Kriegsfilm Am Balkan Milcho Manchevski 'Before the Rain' Mit

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Kriegsfilm Am Balkan Milcho Manchevski 'Before the Rain' Mit Das große Thema von Schuld und Sühne und die ewige Suche nach der wahren Identität des Menschen. Die großen Mythen des Wilden Balkan – welches sind ihre Rollen, ihre Metaphern und ihre Propagandawirkung in den Medien. Fragen zur Identität- und Identitätsbildung, die Figur eines homo balcanicus, der ein Stereotyp für einen auferlegten Selbstexotismus in Kultur und Film ist, werden behandelt. Verschiedene Zugänge werden anhand der bedeutendsten filme ihrer Epochen durchleuchtet. Im Zentrum der Analyse steht jedoch der Film Before the Rain des mazedonischen Regisseurs Milcho Manchevski der die zuvor aufgegriffenen Fragen zum Großteil im Film behandelt. Before the Rain ist durchzogen von einer Radikalität und einer kriegerischen Atmosphäre, di ein den letzten Jahren am Balkan geherrscht hat, dennoch ist es kein Film über den Krieg sonder zeigt den Menschen im permanenten Konflikt mit den Leben aber vor allem mit dem Konflikt mit sich selbst. Wörter führen zu Unstimmigkeiten und Konflikten. Die Stille hingegen spricht die Sprache der Liebe. Es ist die unaufhörliche Rückkehr zu den ewigen Themen, Liebe und Tod. Meiner Familie in Liebe und Dankbarkeit - 1 - - 2 - INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Einleitung..............................................................................................................5 1. Politik und Historie am Balkan........................................................................9 1.1. Der Kommunismus und die Jahre unter Tito........................................ .....11 1.1.1.„...die guten alten Tage unter Tito“...........................................................11 1.2. Politische Hilflosigkeit auf allen Seiten......................................................12 1.2.1. Serbien und der Wunsch nach Gemeinsamkeit........................................14 1.2.2. Kroatien und der Wunsch nach Unabhängigkeit......................................15 1.2.3. Bosnien und der Wunsch nach Frieden....................................................16 1.3. Europas Armenhaus....................................................................................18 1.3.1. Agonie eines Landes – ein europäisches Traumata..................................19 2. Krieg im Film – eine Alte Liebe....................................................................20 2.1. Der Mensch- der Krieger- der Held............................................................23 2.1.1. Der heutige Held der Leinwände.............................................................25 3. Medien und Propaganda heute oder moderner Eskapismus............................27 3.1. Kriegsfilm = Propaganda?............................................................................28 3.2. Partisanenfilm und Partisanenheroismus......................................................31 3.2.1. Partisanenromatik goes for Oscars............................................................33 4. Identität, Selbstbildnis, Image..........................................................................35 4.1. Identität – eine geographische Frage?...........................................................35 4.1.1. Relevanz der freien Identitätswahl.............................................................39 4.2. „Selbstexotismus“ oder Wie wird der Balkan aus westlicher Sicht gesehen.........................................40 4.2.1. Stereotype, Vorurteile und Tugenden .........................................................42 4.3. Tradition und Folklore als Element der Erzählstruktur oder „ Vom Triglav bis zum Vardar“..........................................................................44 4.4. Homo Balcanicus.............................................................................................46 - 3 - 4.4.1. Die Rolle der Frau..........................................................................................47 4.5, Ein „wildes“ Filmbeispiel“ ...............................................................................48 5. filmische Reaktion der Länder auf den Krieg - Ein gemeinsames kulturelles Erbe wird geteilt...................................................................................................50 5.1. Filmische Etappen von 1945 bis 1991..............................................................51 5.1.1. Ästhetik des Chaos.........................................................................................53 5.2. Verschiedene Leseart von Filmen.....................................................................56 5.3. Kroatien.............................................................................................................58 5.4. Slowenien..........................................................................................................62 5.5. Serbien...............................................................................................................65 5.6. Bosnien .............................................................................................................74 5.7. Mazedoniens......................................................................................................78 5.8. Internationale filmische Behandlung des Balkans.............................................79 6. Before the Rain ...................................................................................................81 6.1. Politische Situation in Mazedoniens.................................................................83 6.2. Biographisches über Milcho Manchevski.........................................................84 6.2.1. Entstehungsgeschichte von Before the Rain .................................................86 6.3. Words-Faces-Pictures / Worte-Gesichter-Bilder .............................................87 6.3.1. Zeitstruktur.....................................................................................................91 6.3.2. Figuren............................................................................................................93 6.4. Reaktionen auf den Film und historische Darstellung in Before the Rain ........98 6.5. Die Metapher als Erzählelement in Before the Rain .......................................101 6.6. Religion und Gewalt........................................................................................110 6.6.1. Identität und Nostalgie ................................................................................113 Schlussbetrachtung.................................................................................................116 Filmographie..........................................................................................................118 Monographie..........................................................................................................119 Zeitungen und Zeitschriften...................................................................................121 Internetquellen........................................................................................................122 Bildquellen..............................................................................................................124 - 4 - Einleitung Ein immer wiederkehrendes Motiv in der jugoslawischen Kinematographie waren kriegerische und revolutionäre Themen. Bereits die allerersten Filmaufnahmen auf dem Gebiet des ehemaligen Jugoslawien handelten von kriegerischen Auseinandersetzungen und sind bis heute der Ausgangspunkt und eine ständige Konstante dieser Filmgeschichte. Die Aufmerksamkeit auf die Filme am Balkan wurde mit der Auflösung Jugoslawiens im Jahre 1990 auf sich gezogen. Es entstanden eine Reihe an Filmen die eine Reaktion auf den Krieg waren. Mehr als 250 Spielfilme und Dokumentarfilme die sich mit dem Thema Krieg und dem Zerfall beschäftigten, entstanden in kürzester Zeit. Das Interesse für diese bis dato wenig erforschte Filmlandschaft wurde geweckt. Natürlich ist es eine bittere Ironie, dass erst der Ausbruch des Krieges dazu führte, dass man sich mit dem Land Jugoslawien und dessen doch eher unbekannten Kinematographie auseinandersetzte. Das Bild des Westens vom Osten ist geprägt von den Mythen des wilden Balkan. Vor allem scheinen diese Bilder einem Schicksal voller Gewalt geweiht zu sein. Der ethnische Krieg hat dieses Bild nur verstärkt. Der Balkan wurde aber weiterhin als mystisch und mythisch angesehen und seine Bewohner als ein hartnäckiges, aggressives und kriegsführende Volk. Wichtig erscheint mir, jedes der neuen Länder, Kroatien, Serbien, Bosnien, Slowenien und Mazedonien einzeln zu betrachten, da auch jedes Land individuell und mit anderen Ansätzen und Sichtweisen mit dem Thema des Krieges umgegangen ist. Die einen versuchten mit Komödien und Persiflagen darauf zu reagieren und beschäftigten sich lieber mit den II. Weltkrieg als mit den aktuellen Krieg (Kroatien), die anderen probierten mehr den Dokumentarischen/Realistischen Stil (Bosnien) oder sie gingen dem Weg des Dramas und der Tragikkomödie (Serbien). Es werden nationale Filmbeispiele erwähnt, die vor allem auch international Beachtung fanden, wie Kako je po čeo rat na mom otoku [ How the war started on my little Island, 1996], Podzemlje [Underground, 1995], Lepa sela, lepo gore [Pretty Village, Pretty flame, 1996] oder Ni čja zemlja [No man´s land, 2001]. In diesem Kontext werden zwangsläufig Fragen aufgeworfen, die einer Auseinandersetzung mit der Geschichte des Landes bedürfen, sowie die Fragen der Ideologie und Rezeption. Die dadurch resultierenden Betrachtungsweisen lassen auch politische Tendenzen und Standpunkte verschiedener Filmemacher klarer ersichtlich
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