The Electronic Global Village

(enterprise networking). A key success factor to generation of the civilization infrastructure is enterprise-wide computing is the architectural the set of core, foundational and integrational planning of telematic technology components infrastructures as it is shown in Figure 13-4. as tools supporting a business strategy. Archi- As the latter deteriorates through the processes tectures of information and communications of the material civilization, the soft information across multiple tiers of the enterprise are vital. infrastructure compensates for the losses of the These architectures should provide information urban, rural, and transportation infrastructures. and communication across the enterprise, much The basic components of civilization informa- as a utility provides electricity. tion infrastructure are being developed in the Online government is the empowerment of following layers (Figure 13-4): citizens in participatory governing of public affairs. A strong internetworking among citi- 1. Telecommunication Layer - provides ser- zens and electronic public records is based on vices in the scope of: a graphic user interface (GUI), which supports a menu-driven, user-friendly interactive access. • Access and transmission technology via te- Government workers and officials have to learn lephony, cable TV, satellites, and wireless and exercise power sharing inordertodemocratize • Switching and networking technology via equal access to power and seek service satisfac- local (LATA) and long-distance transmis- tion by customers. Electronic town meetings can sions (IXC, e.g., ATT, Sprint, WorldCom) be one example of online government; this is an as narrow or broad-band service sending introduction of customer online scope-feedback information through packet- or circuit- into the governmental modus operandi. In this switching networks type of government, the citizens have easy, inter- active, online access to governmental units and 2. Computer Networks Layer - contains end- services. The supportive information systems users and organizational networks such as are in electronic format. The electronic global HAN (Home Area Network), LAN (Local citizen is a person who has telematic skills to Area Network), MAN (Metropolitan Area work in/with virtual enterprise, online govern- Network), RAN (Rural Area Network), ment, and virtual schools/universities. Thisperson WAN (Wide Area Network), GAN (Global may telecommute to work or school and still be Area Network), which are implemented on a productive worker or student. People are EGCs the telecommunication networks, with the when as consumers they have mediated access to exceptions of HAN and LAN information about goods, services, and processes 3. Internet Layer-provides global services of (e.g., working, learning, governing) from around information-communication systems the world. 4. ComputingLayer-containscomputerserv- All those organizations and systems are sup- ers,computerterminals,operatingsystems, ported by information infrastructures. utility software, database management software, programming languages, com- puter-aided software engineering (CASE), INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE and so forth 5. Communication Layer - secures such The information infrastructure is the second- services as e-mail, EDI (electronic data generation civilization infrastructure. The first interexchange) e-conferencing, teleconfer- encing, telecommuting, groupware forteam

297 The Electronic Global Village

Figure 13-4. Civilization information infrastructure architecture

CORE INFRASTRUCTURE Authority. Economic, Military

FOUNDATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE Urban, Rural, Hoollli I INTEGRATIONAL. INFRASTRUCTURE Transportation, Communication, Knowledge o c j „ .... r

INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE

End U*w OrgaiiiMllon;i E Survii i Computing

6-Appllcation Layer

5-Communication Layer _ 4-lnlernet Layer i y~*~T"T 3-Computing Layer I 9 U I *T~ 2-Computer Networks Layer t I I 1-Telecommunicalions Layer

collaboration, and so forth Enterprise Information infrastructure(EII), 6. Application Layer - provides software for (Targowski, 2001) shown in Figure 13-5 such applications as Office Automation National Information Infrastructure (Nil), (word processing, spreadsheet, micro- (Huth & Gould, 1993; Targowski, 1996) database, presentation, Web-navigation, shown in Figure 13-6 automated calendaring, etc.), enterprise Local Information Infrastructure (LII), information systems, e-business. (Targowski, 1996) shown in Figure 13-7 Global Information Infrastructure (Gil), Thecivilization information infrastructure can (Targowski, 1996) shown in Figure 13-8 be divided into the following major categories: Home Information Infrastructure (HII), (Targowski, 1990) shown in Figure 13-9

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Figure 13-5. Enterprise information infrastructure architecture (MIS-Management Information System, CRM-Customer Relations Manager, SCM-Supply Chain Management, EPM-Enterprise Performance Management, CAD-Computer-aided Design, CAM-Computer-aided Manufacturing, EIP-Enterprise Information Portal)

6-Application Layer

Office Automation, MIS, ERP, e-Business, CRM, SCM, EPM, CAD, CAM, Data Mining, EIP, Other

5-Communication Layer

2-Computer Networks Layer

1-Telecommunications Layer

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Figure 13-6. National information infrastructure architecture (MIS-Management Information System, OIP-Organization Information Portal)

ndUse imputir 6-Application Layer

Office Automation, MIS, e-Commerce, Data Mining, OIP, Electronic Organization, Virtual College, Online Government, Electronic Library, Electronic Money, Information Policy

5-Communication Layer

2-Computer Networks Layer

1-Telecommunications Layer

300 The Electronic Global Village

Figure 13-7. Local information infrastructure architecture (MIS-ManagementInformation System, OIP- Organization Information Portal)

6-Application Layer Office Automation, MIS, e-Commerce, Data Mining, OIP, Online Hospital, Online School, Online Shopping, Online Entertainment, Online Non-profit Organization, Online Transportation, Online Government, Online Religion, Online Sport, Electronic Library, Electronic Money, Information Policy

2-Computer Networks Layer

1-Telecommunications Layer

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Figure 13-8. Global information infrastructure architecture (MIS-Management Information System, EIP-Enterprise Information Portal)

6-Application Layer Office Automation, MIS, e-Commerce, Data Mining, EIP, Virtual Entertainment, Virtual Music, e-Comrnerce Online Non-profit Organization, Electronic Global Corporation, Online Non-Government Organization, Virtual Global News, Online Travel, Electronic Library, Electronic Money, Information Policy

5-Communication Layer

2-Computer Networks Layer

1-Telecommunications Layer

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Figure 13-9. Home informalion infrastructure architecture (IS-Information System, HIP-Home Infor- mation Portal)

Had Use Housekeeping Inter "M omputii Computing Emputirvjjj 6-Application Layer Office Automation, Data Mining, HIP, Home Life IS, Home Control System, Home Health Care IS, Virtual Entertainment, Virtual Music, e-Commerce, e-News, Online Travel, Electronic Library, Home Banking, Information Policy

2-Computer Networks Layer

1-Telecommunications Layer

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Each of these infrastructures comprise compo- GLOBAL SOCIETY nents that are specific for them and are differenti- ated in the application layer of each category. The global economy leads towards the gradual Also, each infrastructure is engaged in the rise of the global society, whose mission will be three types of interactive computing: the regulation of global economic transactions (the global market) as the national society regu- • End-user computing either at home or at lates the national economy. At present, the global work - applying mostly office automation society remains mainly a subject of academic and software political discussions and anti-globalism activities. • Enterprise (organizational or housekeeping) Perhaps the global society will be a community computing - applying mostly enterprise of electronic global citizens. information systems such as management information system, data mining, and so forth GLOBAL CULTURE • Inter-Computing in cases of inter-organiza- tional information-communication systems Global culture spreads out through cross-culture such as e-commerce (B2B, B2C), SCM- communication2, which helps in understanding a supply chain management, and so forth message passing the invisible borders of the EGV. that cross borders of different information The purpose of cross-cultural communication is infrastructures. to develop rules, strategies, objectives, and tech- niques for the better understanding of communi- cations among members of the Western, Eastern, GLOBAL ECONOMY Hindu, Islamic, Buddhist, Chinese, Japanese, and African civilizations. These members are either In the 1990s, the economies of the triad of the consumers or product/services providers in the United States, Europe, and the Pacific-rim coun- global economy. The global economy creates new tries became so powerfu 1 that they have swallowed challenges forcross-culture communications and most consumers and corporations. They made vice versa. The development of EGV leads to the national borders almost disappear and pushed emergence of global culture. The global culture is bureaucrats, politicians, and the military toward a patterned way of behaving under global condi- the status of declining industries (Ohmae, 1990). tions and processes, sustaining the exchange and The global economy is based on the rapid disper- flow of goods, people, information, knowledge, sion oftechnology, the explosive growth of foreign and images. These exchanges and flowso f people, exchanges, and the cumulative and relentless flow logistics, and minds give rise to communication of mediated information and communications. processes that gain some autonomy on the global The global economy can function well since it level. Hence, there may be emerging sets of a is supported by rapid logistic transportation and "third culture" which themselves are conduits powerful information systems and communica- for all sorts of diverse cultural flows that cannot tions networks. These lattertelematic technologies be merely understood as the product of bilateral make "distance" an obsolete term. The global exchanges between nation-states (Featherstone, economy accelerates the progress oftechnology, 1990). Trade, travel, and television lay the ground- and technology advances the proficiency of the work for the global culture. In 1990, 1 billion global economy1. passengers flew the world's airways. By the year

304 The Electronic Global Village

2010, it will be 2+ billion passengers. In food, communication"); it also invites "to enlarge the fashion, and fun, one can afford to be open to human conversation by comprehending what all sorts of foreign influences. In Times Square, others are saying" (Carey, 1992). Carey noticed on the Ginza, and on the Champs-Elysees sushi also that "citizens now suffer in many areas from bars, croissant shops, and McDonald's compete overloads of communication and overdoses of for the same customers and expensive real estate participation." Therefore, in the new electronic (Nashbitt & Aburdene, 1990). world, we should be able to focus on meaningful communication and important issues. Otherwise, the newly created information chaos will make ELECTRONIC CULTURE us deaf, blind, and insensitive. The electronic information process triggered The term "electronicculture" means the electroni- new values such as: connected-expected feed- za^'o;? of the "information culture" which has been back, rhythm, productivity, velocity, impatience, rapidly developing since the invention of print in techno-ism, cyber-ethics, infonnated optimiza- 1454. In the last 500 years, information culture tion, big picture versus small picture, global was developed by such media as print, telegraph, awareness, self-consciousness, and so forth. The telephone, telecommunications, recorded sound physical world is being affected by new ways of (wire, tapes, records and CDs), movies, radio, computer-aided development and creation/imple- television, and so forth. In the last 50 years, new mentation of such technologies as e-communica- media such as computers (software) and the In- tion, distance learning, e-office, telecommuting, ternet have electronized information culture. e-knowledge, artificial intelligence, e-capital, Ingeneral, informationculturehasbeen under e-commerce, precision farming, mass custom- development ever si nee people cou Id commun icate ization, precision targeting, information war- symbols, but this accelerated when books could fare, net entertainment, e-art, cyber-dating, and be printed in the 15th century and information cyber-crime. Of course, such a huge infusion of could be communicated over "wires" in the 19th new e-technologies also generates among people century. The 21s1 century is the century of infor- (net-citizens) new"electronic behavior" identified mation machines, which increased our desire by such attributes as a net-centric anytime, any- for better control and cognition. This, however, where approach, the "death of distance," direct differs among particular civilizations and also (no middleman) contacts, more intense curiosity among different levels of people's income. A more and discovery, cyber-elitism, the digital divide, open flow of information and its better use lead information wealth, poverty of attention, and so toward more open and democratic societies, as is forth. These attributes create so-called digital indicated by the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, capital, which according to Tapscott, Ticoll, and after a policy of "openness" was introduced by Lowy (2000) is a set of new rules of engagement M. Gorbachev. The readership of underground in the new economy. publications exceeded the readership of official Electronic culture defines an e-mindsphere, news in Poland in the 1980s, which led to the rise e-global consciousness, and eventually the global- of the free union solidarity and fall of the Berlin universal society, which acts in its e-borderless Wall in 1989. world, mostly in a cyberspace but by the nature Electronic information culture is not only of "click and brick" in the physical world, too. about electric transmission of words and images Figure 13-10 illustrates components and relation- or pushingdown messages viamassmedia("mass ships of electronic culture.

305 The Electronic Global Village

Figure 13-10. Electronic culture architecture

ELECTRONIC GLOBAL CONSCIOUSNESS

Global-Universal Society

ELECTRONIC

CULTURE Computor-aldod and Dovelopmont MINOSPHERE Electronic Knowledge

ELECTRONIC VALUES ELECTRONIC BEHAVIOR Not-contrlc Expected Feedback Anytime, Anywhere Rhythm, Productivity, Velocity "Oaalh" of Distance mpaUence, Teehno-eentrlsm No intilitlcm.-iM Cyber-Ethlct Curiosity, Discovery Informed, Optimization Cyljor-Elllci Big Picture vs. Small Picture Digital Divide Global Awaienes IntorniutiiiK Wealth Poverty of Attention

Computor-aldod Creation/ Implementation

Global Information Infrastructure (Cyberspaco, Infosphere, Modlasphoro)

"CI./CK andf\ BRICK

Figure 13-11. The relationship between digital and physical cultures

Digital Culture Physical Culture Information Wave Agricultural & Industrial Waves

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Electronic culture shapes or rather conquers by computer hackers, criminals, and anti-social the development and operations of information agents. The new e-world has the same or even culture, which in consequence shapes the Agri- more intensified crimes as the physical world; cultural and Industrial Waves of civilization, as therefore, it is not yet a paradise or Utopia. Rather, is depicted in Figure 13-11. it is some hope for a better, hopefully wiser con- These latter waves defend themselves by en- trol and cognition, applied by humans in their forcing e-culture to comply with old-fashioned quest for the survival in the present settings of social ethics tested though centuries in society. the universe. Electronic culture isaculture which likes velocity, accessibility, and non-stop novelty. It is a culture which likes control and cognition and promotes CONCLUSION democracy through free speech and net-driven equality. The development of the EGV can help unleash a social revolution that will change forever the way people live, work, and interact with each other. ELECTRONIC GLOBAL CITIZEN (EGC) • Peoplecould livealmostanywhere they wish, without foregoing opportunities for useful At the beginning of the 21st century, e-culture and fulfilling employment, by "telecommut- remains a culture of white-middle class males ing" to their offices through an information with corporate backgrounds who can navigate highway. electronically or physically around the globe in The best schools, teachers, and courses a search for better opportun ities and solutions for would be available to all students, without an increasingly friction less capitalism. However, regard to geography, distance, resources, or the high school kids, the twenties or in general, disability. the younger generation is also net-centered. This • Services that improve a nation's healthcare kind of person is a net-citizen with e-global system and respond to other important social consciousness who can skillfully apply tools of needs could be available online, without the global information infrastructure. In effect, waiting in line, when and where you need the electronic global citizen is a citizen of the them. Electronic Global Village, who is certainly an Freedom and better quality of life will be enlightened person, ready for dialogue and to more popular in the world. share his vision and opportunities with others, • Application of control and cognition will respecting their diversity, seeing the planet from be wiser and eventually leading to longer above as one world, one civilization and wanting lasting civilization. to learn about it to protect it as long as possible. Perhaps the EGC is ready to accept the universal Also, the EGVcreates information highways values with in a framework of diversity. As a result that require rules ofthe road. Theserules are being of it, perhaps the EGC will minimize the digital created along with these practical applications. divide and make e-globe accessible for all who The EGV supports globalism and at the same want to be on it. time it supports regionalism, which organizes Of course this "rosy" picture is full of unex- local resources to survive and flourish in global pected negative motives and actions triggered cooperation and competition.

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A. Further Research Directions mass media. Today, the term Electronic Global Village is mostly used as a metaphor • Investigate the relationships among the to describe the Internet and World Wide global universal society, global digital Web. This new reality has implications for consciousness, and global economy in the forming new sociological structures within 21st century and in the future. the context of civilization. The Gutenberg • Investigate the relationships within the Galaxy phase of Western civilization is being global digital consciousness among such replaced by computer networks and elec- components as cyberspace, infosphere, tronic information-communication, leading mindsphere, and mediasphere. to "electronic interdependence." In this • Investigate the development of the enterprise phase, electronic media replace the visual information infrastructure in the scope of culture of the Gutenberg phase, producing relationships among end user, enterprise, cognitive shifts and new social organizations and service computing, particularly these based on digital media technologies. As a last two pillars of enterprise infrastructure, result of this shift in technology and media, which will define the emerging trend of the humankind is moving from the individual- 21st century. ism and fragmentation that characterized the Gutenberg Galaxy to a collective identity, B. Research Opportunities with a "tribal base" within the Electronic Global Village. Instead of tending towards • The research opportunity is in investigating a vast Alexandrian library, the world has emerging electronic culture, which leads become an electronic brain, with the global towards the emergence of electronic global digital consciousness and ability to pursue citizenships. problem-solving through a world-wide fo- rum, creating a new concept of digital world C. Additional Ideas community acting in aplanetary cyberspace. Therefore, it is important to investigate • The emergence of electronic culture and electronic/digital components of that new citizenships will perhaps lead to a new "brain," "consciousness," "culture," and bifurcation of human race. "civilization." Perhaps we are facing a new civilization bifurcation of mankind. D. Rationale E. Additional Reading • Global village is aterm coined by Wyndham Lewis in his book America and Cosmic Barnet, R., & Cavanagh, J. (1994). Imperial cor- Man (1948). However, Herbert Marshall porations and the new world order. New York, McLuhan also wrote about this term in his NY: Simon & Schuster. book The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man (\962). His book describes Bell, D. (1980). Sociological journeys: Essays how electronic mass media collapse space 1960-1980. London: Heinemann. and time barriers in human communication, Bernal, J. (1989). The social function of science. enabling people to interact and live on a Berlin: Academie-Verlag. global scale. In this sense, the globe has been turned into a village by the electronic Bradley, S., Hausman, J., &Nolan, R. (1993). Glo- balization, technology and competition. Boston,

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MA: Harvard Business School. (1964). Understanding media: Brzezinski, Z. (1976). Between two ages: America The extension of man. New York, NY: A Signet in the technetronic era. New York, NY: Pen- Book guin (1967). The medium is the message. New York, NY: Bantam Books. Cairncross, F. (1997). The death of distance. How the communications revolution will change our (1968). War and peace. New York, lives. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School NY: Bantam Books. Press. Moran, R., & Riesenberger, J. (1994). The global Clark, C. (1940). Conditions of economic progress. challenge, building the new worldwide enterprise. London: McMillan and Co. Berkshire, UK: McGraw-Hill International. Gilder, G. (1989). Microcosmos. New York, NY: Ostry, S., & Nelson, R. (1995). Techno-national- Simon & Schuster. ism andtechno-globalism. Wash ington, D.C.: The Brookings Institute. Grossman, L. (1995). The electronic republic. New York, NY: Viking. Porat, M-U. (1976). The information economy. Doctoral dissertation. University of Stanford. Harman, W. (1988). Global mind challenge. Sau- salito, CA: Werner Books. Rushkoff, D. (1994). Cyberia. Life in the trenches of hyperspace. New York, NY: HarperCollins. Hiltz,S.,&Turoff>M.(1993).rAewe/worifc«crf/on. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Ricardo, D. (1978). The principles of political economy and taxation. London: Dent. Hitt, W. (1998). The global citizen. Columbus, OH: Battelle Press. Richta, R. (Ed.). (1969). Civilization at the cross- roads. New York, NY: M.E. Sharp. Hundley, R., Anderson, R., Bikson, T, & Neu, C. (2003). The global course of the information Shaffer, C, & Anundsen, K. (1993). Creating revolution. Recurring themes and regional varia- community anywhere. New York, NY: Jeremy tions. Santa Monica, CA: RAND P. Tarcher/Perigee King, A., & Schneider, B. (1991). The first global Shannon, C, & Weaver, W. (1949). The math- revolution. New York, NY: Pantheon Books. ematical theory of communication. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. Lewis, W. (1948). America and cosmic man. London: Nicholson & Watson. Silberglitt, R., Howell, D., & Wong, A. (2006). The global technology revolution 2020. Santa Mann, C. (2006). Accelerating the globalization Monica, CA: RAND. of America. The role of information technology. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Veneris, Y. (1984). The informational revolution, Economics. cybernetics andurban modeling. Doctoral thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. McLuhan, M. (1962). The Gutenberg galaxy: The making of typographic man. Toronto: University _ (1990). Modelingthe transition from of Toronto Press. the industrial to the informational revolution. Environment and Planning, 22(3), 399-416.

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Wiener, N. (1948) Cybernetics. Cambridge, MA: Ohmae, K. (1990). The borderless world. New MIT Press. York, NY: Harper Perennial. Reich, R. (1992). The work of nations. New York, REFERENCES NY: Vintage Books. Soros, G. (1998). The crisis of global capitalism. Carey, J. (1992). Communication as culture. New New York, NY: Public Affairs. York, NY: Routledge. Tapscoe, D., Ticoll, D., & Lowy, A. (2000). Barber, B. (1992). Jihad vs. McWorld. Atlantic Digital capital. Harnessing the power of busi- Monthly, March, 53-63. ness webs. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Becker, J. (1989). The concept of a university of the world. Information Society, 6(3), 83-92. Targowski, A. (1990). Strategies and architecture of the electronic global village. Information So- Benedikt, M. (1993). Cyberspace first steps. ciety, 7(3), 187-202. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (1990b). The architecture of en- Bequai, A. (1981). The cashless society: EFTS at terprise-wide ims. Harrisburg, PA: Idea Group the crossroads. New York, NY: John Wiley. Publishing. Featherstone, M. (1990). Global culture. Newbury _(1996). Global information infra- Park, CA: SAGE Publications. structure. Harrisburg, PA: Idea Group Publish- Gibson, W. (1984). Neuromancer. New York, ing. NY: Ace Books. (2001). Enterprise information Greenberger, M. (1984). The computers of tomor- infrastructure. Boston, MA: Pearson. row. Atlantic Monthly, May, 63-67. U.S. Congress. (1974). A definition offered by the Grossman, L. (1995). The electronic republic. National Commission on Electronic Fund New York, NY: Viking. Transfer (NCEFT). Public Law, 93-495. Huth, V., & Gould, S. (1993). The national infor- mation infrastructure: The federal role. Congressional Research Service, Washington, ENDNOTES D.C.: The Library of Congress. Koelsch, F. (1995). The Infomedia revolution. More on global economy is provided in Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson. Chapter VII. More on cross-cu ltu re is prov ided in Chapter McLuhan, M. (1968). Warandpeace in the global XV. village. New York, NY: Bantam Books. Nashbitt, J., & Aburdene, P. (1990). Megatrends 2000. New York, NY: William Morrow and Company.

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