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ALMANAC ON SECURITY SECTOR GOVERNANCE IN UKRAINE 2012 Geneva-Kyiv, 2013 Editors: Joseph L. DERDZINSKI, Valeriya KLYMENKO Design and layout: Oleksandr SHAPTALA This volume offers a selection of articles by the Ukrainian and international authors. They present different points of view and assessments of the current state and perspectives of the Ukrainian Security Sector development including its defence, internal security and defence industry. The analysis also covers broader issues of national domestic and foreign policy directly infl uencing security of the Ukrainian citizens, society and the state. Such an approach helps better appreciate ongoing developments in the Security Sector and the essence of problems related to national security. General assessments, conclusions and proposals are those of the authors and do not necessarily coincide with the positions of DCAF or the Razumkov Centre. Publication was made possible in the framework of NATO-Ukraine Partnership Network and thanks to the fi nancial support of the Swiss Ministry of Defence Partnership for Peace programme © DCAF, 2013 © Razumkov Centre, 2013 ISBN 978-966-7272-93-7 © “Zapovit” Publishing House, 2013 А Table of Contents ABBREVIATIONS . .7 FOREWORD Philipp FLURI . .9 SECURITY SECTOR Chapter 1. SECURITY SECTOR IN THE CONTEXT OF GENERAL SOCIO-POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINE Oleksiy MELNYK, Mykola SUNGUROVSKYI . .13 Chapter 2. UKRAINE’S SECURITY SECTOR MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: A MODERNISED SOVIET MODEL Oleksandr LYTVYNENKO . .29 Chapter 3. UKRAINE’S SECURITY: PROGRESS AND REGRESSION James SHERR . .37 DEFENCE SECTOR Chapter 4. NEW MILITARY DOCTRINE: PRINCIPLES OF UKRAINE’S MILITARY POLICY IN THE CONDITIONS OF A NON-BLOC STATUS Volodymyr MOZHAROVSKYI, Oleksandr ZATYNAIKO, Viktor PAVLENKO, Viktor BOCHARNIKOV, and Serhiy SVESHNIKOV . .51 Chapter 5. REFORMATION OF UKRAINE’S AF: NEW AMBITIONS, OR A PRACTICAL WAY? Stanislav HURAK . .63 Chapter 6. HOPE IN HIDDEN POTENTIAL: THE HUMAN FACTOR IN REFORMING THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE D. Lee GABEL . .71 Chapter 7. CORRUPTION OBSTRUCTS REFORMS IN THE UKRAINIAN ARMED FORCES Leonid POLYAKOV . .81 INTERNAL SECURITY Chapter 8. URGENT PROBLEMS IN REFORMATION OF THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS ENTITIES IN UKRAINE’S SECURITY SECTOR REFORM Oksana MARKEYEVA . .93 3 А Chapter 9. ON THE ISSUE OF INTELLIGENCE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT BODIES’ REFORM Oleksandr SKYBINETSKYI, Roman MARCHUK . .105 Chapter 10. EXPERT COMMUNITY AS AN ELEMENT OF DEMOCRATIC CIVILIAN CONTROL OF THE SECURITY SECTOR IN UKRAINE: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS Oleksandr BELOV . .109 Chapter 11. UKRAINE’S LAW-ENFORCEMENT BODIES: RESERVES AND LIMITATIONS OF REFORMS Serhiy AKULOV. .113 DEFENCE INDUSTRY Chapter 12. ABILITY OF THE NATIONAL DEFENCE INDUSTRY TO MEET DEMANDS OF UKRAINE’S ARMED FORCES FOR ARMS AND MILITARY EQUIPMENT Petro NEBOTOV . .121 ANNEX 1 GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE NATIONAL SECURITY SYSTEM, ITS PROCESSES IN FUNCTIONING AND DEVELOPMENT . .131 ANNEX 2 INFORMATION AND REFERENCE MATERIALS SUMMED UP BY THE NATIONAL SECURITY AND DEFENCE COMMITTEE OF THE VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE FOR PARLIAMENTARY HEARINGS “ON THE STATE AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF MILITARY ORGANISATION AND SECURITY SECTOR OF UKRAINE” MAY 23, 2012 . .138 4 А List of Figures and Tables FIGURES Figure 1. CORRUPTION INDEX . .116 Figure 2. STRUCTURE OF THE NATIONAL SECURITY SYSTEM . .133 Figure 3. MANNING LEVEL FOR INITIAL OFFICER ASSIGNMENTS . .140 Figure 4. STATE OF MILITARY EQUIPMENT OF INTERNAL TROOPS OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF UKRAINE . .144 TABLES Table 1. IMAGINE THAT YOU SEE A MILITIAMAN AT NIGHT, IN AN EMPTY STREET. HOW DO YOU SEE HIM? . .115 Table 2. ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE STRENGTH SETTING IN 2006-2011 . .138 Table 3. MANNING LEVEL OF THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE IN 2006-2011 . .138 Table 4. CHANGES IN STRENGTH OF THE INTERNAL TROOPS OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF UKRAINE IN 2006-2011 . .138 Table 5. CHANGES IN STRENGTH OF THE STATE BORDER SERVICE OF UKRAINE IN 2006-2011. .139 Table 6. CHANGES IN STRENGTH OF THE SECURITY SERVICE OF UKRAINE IN 2006-2011. .139 Table 7. CHANGES IN STRENGTH OF THE SECURITY GUARDS DEPARTMENT OF UKRAINE IN 2006-2011 . .139 Table 8. CHANGES IN STRENGTH OF THE STATE SPECIAL TRANSPORT SERVICE OF UKRAINE IN 2006-2011 . .139 Table 9. CHANGES IN STRENGTH OF THE STATE SERVICE OF SPECIAL COMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION PROTECTION OF UKRAINE IN 2006-2011 . .139 Table 10. CHANGES IN STRENGTH OF THE STATE PENITENTIARY SERVICE OF UKRAINE IN 2006-2011 . .140 Table 11. STATE AND CONDITIONS OF MANNING PRIVATE AND SERGEANT POSITIONS WITH CONTRACTED SERVICEMEN . 140 Table 12. COMPARISON OF BUDGET EXPENDITURES PER SERVICEMAN IN SOME EUROPEAN COUNTRIES IN 2012 . .140 Table 13. FUNDING OF THE MINISTRY OF DEFENCE OF UKRAINE IN 2006-2011 . .141 Table 14. STRUCTURE OF THE MINISTRY OF DEFENCE OF UKRAINE EXPENDITURES IN 2006-2011 . .141 Table 15. FUNDING OF THE INTERNAL TROOPS OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF UKRAINE IN 2006-2011 . .141 5 А Almanac on security sector governance in Ukraine 2012 Table 16. STATE BUDGET FUNDING FOR THE STATE BORDER SERVICE OF UKRAINE IN 2006-2011. .141 Table 17. FUNDING OF THE SECURITY SERVICE OF UKRAINE IN 2006-2011 . .142 Table 18. FUNDING OF THE FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE SERVICE OF UKRAINE IN 2006-2011. .142 Table 19. FUNDING OF THE SECURITY GUARDS DEPARTMENT OF UKRAINE IN 2006-2011. .142 Table 20. FUNDING OF THE STATE SPECIAL TRANSPORT SERVICE OF UKRAINE IN 2006-2011. .142 Table 21. FUNDING OF THE STATE SERVICE OF SPECIAL COMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION PROTECTION OF UKRAINE IN 2006-2011 . .143 Table 22. FUNDING OF THE STATE PENITENTIARY SERVICE OF UKRAINE IN 2006-2011. .143 Table 23. FUNDING OF THE MAIN INTELLIGENCE DEPARTMENT OF UKRAINE’S MOD IN 2006-2011 . .143 Table 24. UPGRADING OF THE MAIN WEAPON SYSTEMS OF UKRAINE’S ARMED FORCES IN 2006-2011 . .143 Table 25. UPGRADING OF THE MILITARY EQUIPMENT OF INTERNAL TROOPS OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF UKRAINE . .144 Table 26. FUNDING OF MEASURES AIMED AT CREATING SPECIAL CAPABILITIES FOR THE SECURITY SERVICE OF UKRAINE UNDER THE STATE PROGRAMME OF DEVELOPMENT OF WEAPONS AND MILITARY EQUIPMENT . .144 Table 27. RATE OF PROVISION OF THE SECURITY SERVICE OF UKRAINE WITH SPECIAL EQUIPMENT . .144 Table 28. RATE OF PROVISION OF THE STATE BORDER SERVICE OF UKRAINE WITH ARMS, EQUIPMENT AND TECHNICAL MEANS . .144 Table 29. KEY INDICATORS OF TRAINING OF THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE . .145 Table 30. PARTICIPATION OF UKRAINE IN INTERNATIONAL PEACEKEEPING, PEACE ENFORCEMENT AND SECURITY OPERATIONS IN 2007-2011 . .145 Table 31. MONEY ALLOWANCES FOR MILITARY SERVANTS BY MAIN STANDARD POSITIONS AS OF DECEMBER 2011 . .145 Table 32. MONEY ALLOWANCES BY PERSONNEL CATEGORY AS OF DECEMBER 2011 . .146 Table 33. PROVISION WITH HOUSING - ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE . .146 - INTERNAL TROOPS OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF UKRAINE . .146 Table 34. DATA OF MILITARY GARRISONS OF THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE IN 2006-2011. .146 6 А ABBREVIATIONS AF Armed Forces of Ukraine CCP Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union DCAF Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces ECHR European Court for Human Rights FSB Federal Security Service (RF) GRU Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff (RF) GS General Staff GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development (Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova) HIV/AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome HR Human Resources IMF International Monetary Fund KGB Committee for State Security (USSR) MAP Membership Action Plan MDMP Military Decision Making Process MP Member of Parliament MPS Military-political Situation MOD Ministry of Defence (also Defence Ministry) MVS Ministry of Internal Affairs NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NCO Non-commissioned Officer NSDC National Security and Defence Council NSS National Security System PARP Planning and Review Process (NATO) PACE Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe PfP Partnership for Peace PoR Party of Regions SBU Security Service of Ukraine SDS Security and Defence Sector TLP Troop Leading Procedures UAF Ukrainian Armed Forces UMDPL Association of Ukrainian Human Rights Monitors on Law Enforcement USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics WMD Weapons of Mass Destruction 7 А FOREWORD UKRAINE’S SECURITY SECTOR ALMANAC ver a historically short period that passed after the release of O the Almanac on Security Sector Governance in Ukraine 2010, the national security and defence policy saw serious change mainly caused by President Viktor Yanukovych coming to power in February 2010. Security issues more often appeared in the focus of the political community and society. The grounds for such focus usually included rather brave political decisions, declarations of the necessity and intentions of reforms, and alarming signals of problems associated with power structures’ activity. Articles by Ukrainian and foreign authors included in this issue of the Almanac present different views and assessments of the state and prospects of Ukraine’s security sector development. The Almanac is structured into four sections and annexes. The first section reviews general issues dealing with the national security policy, the state and development of the security sector. The second section covers defence issues, the third – with internal security structures, the fourth – the state and prospects of Ukraine’s defence industry. Annexes carry supporting materials supplementing the articles. The Almanac begins with an article prepared by Razumkov Centre experts that reviews the
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