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Information Infrastructures The Electronic Global Village (enterprise networking). A key success factor to generation of the civilization infrastructure is enterprise-wide computing is the architectural the set of core, foundational and integrational planning of telematic technology components infrastructures as it is shown in Figure 13-4. as tools supporting a business strategy. Archi- As the latter deteriorates through the processes tectures of information and communications of the material civilization, the soft information across multiple tiers of the enterprise are vital. infrastructure compensates for the losses of the These architectures should provide information urban, rural, and transportation infrastructures. and communication across the enterprise, much The basic components of civilization informa- as a utility provides electricity. tion infrastructure are being developed in the Online government is the empowerment of following layers (Figure 13-4): citizens in participatory governing of public affairs. A strong internetworking among citi- 1. Telecommunication Layer - provides ser- zens and electronic public records is based on vices in the scope of: a graphic user interface (GUI), which supports a menu-driven, user-friendly interactive access. • Access and transmission technology via te- Government workers and officials have to learn lephony, cable TV, satellites, and wireless and exercise power sharing inordertodemocratize • Switching and networking technology via equal access to power and seek service satisfac- local (LATA) and long-distance transmis- tion by customers. Electronic town meetings can sions (IXC, e.g., ATT, Sprint, WorldCom) be one example of online government; this is an as narrow or broad-band service sending introduction of customer online scope-feedback information through packet- or circuit- into the governmental modus operandi. In this switching networks type of government, the citizens have easy, inter- active, online access to governmental units and 2. Computer Networks Layer - contains end- services. The supportive information systems users and organizational networks such as are in electronic format. The electronic global HAN (Home Area Network), LAN (Local citizen is a person who has telematic skills to Area Network), MAN (Metropolitan Area work in/with virtual enterprise, online govern- Network), RAN (Rural Area Network), ment, and virtual schools/universities. Thisperson WAN (Wide Area Network), GAN (Global may telecommute to work or school and still be Area Network), which are implemented on a productive worker or student. People are EGCs the telecommunication networks, with the when as consumers they have mediated access to exceptions of HAN and LAN information about goods, services, and processes 3. Internet Layer-provides global services of (e.g., working, learning, governing) from around information-communication systems the world. 4. ComputingLayer-containscomputerserv- All those organizations and systems are sup- ers,computerterminals,operatingsystems, ported by information infrastructures. utility software, database management software, programming languages, com- puter-aided software engineering (CASE), INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE and so forth 5. Communication Layer - secures such The information infrastructure is the second- services as e-mail, EDI (electronic data generation civilization infrastructure. The first interexchange) e-conferencing, teleconfer- encing, telecommuting, groupware forteam 297 The Electronic Global Village Figure 13-4. Civilization information infrastructure architecture CORE INFRASTRUCTURE Authority. Economic, Military FOUNDATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE Urban, Rural, Hoollli I INTEGRATIONAL. INFRASTRUCTURE Transportation, Communication, Knowledge o c j „ .... r INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE End U*w OrgaiiiMllon;i E Survii i Computing 6-Appllcation Layer 5-Communication Layer _ 4-lnlernet Layer i y~*~T"T 3-Computing Layer I 9 U I *T~ 2-Computer Networks Layer t I I 1-Telecommunicalions Layer collaboration, and so forth Enterprise Information infrastructure(EII), 6. Application Layer - provides software for (Targowski, 2001) shown in Figure 13-5 such applications as Office Automation National Information Infrastructure (Nil), (word processing, spreadsheet, micro- (Huth & Gould, 1993; Targowski, 1996) database, presentation, Web-navigation, shown in Figure 13-6 automated calendaring, etc.), enterprise Local Information Infrastructure (LII), information systems, e-business. (Targowski, 1996) shown in Figure 13-7 Global Information Infrastructure (Gil), Thecivilization information infrastructure can (Targowski, 1996) shown in Figure 13-8 be divided into the following major categories: Home Information Infrastructure (HII), (Targowski, 1990) shown in Figure 13-9 298 The Electronic Global Village Figure 13-5. Enterprise information infrastructure architecture (MIS-Management Information System, CRM-Customer Relations Manager, SCM-Supply Chain Management, EPM-Enterprise Performance Management, CAD-Computer-aided Design, CAM-Computer-aided Manufacturing, EIP-Enterprise Information Portal) 6-Application Layer Office Automation, MIS, ERP, e-Business, CRM, SCM, EPM, CAD, CAM, Data Mining, EIP, Other 5-Communication Layer 2-Computer Networks Layer 1-Telecommunications Layer 299 The Electronic Global Village Figure 13-6. National information infrastructure architecture (MIS-Management Information System, OIP-Organization Information Portal) ndUse imputir 6-Application Layer Office Automation, MIS, e-Commerce, Data Mining, OIP, Electronic Organization, Virtual College, Online Government, Electronic Library, Electronic Money, Information Policy 5-Communication Layer 2-Computer Networks Layer 1-Telecommunications Layer 300 The Electronic Global Village Figure 13-7. Local information infrastructure architecture (MIS-ManagementInformation System, OIP- Organization Information Portal) 6-Application Layer Office Automation, MIS, e-Commerce, Data Mining, OIP, Online Hospital, Online School, Online Shopping, Online Entertainment, Online Non-profit Organization, Online Transportation, Online Government, Online Religion, Online Sport, Electronic Library, Electronic Money, Information Policy 2-Computer Networks Layer 1-Telecommunications Layer 301 The Electronic Global Village Figure 13-8. Global information infrastructure architecture (MIS-Management Information System, EIP-Enterprise Information Portal) 6-Application Layer Office Automation, MIS, e-Commerce, Data Mining, EIP, Virtual Entertainment, Virtual Music, e-Comrnerce Online Non-profit Organization, Electronic Global Corporation, Online Non-Government Organization, Virtual Global News, Online Travel, Electronic Library, Electronic Money, Information Policy 5-Communication Layer 2-Computer Networks Layer 1-Telecommunications Layer 302 The Electronic Global Village Figure 13-9. Home informalion infrastructure architecture (IS-Information System, HIP-Home Infor- mation Portal) Had Use Housekeeping Inter "M omputii Computing Emputirvjjj 6-Application Layer Office Automation, Data Mining, HIP, Home Life IS, Home Control System, Home Health Care IS, Virtual Entertainment, Virtual Music, e-Commerce, e-News, Online Travel, Electronic Library, Home Banking, Information Policy 2-Computer Networks Layer 1-Telecommunications Layer 303 The Electronic Global Village Each of these infrastructures comprise compo- GLOBAL SOCIETY nents that are specific for them and are differenti- ated in the application layer of each category. The global economy leads towards the gradual Also, each infrastructure is engaged in the rise of the global society, whose mission will be three types of interactive computing: the regulation of global economic transactions (the global market) as the national society regu- • End-user computing either at home or at lates the national economy. At present, the global work - applying mostly office automation society remains mainly a subject of academic and software political discussions and anti-globalism activities. • Enterprise (organizational or housekeeping) Perhaps the global society will be a community computing - applying mostly enterprise of electronic global citizens. information systems such as management information system, data mining, and so forth GLOBAL CULTURE • Inter-Computing in cases of inter-organiza- tional information-communication systems Global culture spreads out through cross-culture such as e-commerce (B2B, B2C), SCM- communication2, which helps in understanding a supply chain management, and so forth message passing the invisible borders of the EGV. that cross borders of different information The purpose of cross-cultural communication is infrastructures. to develop rules, strategies, objectives, and tech- niques for the better understanding of communi- cations among members of the Western, Eastern, GLOBAL ECONOMY Hindu, Islamic, Buddhist, Chinese, Japanese, and African civilizations. These members are either In the 1990s, the economies of the triad of the consumers or product/services providers in the United States, Europe, and the Pacific-rim coun- global economy. The global economy creates new tries became so powerfu 1 that they have swallowed challenges forcross-culture communications and most consumers and corporations. They made vice versa. The development of EGV leads to the national borders almost disappear and pushed emergence of global culture. The global culture is bureaucrats, politicians, and the military toward a patterned way of behaving under global condi- the status of declining industries (Ohmae, 1990).
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