “L’eredità di Robert Howard” [“The Legacy of Robert Howard”; in Italian; translation of ?] in Il signore della torre nera: Yorick Fantasy Magazine Speciale #14bis/ Taccuino #3 (Reggio Emilia, Italy, 1996), pp. ?-?

Lord, Glenn “The Mystery Titles of Robert E. Howard” in Wayfarer II (undated), pp. 13- 16; reprinted in Italian in Yorick Fantasy Magazine #3 (ed. Massimo Tassi; Reggio Emilia, Italy, date?), pp. ?-?

Lord, Glenn “The Writing Game” [history of REH’s jobs & sales of stories & poems to pulp markets] in REH: Lone Star Fictioneer #1, Vol. 1, #1 (ed. Byron L. Roark; Nemedian Chronicles, Kansas City, Kan., spring, 1975), pp. 9-12 w/photo of REH & David Lee; reprinted minus photo in The Chronicler of Cross Plains #1, Vol. 1, #1 (ed. Damon C. Sasser; The Black Coast Press, Houston, fall, 1978), pp. 15-17 & with a different photo in Damon C. Sasser’s The Shadow Kingdom #27, pp. 3-6 in REHupa Mailing #233 (Feb., 2012); posted at http:// www.rehtwogunraconteur.com/the-writing-game/; reprinted in Italian in Il segno del serpente, Supplement to Yorick Fantasy Magazine #12/13 (ed. Massimo Davoli et al.; Yorick Fantasy Magazine, Reggio Emilia, Italy, 1992), pp. 95-97; revised as “Robert E. Howard: Professional Writer” (q.v.)

Louinet, Patrice “Atlantean Genesis” [circumstances, motivations, & inspirations of REH’s creation & publishing of the Kull stories, incl. his realism-based invention of Sword & Sorcery; his world-building that mixed Crô-Magnons vs. Neander- thals, the Atlantis legend, & Theosophical occultism; his reflecting both an affinity for the Biblical Saul & appearance vs. reality paranoia in “The Shadow Kingdom”; his metaphysical musings; & his taking cues from Shakespeare in “By This Axe I Rule!”] in Kull: Exile of Atlantis (by REH; ed. Patrice Louinet; Del Rey/Ballantine, New York, 2006; reprinted by Subterranean Press, Burton, Mich., 2008), pp. 287-303; reprinted in French in Kull le roi atlante (Bragelonne, Paris, 2010), pp. 407-429; reprinted in Italian as “Genesi del barbaro di Atlantide” in Kull. Esule di Atlantide (Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, Milan, 2008), pp. 305-?

Mussini, Lorenzo & “Un ommagio a Robert Howard” [“A Tribute to Robert Howard”; REH’s Tassi, Massimo significance as a fantasist, survey of his characters & publ., & a review of Il segno del serpente, Supplement to Yorick Fantasy Magazine #12/13 (ed. Massimo Davoli et al.; Yorick Fantasy Magazine, 1992); in Italian] in Yorick Fantasy Magazine #14/15 (ed. Massimo Tassi; Reggio Emilia, Italy, Sep., 1992-Mar., 1993), p. 5

Rulli, Enrico “Conan e Sandokan: eroe dei mondi a confronto” [“Heroes of Compared Worlds”; in Italian] in Yorick Fantasy Magazine #18/19 (ed. Massimo Tassi; Reggio Emilia, Italy, Dec., 1994-May 1995), pp. ?-?

Rulli, Enrico “Figli di un dio minore: Il corsaro Nero e Solomon Kane a confronto” [“Children of a Lesser God: The Black Corsair and Solomon Kane Compared”; comparison of Kane & the hero of The Black Corsair; in Italian] in Emilio Salgari e la tradizione del romanzo d’avventura: Yorick Fantasy Magazine Speciale #20bis (Reggio Emilia, Italy, 1997), pp. ?-?

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Scatasta, Gino “Un eroe celtico di Robert E. Howard” [“A Celtic Hero of Robert E. Howard”; on Turlogh O’Brien; in Italian] in Mondi Howardiani: Yorick Fantasy Magazine Speciale #21bis/Taccuino #5 (Reggio Emilia, Italy, 1997), pp. ?-?

Serra, Laura “‘Questa penna è il mio scettro’. Riflessioni su Kull de Atlantide alla luce di Shakespeare, Blake e W. B. Yeats, i precursori del grande Howard” [“‘The Pen Is My Scepter’: Reflections on Kull of Atlantis’ Birth from Shakespeare, Blake and W. B. Yeats, the Forerunners of the Great Howard”; in Italian] in Kull. Esule di Atlantide (Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, Milan, 2008), pp. 331-336

Smith, Tevis Clyde, Jr. “Howard, uno scrittore come amico” [“Howard, a Writer As Friend”; in Italian] in Yorick Fantasy Magazine #24/25 (ed. Massimo Tassi; Reggio Emilia, Italy, Dec., 1997-May, 1998), pp. ?-?

Spiritelli, Franco “L’opera di Robert Howard nei fumetti” [“The Works of Robert Howard in the Comics”; REH’s publ. phenomenon, esp. U.S. paperbacks & comics in the U.S. & Italy; in Italian] in Il segno del serpente, Supplement to Yorick Fantasy Magazine #12/13 (ed. Massimo Davoli et al.; Yorick Fantasy Magazine, Reggio Emilia, Italy, 1992), pp. 121-129

Tassi, Massimo “L’avventura letteraria di Conan in Italia” [“The Conan Publishing Venture in Italy”; in Italian] in Il re e il barbaro: Yorick Fantasy Magazine Speciale #25bis/Taccuino #6 (Reggio Emilia, Italy, 1998), pp. ?-?

Tassi, Massimo “Le peripezie di Solomon Kane” [“The Adventures of Solomon Kane”; in Italian] in Il signore della torre nera: Yorick Fantasy Magazine Speciale #14bis/ Taccuino #3 (Reggio Emilia, Italy, 1996), pp. ?-?

Tassi, Massimo “Robert Howard, Conan & il weird” [“Robert Howard, Conan, & the Weird”; in Italian] in L’horror tra cinema e letteratura. Dai precursori Italiani a H. P. Lovecraft: Yorick Fantasy Magazine Speciale #23bis (Reggio Emilia, Italy, year?), pp. ?-?

Tassi, Massimo “Robert Howard, un cantore giunto dal Texas” [“Robert Howard, a Singer Come from Texas”; on REH’s poetry; in Italian] in Robert Howard, un cantore giunto dal Texas: Yorick Magazine Speciale #9bis/ Taccuino #1 (Reggio Emilia, Italy, 1995), pp. ?-?

Tetro, Michele “Kull di Valusia irrompe sul grande schermo” [“Kull of Valusia Bursts on the Big Screen”; review of the 1997 Kull the Conqueror movie; in Italian] in Il Tentore: Yorick Fantasy Magazine Speciale #27bis/Taccuino #7 (Reggio Emilia, Italy, 1998), pp. ?-?

Tetro, Michele “Robert Howard e la saga dei Pitti” [“Robert Howard and the Saga of the Picts”; in Italian] in L’Ombra del Destino: Yorick Fantasy Magazine Vol. 32/33 (by REH et al.; Yorick Fantasy Magazine, Reggio Emilia, Italy, 2001), pp. ?-?

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Tetro, Michele “Robert Howard, spade e fotogrammi” [“Robert Howard, Swords and Photo Frames”; in Italian] in Yorick Fantasy Magazine #18/19 (Reggio Emilia, Italy, Dec., 1994-May, 1995), pp. ?-?

Tetro, Michele “Un omaggio cinematografico a REH” [“A Film Tribute to REH”; review of the 1996 movie The Whole Wide World; in Italian] in Il re e il barbaro: Yorick Fantasy Magazine Speciale #25bis/Taccuino #6 (Reggio Emilia, Italy, 1998), pp. ?-?

Tetro, Michele “Words from the Outer Dark: The Poetical Works of Robert E. Howard” [the themes running through REH’s poetry, esp. concerning violence, fatalism, freedom, & the triumph of barbarism over civilization] in Two-Gun Bob: A Centennial Study of Robert E. Howard (ed. Benjamin Szumskyj; Hippocampus Press, New York, 2006), pp. 59-68

Tompkins, Steven Introduction to Kull: Exile of Atlantis (by REH; ed. Patrice Louinet; Del Rey/Ballantine, New York, 2006; reprinted by Subterranean Press, Burton, Mich., 2008), pp. xix-xxix; reprinted in Italian in Kull. Esule di Atlantide (Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, Milan, 2008), pp. 7-24; reprinted in French in Kull le roi atlante (Bragelonne, Paris, 2010), pp. 7-19

Tortey, Fabrice “Robert Howard in Francia” [“Robert Howard in France”; bibliography; in Italian] in Il re e il barbaro: Yorick Fantasy Magazine Speciale #25bis/Taccuino #6 (Reggio Emilia, Italy, 1998), pp. ?-?

Vegetti, Ernesto “Bibliografia howardiana” [“Howardian Bibliography” in 3 parts; in Italian] in, respectively, Robert Howard, un cantore giunto dal Texas: Yorick Fantasy Magazine Speciale #9bis/Taccuino #1 (Reggio Emilia, Italy, 1995), A sessant’anni da Robert Howard: Yorick Fantasy Magazine Speciale #13bis/Taccuino #2 (Reggio Emilia, 1996), & Il signore della torre nera: Yorick Fantasy Magazine Speciale #14bis/ Taccuino #3 (Reggio Emilia, 1996), pp. ?-?

Zuddas, Gianluigi “Solomon Kane: un restauro letterario” [“Solomon Kane: A Literary Restoration”; discusses the Kane stories & aspects of Kane’s character later reflected in that of Conan, e.g. his passion for vengeance & protecting females in the face of evil; in Italian] in Il segno del serpente, Supplement to Yorick Fantasy Magazine #12/13 (ed. Massimo Davoli et al.; Yorick Fantasy Magazine, Reggio Emilia, Italy, 1992), pp. 117-120

III) Publications in Spanish

Arsenal, Léon; Conan. Un estudio sobre el mito [Conan: A Study of the Myth; in Spanish] Sánchez Arrate, (Sociedad Cultural Metrópolis Milenio, Madrid, 1999), 223 pp. Eugenio; & Miguel Pallarés, José

Barrero, Manuel Conan. La imagen de un mito [Conan: The Image of a Myth; traces the treatment & manipulation of Conan as a character from literature through the

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comics to the films, & examines the imagery & appeal of Conan & REH’s other heroes; in Spanish] (Dolmen Comics, Palma, Majorca, 2011), 368 pp.

Barrero, Manuel “Los Orígenes de Conan: El Primer Cómic” [“The Origins of Conan: The First Comic”; history of the first Conan comic book, pub. in Mexico in 1950s & 1960s, though non-REH; in Spanish] in Sword, Vol. 3, #3 (Camaleón/Factoria, Barcelona, 1999), pp. 21-25 with a note by Daniel Navarro; reprinted in James Van Hise’s The Road to Velitrium #65, pp. 36-41 in REHupa Mailing #208 (Dec., 2007); reprinted in English in Van Hise’s The Road to Velitrium #68, pp. 4-11 in REHupa Mailing #211 (June, 2008) & in Sword & Fantasy #9 (James Van Hise, Yucca Valley, Cal., Sep., 2008), pp. 71-77

García Harranz, Juan Conan. Guía de la Era Hiboria [Conan: Guide to the Hyborian Age; in Carlos & Sánchez Spanish] (ed. Alberto Santos; Cyber Fantasy, Madrid, 1999), 223 pp. Arrate, Eugenio

Martín Lalanda, Javier La canción de las espanadas: fantasia heroica en Robert E. Howard [The Song of the Swords: Heroic Fantasy of Robert E. Howard; REH bio survey; his heroic fantasy characters & stories; the Hyborian Age; supernaturalism in Conan; the 1982 Conan the Barbarian film; REH in comics & art; & Spanish translations; in Spanish] (Tiempo de Ediciones, Madrid, 1983); chapter “The Howardian Hero as a Berserkr” reprinted in English in Josep Parache’s Howardiana #3, Vol. 1, #3 (summer, 2002), 4 pp. at REHeapa (http:// www.robert-e-howard.org); chapter “Reflections about the Death of Robert E. Howard” reprinted in English in Parache’s Howardiana #5, Vol. 1, #5 (summer, 2003), 4 pp. at REHeapa; entire book revised & expanded as Cuando cantan las Espadas: La fantasia heroica de Robert E. Howard (When the Swords Sing: The Heroic Fantasy of Robert E. Howard; La Biblioteca del laberinto, Madrid, 2009), 309 pp.

Martín Lalanda, Javier “Conan the Barbarian or the Savage Exaltation of Heroic Fantasy” in La Espada Salvaje de Conan #1; reprinted in Josep Parache’s Howardiana #2, Vol. 1, #2 (Dec., 2001), 2 pp.at REHeapa (http://www.robert-e-howard.org)

© 2016 Lee A. Breakiron

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