Painting © Ken Marschall  THURSDAY • APRIL 12 • 2012 | A NEWSPAPER IN EDUCATION SUPPLEMENT TO THE WASHINGTON TIMES Atlantic Ocean at that time. the onfastestliners and luxurious most the Mauritania,the Lusitaniaand the built had which Line, Cunard The rival, their was top to goal Their Gigantic Britannic). and the (renamed , Olympic, the would be build to planned they ships three The Line. Star Whitethe Ismay, of director Bruce J. was attendance In mansion. his at meeting dinner ship informal an Wolff held builders, & Harland the of chairman yearsearlier. On April30, 1907, Lord Pirrie, unrivaled size and luxury was hatched three Line Right: Wolff Shipbuilders Left: history, just not in the way most expected. in ship famous most the become to tined des was She built. ever liner ocean urious TitanicThe was, forhertime, luxmostthe long. mile a of sixth a nearly and building nificentship. Shewastaller thanten-storya mag the of departure the at awe in 100,000 gazed than more of crowd a and men, work reporters, Dignitaries, time. that at sea or land on creation moving man-made largest the was She York. New for bound , Southhampton, from voyage en maid her began Titanic RMS majestic the TitanicHistory of The concept for a fleet of three ships of of ships three of fleet a for concept The 1912, 10, April Wednesday on Noon At Lord Pirrie, Chairman, Harland &

J. Bruce Ismay, Director, White Star

------incredible 882 feet 9 inches long and 92 92 and long inches 9 feet 882 incredible by completed down was outfitting slide Her slipway. the Titanic’s lubricate of to pounds grease 44,000 over took It watched. 3 week, plus a half-day on Saturday. workingfromto5:30pmfive7:30am days a site, the at labored workers 14,000 Shipyard Irish than more the construction, At of 1909. peak 31, March on Lagan River the on Ireland , in (HWS) Shipyard Wolff and Harland the at later two-years turbine two by run was huge She wide. inches 6 feet of 23 of Twenty-nine ing ing 1 The great ship’s great The nearly began Titanicthe of Construction , , ac 3 March 191 furnace steam engine steam knot , 1 which powered three three powered which as more than 100,000 people people 100,000 than more as s (26.5 mph). Only three of the of three Only mph). (26.5 1 s boiler made possible a top speed speed top a possible made , 1912. Titanic measured an an measured Titanic 1912. , s s hul firedby 159 and one low-pressure low-pressure one and l was launched launched was propeller coa l burn May s - . were ornately appointed with elaborate elaborate with appointed ornately were cour squash bat electric & Turkish featured onboard ship an The area. reception entrance the to spectacular a formed Staircase Grand domed opulence.The and luxury in (Steam Ship). RM ried car also she Becausecrew. and passengers 3,547 of total a carry could ship The sive. impres more look ship the make to added vent,a as wasservedfourth, only whichthe tall feet 63 four For its time, this ship was unsurpassed unsurpassed was ship this time, its For times even by law. someand tradition byrestrictedclasswas upper classes thetomiddle or lower the of Mobility defined. rigidly were occupation one’s even and status Class stark. were poverty and wealth between Inequalities servants. class working their of labor the by possible made were racy tainment and travel as never before. enterfashion,cuisine, in indulged and wealth newfound experiencedAmericans subjects. her population world’s the of three in one with S mai (Royal Mail Steamer) as well as SS SS as well as Steamer) Mail (Royal t a a ie f ra ieult. h piiee o te aristoc the of privileges The inequality. great of time a was It l , her name was given the prefix prefix the given was name her , t swimming poo swimming . For Classroom Tips, See Page 15 First-clas funnel s s h were functional; functional; were common rooms rooms common s, a a s, l , gymnasiu librar y and and m - - , Director of Wolff and Harland Shipyards. of Managing Director Andrews, Thomas — sea.” to send out shells We’re egg gilded sunk.’ ing that’s be ship a him gonna wants build to who me man a here’s ‘Now was: thought I thing First prints. blue the over the all see marks red to little Ismay, with meeting duced abundance took place. place. height imperial its at took was Britain abundance duced mass-pro and modern industrialization as well as change social Age.” “Gilded the called often the Britain, by defined Great in VIIEdward King of reign is era The era. Edwardian the epitomizes excess, material and opulence, progress, The Edwardian (1901-1919)Era an extensive electrical system powered by powered system electrical extensive an had also She well. as passengers elevator one enjoyed second-class innovation, an as and, passengers first-class transported Three decorations. and elegant other furniture expensive paneling, wood “You weren’t there at my first first my at there weren’t “You Tremendous technological and and technological Tremendous human embodying Titanic, The elevator ------

s steam-driven generators and ship-wide lifeboats should be increased. Bruce wiring for electric lights, telephone system Ismay thought this to be too expensive and two Marconi telegraphy radios. Two and unsightly (a decision he would deeply Marconi Company operators worked in regret). shifts sending and receiving passenger mes- No one thought lifeboats would be need- sages using the 5,000-watt system. First- ed, since Titanic was considered a pinnacle class passengers paid a hefty fee for such of naval architecture and technological amenities; the most expensive one-way trans-Atlantic was $4,375 (equiva- lent to $99,237 in 2011). Let the Truth be known, no ship is unsinkable. The bigger the ship, the easier it is to sink her. I learned long ago that if you design how a ship’ll sink, you can keep her afloat. I pro- posed all the watertight com- partments and the double hull to slow these ships from sink- ing. In that way, you get every- one off. There’s time for help to arrive, and the ship’s less likely An inquisitive Mrs. Albert Caldwell asked less than a day because the crew was sure Titanic’s passengers and crew required to break apart and kill someone a deck hand, “Is this ship really unsink- that Titanic would perform the same as her tons of food supplies. Among the supplies able?” He replied, “Yes, Lady, God Himself sister-ship, Olympic, which was completed were: 115,000 pounds of fresh meat & fish, while she’s going down.” couldn’t sink this ship.” The crew, builders, before her. That evening she started the 80,000 pounds of potatoes, 10,000 pounds — , patrons, general public, and governments 570-mile trip to , just south- of rice & beans, 40,000 eggs, 36,000 orang- Managing Director of Harland all believed that the modern technology of west of , England along the River es, 7,000 heads of lettuces, and 1,500 gal- and Wolff Shipyards the Titanic made her unsinkable. Test, which flows into the English Channel. lons of milk. On April 2, 1912 Captain E. J. Smith and It was an easy location from which London “You could actually walk miles along his officers participated in Titanic’s sea tri- passengers could embark. the decks and passages covering different achievement. Ship Builders magazine pro- als to test the ship. Engines were run. The As Titanic got underway on April 10, she A NEWSPAPER IN EDUCATION SUPPLEMENT TO THE WASHINGTON TIMES claimed the ship “practically unsinkable.” crew practiced port and starboard turns, passed the American liner, S.S. New York Titanic was divided into 16 watertight stopping, turning a full circle, and run- moored at the dock. The smaller ship began Control your Irish passions, compartments, which had doors, held up ning at different speeds. The trials lasted straining at her lines, drawn by the invisible Thomas (builder). Your uncle by magnetic latches, that would drop on suction from the Titanic’s three mammoth here tells me you proposed 64 the command of a switch on the bridge propellers, driven by a power plant capa- lifeboats and he had to pull or automatically if water got too high in “I cannot imagine any condi- ble of 55,000 horsepower. Abruptly, loud a compartment. The bulkheads reached reports shattered the lighthearted mood. your arm to get you down to tion which would cause a ship the height of the E-Deck, but were not to founder. I cannot conceive of The three-inch steel cables securing New 32. Now, I will remind you just enclosed at the top. This was a design flaw any vital disaster happening to York to her moorings snapped, recoiling as I reminded him these are my that would prove deadly. Titanic could stay this vessel. Modern ship build- through the air and landing within a few afloat if flooded in any two of the middle feet of startled onlookers. New York’s stern ships. And, according to our ing has gone beyond that.” contract, I have final say on the compartments or in the first four compart- swung out towards the passing Titanic. ments; beyond that, the ship would sink — Captain Smith, Captain Edward J. Smith, who was plan- design. I’ll not have so many because water would spill over each bulk- of Titanic ning to retire after completion of this voy- little boats, as you call them, head into the next compartment. age, promptly ordered the port propeller cluttering up my decks and put- reversed. ting fear into my passengers.” — J. Bruce Ismay, Director of “When anyone asks how I can the . best describe my experience in nearly 40 years at sea, I merely say, uneventful. Of course there have been winter gales, and storms and | ground all the time. I was thoroughly famil- fog the like, but in all my expe- THURSDAY • APRIL 12 • 2012 iar with pretty well every type of ship afloat rience, I have never been in any but it took me 14 days before I could, with accident of any sort worth speak- confidence, find my way from one part of ing about. I never saw a wreck and that ship to another.” — , never have been wrecked, nor was Second Officer I ever in any predicament that Titanic carried 20 lifeboats, 4 of which threatened to end in disaster of any had collapsible canvas sides, which were sort. You see, I am not very good Crewmembers rigged collision mats and more than was required by law at that material for a story” an uneasy hush fell upon the spectators. time, but not enough for all passengers. — Captain Smith, The quick action of Captain Smith and the Alexander Carlisle, a Managing Directors Commander of Titanic quick attention of the tugboats prevented at HWS, suggested that the number of Titanic’s maiden voyage from ending at   THURSDAY • APRIL 12 • 2012 | A NEWSPAPER IN EDUCATION SUPPLEMENT TO THE WASHINGTON TIMES Fireman J. Dilley. told passengers,” the alarm to want didn’t They shut.mouths our keep to us told cers offi the but it, over “The alarmed avail. were stokers no to but fire, the out put to days fornon-stop worked had steel. firemen The the weakening possibly bulkheads, the against hot” “red burned coal of tons and combusted spontaneously had bunker 6 No. in Coal problem. another about eye out for icebergs. an keep to lookouts the it for harder making much found, never were binoculars locker.a The in Crow’sstored the and Nest know he removedbinocularsbeenthethat had from did Little directly.” it into look I’ll right, “All responded, Nest.”Lightoller Crow’s the in glasses lookout no have we “Sir, Lightoller, Charles Officer Second to concernlookout,expressed a as specifically cers out to Titanic. gage,mail, reporters, offi immigration and lug passengers, new carried ships tender anchoredwhilespeciallybuilttheharbor in locations were not large enough and Titanic both at docks The Ireland.Queenstown, at arrived day following the and passengers, additional up pick to France Cherbourg, board again. on man the saw never she but unsinkable, I’m going to do.” far.that getwe Cherbourg,at if That’s what Harris, “Do you love your life?” later that doomed Titanic. days iceberg the with one deadlier far than the place taken had collision particular that if everyone for better havebeen would probably it retrospect, In Southampton. Titanic Advertising Poster 1912 On April 11, 1912 at 1:40pm the Titanic the 1:40pm at 1912 11, April On worried more was crew the Meanwhile, hired Symons, George member Crew in stopped Titanic evening, That ship the thinking laughed, Harris Mrs. ship this off Get omen. bad a was “That She responded, “Yes, I love it.” Renee Mrs. to commented stranger A - - - 78-mile wide expanse of ice acrossiceTitanic’s expanseof wide 78-mile ed,wouldthey have understood there wasa report ice of positions the all plotted had bridge the on those If icebergs. large and ice pack heavy of warned Mesaba steamer toCaptainonpassedSmith. At9:30pm, the or posted at never was message That 7:30pm. icebergs large 3 reporting Californian the with continued Reports icebergs. large 2 passed had it that reported Amerikaliner German the while Titanic, the of front miles in 250 about ice field and icebergs ed report Baltic Liner White1:42pm,Starthe ed “muchice” place.sameroughlythe in At Noordamreport liner Dutch 11:40am,theW.” At 51° to 49° Longitude from N, 42° ed, “bergs,growlers and field ice in Latitude At9:00am, linereastboundCaronia report authority on a ship. ultimate the as Captain the held that code maritime operations,thedespite ship on in Capt. Smith’sweighauthority. to right the Hefelt of some usurping problem no representative, had owner the as Ismay, ule. sched of ahead arrived Titanic Star White luxurious and new the if headlines, paper news with coup publicity major be would It night!”Tuesday arrive and YorkNew to time Olympic’s the beat shall We still. ter bet do shall we tomorrow and yesterday, than better did “TodayweSmith, Capt. to flawlessly.explained Ismayperforming was Titanic way. the along points at travel to speeds various of list a Smith Capt. given mph).26 BruceIsmay satisfied.was He(almost had knots 22.5 of speed increased an at miles 546 third the and 519, second the ther south to to avoid try the ice. fur steer to decided Smith Captain code. Morse in messages received and sent operators who wireless Marconi the through communicated They voyage. maiden her on congratulations with along ships bound east several from day following the came lanes shipping the in ice sea of and icebergs warnings first The City. York New to voyage trans-Atlantic maiden her started With the sea “as smooth as a plate of pol of plate a as smooth “as sea the With feet). 16 by feet 3 only at icebergs smallest the are (growlers icebergs larger ers”,not watchtoldtoonlyfor growl“smallandice werenewcomers The mast. forward the on CrowstheReginald inandLee Nest located and Fleet Frederick by Jewell relieved Symons George Archie lookouts and Titanic of command in relieved Murdoch Officer First by Lightoller Officer Second with icebergs early. spotting of chances the increaseto bow the on lookouts additional posted have might and course change avoidreducetodanger. speed the also They to decision the made needed have could they Then course. On April 14, 1912 more warnings came. warnings more 1912 14, April On miles, 386 traveled Titanic day first The Shortly after 10:00pm the watch changed, ------The Californian operator, feeling hurt and hurt feelingoperator, Californian The Newfoundland, messages.) the forward would Canada,that in station land-based a was Race Race!”(Cape Cape working am I busy, am I up! Shut up! “Shutback, sig naled he required, as bridge the to relay to message the down taking of Instead tion. interrup rude the at furious was Phillips roar.deafening a with Phillips’headphones into boomed message the away, miles about 12 only were they and ice Because by stopped.” surrounded are we man, old “Say, announcing, system their into burst Californian ship nearby the of operator the courtesy,the was as in, break to invitation earlier power outage to the system. Without an to due messages passenger of backlog a sendingheadwayweremaking Brideat and farther look ahead. him help to binoculars the having missed sorely Fleetbase. iceberg the at swells ocean by formed wash white ing warn no glass,”be plate would ished there taken by Father Browne showing was photo Double-image1912. age, April Room voy maiden her during Bride Operator Marconi Titanic’s At 11:00pm, Marconi Operators Phillips Operators Marconi 11:00pm, At were panic-stricken.” it] saw [who passengersthe and crash, a came Then stern. the to rushed we it, hit to fail not couldship. he sawthe Whenwe of bow the to rushed enaders orders… usprom numberA of [First Officer Murdock] shouted some ahead. dead and away yards 200 possibly was it.Itsaw I when high feet 30 been may have It ahead. iceberg there an was that came lookout the from cry first the when bridge the on was Murdock] Officer [First deck. the about enading enjoyed the crisp air were prom “A number of us who who us of number “A First Class Passenger — George Brayton, - -

- - - - Boxhall, “Go find the carpenter and get get and carpenter the find “Go Boxhall, to the engine room. order responded,the “Aye,relayed and sir” sir.”closed, already “They are “Allstop.” doors?” Murdock watertight the closed you more.”any do “Havenot could I close. too was she it,butaround a-port hardto going a-star hard boardedreversedand “I was Iand enginesthe replied. he sir,” iceberg, “An Murdoch. asked he struck?” we have “What bridge. the to up raced had Smith the water. above seen be may iceberg the of 20% to 10% only ice of density the to Due years. of thousands over formed glaciers polar from sea the into fall that ice of chunks are Icebergs Bremen). Steamer German from 1912 20, April taken (photo tions Titanic descrip survivor’s sunk & location have on based may iceberg This look dark blue. seawater,the overin turned itmakes which had that one meaning “blue”a berg, was it iceberg;hardthesoto spotbeen why had it tell couldLookouts the Nowice. of chunks past the berg, the foredeck was covered with was 60 to 100 feet high. iceberg As the ship brushed the report Eyewitnesses seconds. 10 approximately lasted impact entire The ship).a of frontthe facing when side (right side starboard her along field) feet football 300 (a of length a for felt could and heard metal be ripping of sound The berg. ice the with collided Titanicbridge, the to the collision. for braced he and time in turn not would Titanic that clear Crow’swas the Nest,it in and waited clear.To swing Fleet would bow men the hoped the as bridge the filled TensionHichens. Robert Quartermaster to command his a’starboard!”“Hardwas and Officer Murdoch ordered the Engine Room, right ahead!” “Stop! Full speed astern!” First “Iceberg, reporting, bridge the telephoned and They times three bell iceberg. warning the an sounded spotted Lookouts the any further about the ice danger. Titanic with communicating without bed toblasted again, be towanting wentoff not Capt. Smith told Fourth Officer Officer Fourth told Smith Capt. Withincollision,the minutea of Captain warning the after seconds Thirty-seven 11:39pm, at 1912 14, April Sunday, On - - - him to sound the ship.” The carpenter, Jim below-freezing temperatures. They ban- emblem of death at sea, and each walked the lights and telegraph radios. They kept Hutchinson, had already learned enough. tered various comments: “Oh, it’ll be a with his life-clutched pack to await the shutting down boiler after boiler as the He blurted out, “She’s making water fast,” few hours then we’ll be on our way again.” coming horrors. It was a fancy-dress ball in waters rose to keep them from exploding Right behind him was postal clerk Iago “Looks like we lost a propeller blade, but Dante’s Hell.” and sinking the ship immediately. They Smith calling out, “The mail hold is filling it’ll give us more time for [playing] bridge.” Below deck Second Steward George worked until the end; few of them survived. rapidly!” “We’ve struck an iceberg—a big one—but Dodd yells, “Get up lads, we’re sinking! Get They gave their lives to keep the ship afloat After the report Capt. Smith turned to there’s no danger. An officer told me so.” every man up! Don’t let a man stay here!” as long as possible and save as many others Chief Officer Wilde, “It is more than seri- “Oh, come and let’s see the berg—we’ve Bosun Nichols called out, “Turn out, you as they could. ous.” He asked that Thomas Andrews, the never seen one!” fellows, you haven’t half an hour to live! builder of the Titanic, be brought to the Awareness of the danger increased by That’s from Mr. Andrews. Keep it to your- bridge immediately. He then checked the degrees. Miss Shutes wondered, “…What selves and let no one know.” The concern commutator, the device that shows if a ship makes the ship list so?” She soon heard was that if passengers knew they would is leaning to either side or front to back. an officer: “We can keep the water out for panic and make the situation even worse. “Oh, my God,” was Smith’s response as a while.” A steward told a worried Mrs. Most passengers maintained their com- he realized the Titanic was already listing Becker, “Nothing is the matter; we will be posure. Clinch Smith made an amusing (leaning) to starboard (right) and toward on our way in a few minutes.” Reassured, remark to a young girl with a Pomeranian the bow (forward). Bruce Ismay arrived she rested a while. But still concerned she puppy, “Well, I suppose we ought to put a and asked, “Do you think the ship is seri- asked another steward who told her, “Put life preserver on the little doggie too.” ously damaged?” Smith replied, “I’m afraid your lifebelts on immediately and go up to Capt. Smith, and especially First Officer she is.” the Boat Deck.” She asked, “Do I have time Wilde, spent most of the evening on the Titanic’s Boilers Capt. Smith and Thomas Andrews went to dress?” “No, madam, you have time for bridge, not providing enough direction to inspect the damage in person. They nothing!” to quell the chaos in order to save more traveled by crew corridors to attract less lives, particularly related to the lifeboats. “I was on the whale deck in the bow call- attention and not alarm the passengers. The Captain ordered women and children ing the watch that was to relieve when the They kept straight faces so no one would to the lifeboats, but he and Wilde took no ice first came aboard. The collision opened feel their concern. Their assessment: the decisive action to make sure the lifeboats the seams below the waterline but did not iceberg had split seams, bent plates, and left full to save as many lives as possible. even scratch the paint above the line. I popped rivets along a 300 foot length, and The five Postal Clerks worked valiantly know that because I was one of those who 6 watertight compartments were flood- to retrieve the mailbags and take them to helped to make an examination over the ing. The ship could float with up to four higher decks. Water was rising rapidly and side with a lantern. I went down into the compartments filled, but not six. A design mailbags were floating. All five clerks even- engine-room at 12:40am. We even made flaw became apparent. As water filled the tually lost their lives trying to save the mail. coffee, so there was not much thought of A NEWSPAPER IN EDUCATION SUPPLEMENT TO THE WASHINGTON TIMES flooded forward compartments, the weight Meanwhile in Boiler Room No. 6 the danger. An hour later I was still working at would pull the ship deeper. As the ship men heard the alarm and started up the the light engines. I heard the chief engineer went deeper, the water would breach the ladders to escape, but were called back tell one of his subordinates that number next bulkhead and start filling it. Then one with a shout of, “Shut the dampers! Draw six bulkhead had given way. At that time after the other the compartments would fill. the fires!” They valiantly returned; rac- things began to look bad… I was told to go The bulkhead design did not place them ing against the rising waters and clouds up and see how things were, and made my high enough above the waterline to keep of steam to vent the steam and put out way up a dummy funnel to the bridge deck. water from entering. Titanic was doomed! the fires so hot boilers would not explode By that time all the [life]boats had left the when icy seas inundated them. The engi- ship, yet everyone in the engine-room was Mrs. Helen Candee expressed her per- neers, assistant engineers, stokers, firemen at his post. I was near the captain and heard ception of the lifebelts: “On every man and and trimmers worked continually through him say, ‘Well boys, it’s every man for him- every woman’s body was tied the sinister the ordeal to keep electricity available for self now.’” — Alfred White, A greaser in the engine-room On Monday, , 1912 at 12:05am “The quips and jokes only served to (Monday) Captain Smith orders Chief underscore the disorganization that was Officer Wilde to uncover the lifeboats and already beginning to make itself felt and for all passengers to come to the Boat Deck. would continue to frustrate the efforts of Smith entered the telegraphy cabin and told Operators Phillips and Bride. “We’ve the Titanic’s officers and crew throughout struck an iceberg and I’m having an inspec- The rest of the crew and passengers were the night. For some reason, Capt. Smith, tion done to see what it has done to us. not yet aware of the impending disaster. usually so decisive and swift to action, You’d better get ready to send out a call for | They wondered what had occurred, but was slow to react to what he knew to be an assistance, but don’t send it until I tell you.” THURSDAY • APRIL 12 • 2012 there was no sense of danger. Third-Class impending disaster — the commands he A few moments later Smith returned and passengers were on the forward deck kick- told them, “Send the call for assistance.” ing around the chunks of ice from the berg, was giving were sound as far as they went, He handed Phillips a slip of paper with having ice ball fights, some taking chunks but often they didn’t go far enough. …Chief Titanic’s present position. inside as trophies to show others. Many Officer Wilde did little to help the situation. passengers paid more attention to the stop- …He was demonstrating very little initia- ping of Titanic’s engines than they had to tive…never expanding on [orders] or clarifying them as he saw fit, the collision with the iceberg. Curiosity drew passengers and crew onto the decks; and rarely issuing any orders of his own.” some came out in their pajamas, while oth- — Daniel Allen Butler, Author Unsinkable ers took the time to dress warmly for the   THURSDAY • APRIL 12 • 2012 | A NEWSPAPER IN EDUCATION SUPPLEMENT TO THE WASHINGTON TIMES belts tied on over our clothing, but even even but clothing, our over on tied belts life the with slowly up walked on.’ all We lifebelts with deck on passengers the ‘All were given first priority. They lifeboats.children” into and “women away and was miles “coming hard.” 58 only was Carpathia news; good first thereceived man…”Phillips old CQD, a It’s assistance. immediate require and berg a struck Weonce.have at “Come stating, them reached Phillips signal. tress Frankfurt. The and Olympic, The Niagara,Virginian, very Temple, not Mount were: were them Among they close. but them, reach course to changing were and ships reached were Several signals.) long and short or dashes and dots of sequences various by ed representnumbersareand alphabet the of letters which in messages transmitting for code.SOS newthis use(Morse used codeis to ship first the being Titanic with signal, distress code Morse new the is SOS ships. other to her identify to letters Titanic’s the call was MGY Disaster! code Quick, Morse Come old for is CQD W. ° 50.14 N, ° 41.46 position longitude and and latitude their SOS, MGY, CQD, were which sent, At 12:10am the first distress signals were signals distress first the 12:10am At “As I dressed, I heard the order shouted,order the heard I dressed,“As I put to given was order the 12:25am At dis first the missed Carpathia ship The tone light and cheerful.” the fast, was tempo time…The lively launchedrag intoof set a quickly and Lounge Class the First in orchestra Titanic’s the assembled Bandmaster had Hartley Wallace playing. music was there ship, the aboard rity secu of sense the heighten to if bother as Suddenly, to lifeboats. with need any there wasn’t Titanic unsinkable, the was if really besides, and sound, perfectly be to seemed ship the danger, apparent was no There they? should boat. Why open an Titanic of chill the the for of lights bright and warmth the forfeit to ing will was one no seemed ed—it responsewasn’t heart even half The children. and women for “…Lightoller called out out called “…Lightoller — Daniel Allen Butler, Author Unsinkable ------stand the weightpassengers of in every seat. with could and tested been had lifeboats the that informed never were They loaded. fully were they if middle the in break and buckle would lifeboats the that concerned were officers other and Murdockonboard. couplestwo honeymoon were amongthose Officer and Gibson Dorothy First star MovieMurdock. by sea the to lowered be to Beesley, English Schoolmaster go.”Lawrenceshould — they that insist to no-one was there since remain, to allowed were they instances many in but boats, the into pushed and husbands were their from torn they cases some In husbands. their exceptionthesome, refusedwho toleaveof with quietly, in got women the were collected, women the all where deck the with level were boats The down. and up slowly pacing others deck, the of railings end the against leaning some silence, absolute in waited and away stood below.’all men The deck next the to retire ladies All boats. the from away back stand men ‘Allorder, the heard we Presently supposed. first at had we than matter serious more a was it realize that to began then We were them. lower which to ropes, the uncoiling and standing by them to allotted crews the and [life]boats the from lifted being covers the sawmoments,disaster.we few ing a But,in approachthe thereof were signs visible no gentle, almost unnoticeable, tilt downwards, the for except and still,absolutely was ship precautionwise the captain wasa taking. The merely was this that presumed we then passengers would die due to his choice to choice his to due die would passengers most knew now He lifeboats. 20 only have keen a toresponsibility.decision the felt made had He He children. and women the ship. sinking the with down to sucked being avoid Titanic the from away rowing lifeboats started the of Most water. the reached were unable to load more people when they lifeboats other and No.7 Lifeboat 65! hold could it though even people, 25 only with filled wasOfficer’s weight,it concernabout the and passengers of part the on urgency aftershe’s water.”the in of lackBetweenthe in more lot a get can Welowering. before Hetold FifthOfficer Lowe, enough is “That At 12:45am, Lifeboat No. 7 was first first was 7 No. Lifeboat 12:45am, At Bruce Ismay was trying to help evacuate help to trying was Ismay Bruce - - the situation by Stewardess Mary Sloane, Sloane, Mary Stewardess by situation the them!” of lower quickly?awayYou’ll to lot the drown me have me want You something! do to able be way,I’ll the of out hell the get you “If Ismay. at exploded away.” Lowe lower an anxious Ismay kept yelling, “Lower away, gers. passen his of safety the over money save living together for many years: where you where years: many for together living been have “We declaring, Isidor husband her to and lifeboat the from away stepped names. their of either knew never She lifeboat. the panic to her led and her up showed crewman As a rose, door. locked a was by but blocked boys, young two her with Boat Deck the for started She me.” remember you’ll down, goes ship the if now, “There, commenting, Coutts Minnie gave to lifebelt his crewman A behind. stay and men” gentle be “must they come, that responded to who ones loved and for husbands out their cried Women wife. his to words Dr.brave!”wereW.T. be parting Minahans happens what matter No brave. “Be boats. life the into loaded were they as friends, goodbyesto their wives, children orwomen Panic panic.” would only of make matters even worse. fear for quiet news bad the keep but serious, very is responded,“It Thomas Andrews, when asked about about asked when Andrews, Thomas but 5, lifeboat lowering slowly was Lowe threw me a kiss, and that was was the last I saw him.” of that and kiss, a me threw he off shoved will stay.’ boat our I As go. You girl. little right, all ‘It’sme, to cried (husband), Straus, Ida Mrs. women, older An final their saying were men Meanwhile As I was put in the boat, he he boat, the in put was I As — Mrs. Daniel Marvin (on her honeymoon)

- - - Col. John Jacob Astor more much was MurdockOfficer First on. were they Titanic the of side which on ed depend men the first,”of children fate the after they were criticized. crew.and Foreverlifeboat own their secure to wealth their used they believe to some Gordon. led Duff ThisLady and Cosmo Sir affluent including board on people 12 only Isidor & ment stores.) depart Macy’s of founder the was Straus (Isidor end. the to together sat couple old men.” The other the before go not will “I replied,in.” firmly getting he To which self would object to an old gentleman like your one no sure “I’m Straus, Mr. to suggested Woolner Hugh nearby go.”Standing I go, Even though the order was “women and “womenwas order the though Even with filled, least the was 1 No. Lifeboat - - - lenient on his side of the ship than Second Passenger Category Saved % Saved Lost % Lost Officer Lightoller was on his. Murdock “Some of the passengers Children, First Class 5 83% 1 17% let men on the lifeboat if there were no fought with such desperation more women or children ready to get in. to get into the lifeboats that the Children, Second Class 23 100% 0 0% Murdock also allowed some newlyweds officers shot them, and their Children, Third Class 26 40% 53 60% celebrating their honeymoon on lifeboats bodies fell into the ocean. …I Women, First Class 139 97% 4 3% together. This saved many men that would have otherwise perished. saw an officer of the Titanic Women, Second Class 79 84% 15 16% Each man responded to his mortality dif- shoot down two steerage pas- Women, Third Class 76 46% 89 54% ferently. Benjamin Guggenheim, founder of sengers who were endeavor- Women, Crew 18 86% 3 14% American Smelting & Refining Company, ing to rush the lifeboats. I have and worth about $95 million, set aside his learned since that twelve of the Men, First Class 57 33% 118 67% lifebelt and changed into fine evening wear. steerage passengers were shot Men, Second Class 14 8% 154 92% He simply said, “We’ve dressed in our best Men, Third Class 75 16% 381 84% and are prepared to go down like gentle- altogether, one officer shooting men.” down six. Men, Crew 193 22% 684 78% Colonel John Jacob Astor, worth prob- — Dr. Washington Dodge of Total 705 32% 1502 68% ably $150 million, heir of the famous San Francisco house of Astor, was returning with his of 1st or 2nd class passengers. The greatest playing.” The band kept playing until the bride from Egypt. As he helped her he said, loss, more that any of the three classes, was very end. The music ended as they were “Get into the lifeboat, to please me.” He more. Lowe changed tactics, “For God sake, the crew, with only 214 out of 892 surviv- seen washed off the deck as the Titanic asked Lightoller if he could join her. “No be a man. We’ve got women and children to ing. Many worked heroically at their posts began to sink. The last song thought to be sir, no men are allowed in these boats until save.” The boy crawled out of the lifeboat. to the end to save lives. heard was the hymn “Nearer, My God, to women are loaded first.” Astor told his wife, In another instance Lightoller found sev- Thee”, while others thought it was a song “The sea is calm. You’ll be all right. You’re eral men, including crewmen, in a lifeboat. named “Autumn”. in good hands. I’ll meet you in the morn- Drawing his revolver he shouted furiously, At 12:55am, Fourth Officer Boxhall and ing.” He walked away to his fate. “Get out of there, you damn cowards! I’d Quartermaster Rowe started firing the first Some men built their own rafts of deck- like to see every one of you overboard!” emergency rockets. A total of eight rockets chairs and other buoyant items they could The men scrabbled out of the boat. were fired between then and 1:40am. It is find in an effort to save themselves and Women also gave up their seat for other unclear why more rockets were not fired others. women. One lifeboat had only one seat left since more were available. They also were

Bruce Ismay, on the other hand, jumped for two women. Miss Evans said to Mrs. not fired based on emergency protocol. so A NEWSPAPER IN EDUCATION SUPPLEMENT TO THE WASHINGTON TIMES into a lifeboat while it was being lowered. Brown, “You go first. You have children other ships, in particular the Californian, He was later castigated in newspapers as a waiting for you.” which was only about 12 miles away, did coward for abandoning the ship. Word had come down to Third-Class to not understand the dire situation. They Capt. Smith handed Fourth Officer send the women and children to board the kept trying to reach the Californian by tele- Boxhall a revolver. “Captain, is it really lifeboats. Immigration law required gates graph, by Morse lamp, and with the rock- serious?” was his stunned response. “Mr. between the third-class section and those ets, but to no avail. They even wished they Andrews tells me that he give her an hour of 1st and 2nd. This was to make sure they had a 6-inch naval cannon to “wake that and a half.” Other officers were also pro- went through immigration stations when fellow up.” vided pistols in case they were needed to they got to shore and could not bypass control panic. them. Some gates had been unlocked, An older boy managed to get past Fifth while others had not. A seaman guard- Officer Lowe into Lifeboat 14. Lowe thrust ing a gate would not allow three pleading “Many brave things were his gun in the boy’s face and bellowed, “I’ll young women through. Jim Farrell arrived done that night but none more give you just ten seconds to get back onto and shouted, “Good God, man! Open the brave than by those few men that ship before I blow your brains out!” gate and let the girls through.” The seaman But the boy sobbed and pleaded all the immediately complied and then ran off. playing minute after minute as Steward Hart realized that Third-Class the ship settled quietly lower passengers stood little chance of finding and lower in the sea...the music their way to the lifeboats. Hart organized they played serving alike as small groups and led them to the lifeboats. their own immortal requiem Californian Many husbands and wives did not want to leave each other, but he had his orders and their right to be recorded | for women and children only. Hart had on the rolls of undying fame.” Californian’s skipper, Captain Lord had THURSDAY • APRIL 12 • 2012 brought up another group when he was — , gone to bed. Even though he was told about ordered by Murdock to command Lifeboat Titanic Survivor the rockets, he never ordered his crew to 15. He protested that he needed to go back check by telegraph or move closer to the to lead others up, but to no avail. Titanic to learn more. Later his Second American and British inquiries never Throughout the mayhem, the band Officer Herbert Stone noticed, “She looks reached a final conclusion as to whether played on. Initially it lured passengers into queer out of the water—her lights look Third Class passengers were discriminated a feeling of comfort and complacency. queer.” He thought Titanic was listing. Still, against or whether the crew and the policies Now it kept them from panic. Years before he never roused alarm so his crew could were inadequately prepared to deal with the Bandmaster had told a determine Titanic’s status. The Californian magnitude of the disaster. Regardless, they friend what he’d do in this situation, “I was the only ship nearby that could have were lost at a much higher rate than that would gather the band together and begin saved those on Titanic. But she failed to   THURSDAY • APRIL 12 • 2012 | A NEWSPAPER IN EDUCATION SUPPLEMENT TO THE WASHINGTON TIMES Carpathia 17 knots (nearly 20 mph). to 16, then 15, to range usual her beyond speed gaining ahead surged Carpathia The couldmuster increased to the task speed.of ship the steam of ounce every put to as so capacity to boilers the heat stokers the had and passengers the to water hot and heat history.”British to page glorious the cutHe another add us let it, for calls situation the If Englishman. true a like duty his do him intoned,and let and post“Every histo man paused, he stokers. eye-to-eye, man coal each and Looking crewmen off-duty all Titanic. He wanted more speed. He aroused reach to course new the charted Heaction. into swung He Rostron. for enough good not was emergency this in which Titanic, 14 of speed knots,reachtowouldtakethehours four it top Carpathia’s the deci At and sive. resolute, clear, Rostron absolutely was Capt. and Titanic, on decisions orders giving command making with fast as we can.” as along coming are we him tell “Allright, sir.”certain,certain?” “Quiteabsolutely are “You replied. sir,” Dean immediate “Yes, assistance?” requires she and Titanic the it’s sure you Are “ him, disaster. asked captain his the The of inform Rostron to Arthur bridge Captain the from rushed respond, life.allowing loss the of tragic death cries. accents.row,butnothingdid we Asforus row, keener row, still fromtheescape to in renewed werethought they we instant next and the over, but lulled all was were it terror of cries the As by] help… for [went cry moments supreme one in air the filled clamor and immense out an went lights the Suddenly situation. their of horror real the board ized on remained had who those then and bows, the by sink As much as Capt. Smith was struggling struggling was Smith Capt. as much As Carpathia the of Dean Officer First cold. Presently the gigantic ship began to to began ship gigantic the intensely Presently was cold. it but smooth, sea the and clear was night The scenery. stage of piece fantastic some like stationary, was minated illu fully was which Titanic, The fairylike, quite was spectacle the vessel the from mile “When our boat had rowed about half a half about rowed had boat our “When - Lightoller, Second Officer Charles hand.”— helping a out hold even climbslopingtheup deck, utterly unableto to struggles frantic the watching on… ing down. It was a sight thatwent doesn’t bear dwell bow the as water the of rising out steadily was which stern, the towards way the deckof still outwater, of and work their instinctivelypart thattoclamber up started that Those didn’t mass. disappear under the water right away, huddled dreadful a in backbelowpeople us,deck thethewashing along bridge, fronted steel the over wave, a in up along rolling came sea the and — went bulkhead a probably — plunge nite the offer and kept working until the end. declined himself.”They for man every it’s crewthe saying, “Youmore.donocan Now and Bride and Phillips Operators Wireless released Smith Captain time that ers.”At boil to up full roommessage, “Engine last At 2:15 the bridge succumbed to the sea the to succumbed bridge the 2:15 At defi but slight a took ship the “Justthen this received Carpathia the 1:45am At — Paul FrenchChevre, Sculpture - - - - - who were trying to swim clear of the ship. the of clear swim to trying were who passengersmany killing instantly sea the to gaveway.joint fellsion funnel forward The expan forward the as shifted Moments boat the later Smith. Captain away washing “Hail Mary, full of grace. Our Lord is with with is Lord Our grace. of Mary,full “Hail confes heard sionsand ledprayer the ship: at the stern of priest, Catholic Roman a massive propellers extended above the sea. sea.the sureTitanicof roseheruntil higher pres immense the under way gave bulk heads watertight as ship the within from came inside.Booms waygave walls and fell furnishings as groaning and Titanic crashing sea. was the into down slid plain unlucky, just or weak, the elderly, The ship. the of stern the toward deck inclined the up higher dashedPassengers ensued.Panic Titanic slipped sight.” out of the slowly degrees, 45 of angle an at slanting body her air. with Then, the into feet 60 40, 30, up went and water the of out completely rose two the and funnels monster masts were nowfour visible. It was all over in an instant. The Titanic’sthe stern only me to and surface, the beneath far were ship the of bows Thehero. a died He more. no him saw Smith’sI Captainwaist. to was it Then bridge. the of floor the to now was and slowly, risen had water The immersed. was leapt had I which from deck The him. to clung seemingly eyes Mybridge. the on Smith Captainsaw death.approachingI off ward to helpless there ing stand were Hundreds deck.Titanic’s the on swarming people the in took glance first my and head, my turned I once. at out struck I cold. wereme water.othersthein My bathrobe floatedaway, icilywas it and jumped.AboutI when decks top the of one on up far was I merged… sub was dream.deckafter aDeck seemed it body myabout jacket life the adjusted had I after even that it was gradual So to us.towards come seemed water the of we surface but the out, slowly, so went ever Slowly,and see. dim could became lights The hand. at was end the As the ship sank, Father Thomas Boyle, Thomas Father sank, ship the As “Not until the last five minutes did the awful realization come that come realization awful the did minutes five last the until “Not Painting © Ken Marschall — Robert W. Daniel, Banker - - - - a faint distress message. Three minutes minutes Three Monday,onlater, 2:20am 1912,15,at April message. distress faint a all classes and all faiths. of passengers of flock his with perished He Amen.”death. our of hour the at and now sinners, us for pray God, of MotherMary, thy womb, of fruit theblessed is Jesus. Holy and women, among thou art Blessed thee. those cries.” heed to fail being human any could How mystery. a is back came never they Earth on back. Why came never away yards 100 about by standing lifeboat filled funnel.third partly …The she the of front in just two brokein that me to seemed it and glare, red a of sort a in saw ship the I it. of out coming steam and sparks away,of mass a with yards 15 about me towards fell and off lifted fun be to seemed nels the of one and ship, facing the up came I force. some heard 2:17am, around at Virginian, The — Jack B. Thayer, Titanic from the ship by by ship the from awaypushed was I up came I as and down, went the ship; of clear I was first. feet out, “…I jumped jumped “…I Survivor, Age 17 - - - “The sounds of people drowning are some- thing that I cannot describe to you, and nei- ther can anyone else. Its the most dreadful sound and there is a terrible silence that fol- lows it.” — , Titanic Survivor, Age 7, seen with her parents. Mr. Hart died when Titanic sank. Eva lived to age 91.

“I saw the way she [Countess of Rothes] was car- rying herself and the quiet, determined manner in which she spoke, and I knew she was more of a man than most aboard, so I put her in command at the til- ler. There was another woman in the boat who helped, and was every minute rowing. It was she who suggest- ed we should sing, and we sang as we rowed, starting with ‘Pull for the Shore.’ We were still singing when we saw the lights Titanic, nearly perpendicular and with area where the ship had sunk. At any rate it of the Carpathia, and then we stopped singing and prayed.” many of her lights still aglow, dove beneath produced a supernatural effect, and the pic- — Seaman Thomas Jones, the icy surface of the sea. tures I had seen by Dante and the descrip- Praised the courage of the Countess of Rothes in lifeboat 8 “What impressed me at the time that my tion I had read in my Virgil of the infernal Seaman Jones, the Countess, and two other women wanted to go eyes beheld the horrible scene was a thin regions of Charon, and the River Leth, were back for survivors, but all others were unwilling. Jones scolded them, light-gray smoky vapor that hung like a then uppermost in my thoughts. Add to pall a few feet above the broad expanse of this, within the area described, which was “Ladies, if any of us are saved, remember I wanted to go back. I would sea that was covered with a mass of tangled as far as my eyes could reach, there arose rather drown with them than leave them.” wreckage. That it was a tangible vapor, and to the sky the most horrible sounds ever not a product of my imagination, I feel well heard by mortal man except by those of A NEWSPAPER IN EDUCATION SUPPLEMENT TO THE WASHINGTON TIMES assured. It may have been caused by smoke us who survived this terrible tragedy. The Mrs. Margaret “Molly” Brown, later know as the or steam rising to the surface around the agonizing cries of death from over a thou- Unsinkable Molly Brown, took command of lifeboat 6, fighting with Quartermaster Hitchen for control. “After sinking with the ship, it appeared She and others wanted to rescue survivors. Hitchen to me as if I was propelled by some great coldly suggested, “There’s no use going back, ‘cause force through the water. This might have there’s only a lot of stiffs there.” This was too much been occasioned by explosions under the for Molly. She took over the and threatened to water, and I remembered fearful stories of throw Hitchen overboard if he got in her way. It is unclear if lifeboat people being boiled to death. Again and 6 picked up any survivors since the cries for help quickly ebbed after again I prayed for deliverance, although I Titanic sank. Molly maintained command of the tiller and the lifeboat felt sure that the end had come. I had the greatest difficulty in hold- until they were rescued. ing my breath until I came to the surface. I knew that once I inhaled, the water would suffocate me… I got to air again after a time, which seemed to me to be unending. There was nothing in sight save the sand throats, the wails and groans of the Only one lifeboat went back. A deter- suffering, the shrieks of the terror-stricken mined Fifth Officer Lowe was not going ocean, dotted with ice and strewn with large masses of wreckage. and the awful gasping for breath of those in to stand by without taking action. Once Dying men and women all about me were groaning and crying pite- the last throes of drowning, none of us will his lifeboat 14 was in the water, he pulled ously. By moving from one piece of wreckage to another, at last I ever forget to our dying day.” — Colonel together four other lifeboats and com- reached a cork raft. Soon the raft became so full that it seemed as if Archibald Gracie, Titanic Survivor manded passengers to “jump, damn you, Third Officer Pitman felt he no longer jump” into other boats so he could empty

she would sink if more came on board her. The crew for self-preser- | could ignore the pleas for help: “Now men, his lifeboat and return for survivors. With THURSDAY • APRIL 12 • 2012 vation had therefore to refuse to permit any others to climb aboard. we will pull toward the wreck.” Women the water 28 degrees, there was little time to This was the most pathetic and horrible scene of all. The piteous cries in the lifeboat cried out, fearing survivors spare. Hypothermia would set in within 20 of those around us [‘Save one life! Save one life!’] still ring in my ears, swamping the boat. “Why should we lose minutes for those in the water and perhaps and I will remember them to my dying day. ‘Hold on to what you have, all our lives in a useless attempt to save an hour for those that found something old boy!’ we shouted to each man who tried to get on board. One more others from the ship,” one woman pleaded. to float on. Tragically, it took 45-minutes Pitman gave in, but always felt guilty for for Lowe to move the passengers. As they of you would sink us all!’ Many of those whom we refused answered as not going back. Before the women did not searched they heard calls, but the voices they went to their death, ‘Good luck – God bless you!’” want to leave their husbands, family, or seem to fade into death before they could — Colonel Archibald Gracie, Jumped from the top deck friends and had pleaded for them to be let reach them. They found W.H. Hoyt, then and was sucked down by Titanic on the lifeboats. Now they were unwilling Steward John Stewart, and one more. Hoyt to go back to save them. passed within an hour. Lowe remarked,  10 THURSDAY • APRIL 12 • 2012 | A NEWSPAPER IN EDUCATION SUPPLEMENT TO THE WASHINGTON TIMES from the water alive after Titanic sank.) sank.) Titanic after alive water the from pulled were total people 12 (Onlyavail. no hour,to anotherbut for looking continued chance!”the He didn’t chance.theget Lowe had I if over times six him of likes the save I’d blighter! little the about said I what of ashamed I’mJove, “Byefforts. search their revivedand soon took to the oarsto help in quickly man The onboard. man the lifted and thoughts second had He Jap!” a than saving worth better others there’s isn’t he if and likely, dead, He’s use? door, the a “What’s on floating man Asian an seeing that helm during the night.” on was mine some than hand that other think only could and dur shuddered, I night. the ing through steamed had I ice the saw I broke, day When wheel. the of turn on sudden the depended herself Titanic the of survivors the as well lives as those and Carpathia souls on 700 were our There in minds. close very experience fateful Titanic’s the with time — Captain Arthur H. Rostron, Commander of Carpathia s u o i x n an a was It r e v slackened. e n e w and astern d fell e and m up o o l “Icebergs “Icebergs - like little tyrants with newfound power. power. newfound with tyrants little like boat their of control took Some bickered. the from flares not Titanic. seen, had what was Rostron This towards. other row to for lifeboats beacon a became They flares. possessed byif somethe sea. god of afranticpace and the ship literally shook as at shoveledcoal crew his saved.deck Below be might passengers her that hope of glim mer his a still slowing was There never Titanic. to ice charge of fields the and bergs the past moved he orders, his timing view.intoPerfectly came bergs moreagain, flares and Roman candles 15-minutes. every fired Rostron coming, was he that Titanic the to hope give To ship. the but not seen, was flare another Occasionally afloat!” be still must He light! his “There’s distance,the in flare green a heart seeing jumped Rostron’s Captain Titanic. the cue lorn waiting for rescue. for drifted lifeboats, 19 other the and His, continuing to fire rockets. hard,ship,approachingcomingmast an of head the on light a hope. see could with they Soon filled upright bolted People boom rocketspottedaCarpathia. andfiredtheby a heard lifeboats the sank, Titanic Why didn’t I die? Why can’t I die now?” wouldn’tandhimself! saveboat, the on me Dick lamented, “Oh my poor father! He put Mrs.Veraothers. for grief silent intense an lovedones,and lost their for out cried they as some for hysteriato way giving off wore shock initial sea,the the on floating of ness alone the into settled they As other. each of care However,took and comforted most Perhaps in shock, some in the lifeboats lifeboats the in some shock, in Perhaps green firing was Boxhall Officer Fourth then “iceberg,” out, called lookouts His res to hard” “coming was Carpathia Although Capt. Rostron had kept faith, faith, kept had Rostron Capt. Although after hour an over little a 3:30am, At - - - - - she sank?” “Hundreds and hundreds! hundreds! and “Hundreds sank?” she 2:30.” about down went “Yes, she replied, down, breaking nearly Boxhall, down?” gone has Titanic him, “The asked Rostronoccurred. had what of Boxhall Officer Fourth from Allen was the first on deck at 4:10am. Elizabeth mailbags.Miss in up children hauledwere Young up. climbed they before person each around secured was lifeline a and dropped was ladder rope A Carpathia. the alongside came No.2 Lifeboat ahead.” “Slow ordered, He ahead. only quarter-mile lifeboat a a saw he and lit bow flare his green over another when leapt heart his ordered,stop.”“Alllater deject edly Moments He gone. was ship the knew he now 1:50am, since her from heard hav not ing coordinates, Titanic’s neared he as epi. hd hsad o erh o, a for, husband whom in the greatness myof search faith, to husband a had I despair. and disappointment of cruelty bitter the I than better knows survivor No questions. endless and names, out crying faces, gard hag the searching group, to group from frantically rush only Wecould child friend… or husband, from separated been not had who anyonescarcely were was gone.“There friends and family that realizations tragic also but reunited, were ones loved lifeboat toward the Carpathia. histowedsailed Collapsibleandhe Bas her to turned lifeboat.thenHe his onboard ing liv the got quickly Lowe night. the during died had her on survivors the Half water. into action.Collapsible back lifeboat Awas low in the swung survivors, for during night the searched had who Lowe, Officer were they saved. But They rowed toward the Carpathia. shock. and grief with less lifeboats, while others were solemn, speech many from rose relief of cries and Cheers miles. five over out spread view into came are somewhere nearby.” boats other The suction. the by deep werepeoplethedown that drawnthink …I flares.fired I swimmers.any up didn’tpick plunge.the tookWe ship theafter dark was it but boat, my in people more dozen a for couldn’t live in the cold water. We had room My her. They more! with down sir,goneGod, they’ve Perhaps thousand! a Perhaps “Were many people left on board when when board on left people many“Were report a needed Rostron Captain There were a few happy reunions as as reunions happy few a were There Fifth done. be to work still was There lifeboats the of rest the broke dawn As - - - - - Lifeboat along Carpathia the along up picked people 75 with loaded failure. his contemplate to perhaps room, a in self him sequestered He know. to cared have would any if Ismay,” as Ismay…I’m “I’m Annie Collyer Charlotte there.”— not was He of boats. the one in found be would believed had I anywhere.” tables,onfloors, sleepor to had all course, of but beds, their & everything, us lent everybody us, to kind so were they but Oh nights on the darling Carpathia. fourdays& livednextfor the in we boat... the onto me pulling arm strong a felt I safe.”last At saying “Am tight I clung & eyes my shut just I sea, the over air the in swinging imagine, you Can boat. the of side the up,by me hauled they Then on… sit to awkward was which swing, rope a lowered they moment, weakest my came Then that giant. against speck a boat like was little our up, us picked Carpathia dear the 6:30[am] about last at mountains, icebergs like passed & mad, like rowed we away, miles 4 about ship, that of lights the saw we over 12,No. lifeboat last the 8:30am At BruceIsmay boardannouncing,oncame “Oh at daybreak, when when daybreak, at “Oh — Laura Mabel Francatelli, Titanic survivor - - way, pulled aside. By 9:00am Carpathia was America reported the story. Later that eve- loaded with 705 survivors. Tragically 1,502 ning Frank could not contain himself and U.S. Senate Inquiry Results lives were lost, more than two-thirds of the tearfully relayed more information: “We passengers. very much fear there has been a great loss U.S. Senator William Alden Smith Shortly after all survivors were picked up of life” and then later announced a “hor- the ship Mount Temple arrived. She was rific loss of life.” The Titanic disaster domi- …No sufficient tests were made of boilers or asked to search the area one more time. nated the world’s newspapers for many Then the Californian, the only ship close days. Shock ensued along with questions: bulkheads or gearing or equipment, and no life- enough at 12 miles away to have saved How could such a modern ship hit an ice- saving or signal devices were reviewed; officers and those lost, arrived. She soon headed west- berg? How could an “unsinkable” ship go crew were strangers to one another and passengers ward, seemingly more concerned about down with such catastrophic loss of life? to both; neither was familiar with the vessel or its implements or tools; being on time to Boston, than the heart- Who was at fault and who would be held no drill or station practice or helpful discipline disturbed the tranquil- breaking loss of life she could have helped responsible? ity of that voyage, and when the crisis came a state of absolute unpre- The Carpathia arrived in New York on Thursday, April 18, 1912 with the 705 survi- paredness stupefied both passengers and crew, and in their despair the vors. Over 30,000 people had gathered in a ship went down…a sacrifice of noble women and brave men… cold rain punctuated by thunderstorms. As Titanic though she was, [Captain Smith’s] indifference to danger the ship entered the harbor, a fleet of boats was one of the direct and contributing causes of this unnecessary greeted her blasting their steam whistles. tragedy, while his own willingness to die was the expiating evidence of Photoflashes lit the night. Reporters were his fitness to live. Those of us who knew him well — not in anger, but so eager to interview the survivors that some chartered boats to sail alongside her, in sorrow — file one specific charge against him: Overconfidence and shouting questions through megaphones. neglect to heed the oft-repeated warnings… Some tried to force their way or sneak on …When other and less pretentious vessels doubled their lookout board. They were held back by force. or stopped their engines, …overconfidence seems to have dulled the avoid. The ship first stopped at the White Star faculties usually so alert. With the atmosphere literally charged with Guests on Carpathia gave generously of dock to drop off the lifeboats that had held warning signals and wireless messages registering their last appeal, the their clothes, toiletries, and other necessi- the survivors, returning them to their own- ties to the survivors. But some women were ers. Then she docked before the masses. stokers in the engine room fed their fires with fresh fuel, registering in inconsolable. Upon being offered a cup of Carpathia’s original passengers left the that dangerous place her fastest speed. coffee, a couple of women snapped, “Go ship first to save them from the tumult of away! We’ve just seen our husbands drown.” reporters clamoring for stories from the A NEWSPAPER IN EDUCATION SUPPLEMENT TO THE WASHINGTON TIMES Captain Rostron, deeply devout, held a memorial service hoping to help survivors Adams sent a letter to the Inquiry that Titanic sank. Another ship, the Minia, con- work through their grief. After inventory- expressed his condemnation: “Ismay is tributed to the effort. Even in death, class ing supplies, Captain Rostron decided it responsible for the lack of lifeboats, he is was observed. First-Class passengers were was best to turn around and head back to responsible for the captain who was so embalmed and placed in coffins. Second- . reckless, for the lack of discipline of the and Third-Class victims were sewn in can- Telegraph messages about the shipwreck crew, and for the sailing directions given vas and placed on ice. Crewmen were only were reaching newspapers in America, to the captain which probably caused his placed on ice. A total of 328 corpses were England, and around the world. At first recklessness. In the face of all this he saves recovered by May 15, of which 119 bodies there was little information to go on. himself, leaving fifteen hundred men and that could not be properly salvaged were Messages came in slowly, at first stating women to perish. I know of nothing at given final services and burial at sea. The there was a major accident, but with no once so cowardly and so brutal in recent rest were taken to Halifax, Canada. Each of clear indication that Titanic had sunk or survivors. history…” the 209 bodies was numbered. The first of that lives were lost. Some of the first head- Californian Officer Gibson sold his story White Star Line contracted to have the 59 recovered by kin was John Jacob Astor. lines read, “THE NEW TITANIC STRIKES to the press, detailing how officers aboard S.S. Mackay Bennett sent from New York The 150 not recovered were buried in three ICEBERG AND CALLS FOR AID, VESSELS the Californian saw several rockets and told on April 22 to recover the last of the bod- cemeteries in Halifax. RUSH TO HER SIDE” by the New York Captain , who took no prompt ies from the ocean around the area where Herald and “ALL SAVED FROM TITANIC action. The inquiry found evidence that AFTER COLLISION” by the Evening Sun. the ships logs had been tampered with and Initially, because Titanic was considered pages removed. The press blamed Captain New York Times editor, Carr unsinkable, most newspapers thought Lord for the appalling loss of 1,502 lives. Van Anda, felt there must be the accident couldn’t be serious. Phillip Also waiting was U.S. Senator William

more to the story since Titanic | Franklin, White Star Line Vice-President, Alden Smith. From April 19 to May 25, THURSDAY • APRIL 12 • 2012 reinforced that viewpoint stating, “There is 1912, Senator Smith would conduct an was not heard from again. The no danger that Titanic will sink. The boat is American Inquiry by the U.S. Senate, delv- Times became the first news- unsinkable and nothing but inconvenience ing into the Titanic disaster. The goal was paper to report the sinking, a will be suffered by the passengers.” to learn what went wrong and what could The Olympic finally came into wireless be done to prevent future disasters. Eighty- bold news scoop, especially since range and at 6:15pm that night relayed two witnesses testified including 21 passen- there were no wireless reports the message that the Titanic had sunk gers. The British Inquiry took place from yet confirming the sinking. This with great loss of life. Phillip Frank then May 2, 1912 to July 3, 1912. informed the newspapers, “Gentlemen, I Bruce Ismay was brutally portrayed in headline is from April 16, 1912, regret to say that the Titanic sank at 2:20 newspapers and aggressively cross-exam- the day after Titanic sank. this morning.” Shortly every newspaper in ined in the Inquiries. Historian Brooke 11 1

2 THURSDAY • APRIL 12 • 2012 | A NEWSPAPER IN EDUCATION SUPPLEMENT TO THE WASHINGTON TIMES facts far below and determine, at last, how last, at determine, and below far facts plumbed the ocean depths to reach the arti have alike treasure-hunters and Historians fascinate. to continues Titanic RMS ing, sink tragic her after century a even floor, Search & Discovery Titanic of Two and a half miles below the ocean ocean the below miles half a and Two a grave responsibility. mostisreprehensible andplaces onthecommander theCalifornian of carelessness,gross indifferenceor from arising conduct,whether such opinion Californian.our Inthe of mast the from hours two nearly for flashed was which light, white large a from signal counter a was nals sig distress the to reply only law.The of requirementsinternational the andhumanity, usage of dictates the with accordance in them to respond to failed and Titanic the of signals distress the saw crew and officers her that and captain, her by reported miles nineteen the than Titanic the nearer company,was same the by controlled Californian, ous zone… danger a in was she that received was notice when been have should messages wireless the it lowered,as not was vesselto the of speed received…The paid ship the that attention proper the not was negligence… There of act an unquestionably was binoculars proper with the officers supply to failure The avoided. been have could accident searchlight…theproper …a inexcusable; [with] utterly carry is searchlights to the steamships for foreign of provide failure The to passengers… its lifeboats of of safety number sufficient a with equipped owners the as ill-fatedthose of ship. not been a lenient my judge own acts.”of havenotshould I nothingthatdone. My consciencehave I clearand is could I did I that that done; was wrong nothing incident that sureI’m wreck. that single of recall each over long thought have I care, est deep baseless. haveandwith searchedIfalse mindmy so is moreit because the all hurts it and hurts, that thing the That’s board? chil on drenand women any were there as long as ship that left have would “What do you think I am? Do you believe that I’m the sort that that sort the I’m that believe you Do am? I think you do “What “The committee is forced to the inevitable conclusion that the the that conclusion inevitable the to forced is committee “The not was ship this that conceded universally be to seems …It — Excerpts from— Excerpts Senator Ididor Raynor speech, U.S Senate Inquiry — Excerpts from— Excerpts Senator William Alden Smith speech, U.S. Senate by the owners of that vessel, who were the same same the were who vessel, that of owners the by and England of Government the by action drastic for calls Californian the of captain the of conduct The Californian. the and Titanic the — ships two but held floe iceCalifornian…That theTitanic and the between ship a was there that idea the with self Californian Captain Stanley Lord …The captain of the Californian…deluded him Californian…deluded the of captain …The — J. Bruce Ismay, Director of the White Star Line - - ment and instruments. equip latest their for ground proving a as and — technology new create to scientists daring — inspiration as Titanicboth serves inseparable. are technology ocean of story the and Titanic of story The sank. ship the — U.S. Inquiry Committee Inquiry ------learning more about if, and how,if,andwreck aboutthe more learning to devotedresearchersare sank, she exactly be unlocked on the ocean floor? to waiting were stories what accessible,and public.Weregeneral Titanic’sstill treasures the and explorers under-water to preoccupy continued located was ship the where of mystery the But idea. the abandoned he pose. When his father’s body was recovered, pur that for expedition an planning began and bodyfather’s his recoverto hoped son Astor’s Jacob John raising Astor, Vincent Titanic. possibly and locating about plot ting started people 1912, 15th April on borrowed a deep tow Sonar System. I went System.I Sonar tow deep a borrowed instruments send 3000 feet into the ocean. could that apparatus pipe huge a featured ship the The to Institution. Seaprobe, the vessel, salvage their lent Corporation Alcoa the when blossomed 1977, in plan The Titanic. finding — time all of mystery maritime greatest the solve to technology developing their use to decided colleagues his and He Institution. Oceanographic Hole Woods the at entist and Dr. . Michel Jean-Louis by led expedition joint American-French an by discovered was mile, square a than more occupies which site, wreck Titanic the when breakthrough 1985 in came major first the But tions. ques these of all answer help that insights waya that saved more lives. in handled or avoided been have could Alcoa Seaprobe In addition to solving the mystery how of sinking the after immediately Almost “I went to Westinghouse Corporation. I Corporation. Westinghouseto went “I sci young a was Ballard 1970s, the In new revealed have expeditions Recent - - - - talked to them.” Navy.I theAnd of side classified more the Navy,the of side other the to went I grams, pro of lot a in involved been having officer, and Naval a being And laughed]. [he Navy the into deeper “…Went Ballard So expedition. an mount to enough weren’t funds the But Titanic. fleece: golden own their had Tothey Argo,Fleece.test Golden the for search their in Argonauts the and Jason carried that ship mythical the after named apparatus, “Argo” camera the larly particu system, telepresence the of ment develop the for million $2.8 contributed eras to the the depths ocean. of ence,” theyplanned oncam video bringing “telepresdubbed world the to floor ocean mystifying the open wouldconvinced were they concept a on worked Hole Woods at another mount expedition for Titanic until 1985. not would They board. drawing the to back Hole Woods at team then we ran out was and gone.” everything And … noise].[smack it hit then and that, us, ‘causeroomunderneath all werea we in towards right down, running came counter weight the and pipe went the Everything sudden, broke. a of all “And port. out of days few a operations, they towing until began realized not was mistake The pipe. the fastened incorrectly hands boat inexperienced But Sea Ballard. Alcoa Probe,”related the of end the equip on of put to ment worth dollars hun thousand six dred about borrowed I And lighting system. big a borrowed and Navy the to The Cold War was still raging, and Argo and raging, still Warwas Cold The Research Naval of Office the 1982, By technicians and engineers scientists, The his and Ballard sent accident 1977 The pretty much what happened Titanic.with happened what much That’s pretty crash. to were jet that that suppose and business, big of owners the world, the in ple famous peo wealthiest the stars, most movie the with filled bit us.” it and technology our in faith — Titanic where the we…put a little too much of loss the to Challenger,shuttle space the of Imagine a supersonic jet jet supersonic a Imagine loss the relate really could “I — Dr. Robert Ballard ------could help the Navy with another prob- the American portion of the quest, the part 4 days from their return date. It seemed lem: locating two sunken submarines. The that was supposed to be a photo opportu- Titanic was about to elude yet another USS Thresher had sunk due east of Woods nity after the SAR found Titanic. determined and skilled search party. Hole in 1963. The USS Scorpion sank just The 245-foot Woods Hole ship Knorr left Then just before 1:00a.m. on September five years later 400 miles southwest of the dock from Ponta Delgada, in the Azores. 1, 1985, everything changed. Azores off the coast of Portugal. The Navy But first, Ballard had a top-secret com- wanted Dr. Ballard to use the new technol- mitment to the Navy to keep – the sur- ogy to monitor the nuclear stability –– or vey of the other sunken nuclear sub, the instability –– of those sunken subs and USS Scorpion, 400 miles southwest of the their nuclear reactors. Azores. With the additional Navy funding, Woods Hole engineers and technicians started bringing Argo to life in 1982. The 4,000-pound cage the size of an automobile filled with three specialized dark-vision Titanic Boiler on Sea Floor: Courtesy cameras and sonar were a leap ahead in NOAA deep-sea imaging. In 1984, Argo started its secret mission at the USS Thresher. Ballard Woods Hole Ship Knorr had a clean top. We had just done some- found the sunken sub. “The Thresher was thing that none of us had ever done before. just destroyed. …It was just like blasted “It was just another watch…we had all And we knew we were at the edge of the through a shredding machine…” been used to staring at black and white technology. We pushed it to its limit and we Sonar Acoustic Remorque (SAR) images of the deep seafloor…a featureless got out free… That was cool. It’s worth all deep seafloor, for watch after watch after the…troubles and trials and tribulations… With each of these sub hunts, Ballard watch,” said Bill Lange. “And in this watch [laughs] I’ll never, I’ll never forget those was learning more about how he might we started to pick up little objects here and moments.” find Titanic. The Thresher had been com- there.” Dana Yoerger expressed her excitement. pletely blown apart, while the Scorpion was “They weren’t rocks. They weren’t fish. “And I remember those first passes with the basically intact. Yet they had similar debris They weren’t sand waves. They were very Argo sled over the ship, and how absolutely fields — ones that showed up right away on angular bits of something,” shared Cathy thrilled we were that we immediately rec- Argo’s cameras. “You pass this line. It’s like Offinger “And as it turns out…the first ognized what we were seeing. There it was. just a line. There’s nothing and then there’s images that were coming back were of the It wasn’t a pile of scrap where maybe you

everything. …You come into a debris field,” boiler with the very recognizable pattern of could identify some of the pieces. I mean, A NEWSPAPER IN EDUCATION SUPPLEMENT TO THE WASHINGTON TIMES Ballard described as a lesson to remember. rivets on the face of the boiler.” we were looking at the Titanic.” Argo Sled and Equipment on Deck After finishing the surveys of the two “It’s a boiler! It looks like a boiler! Yes! sub sites, Ballard was now free to do what Yes! Fantastic! It’s a boiler! Somebody In addition for the funds from the he wished with the rest of his time on this better get Bob!” the crew screamed. There Navy, Ballard sought a partnership with voyage. was no mistaking it. The object was an early the European counterpart to Woods 20th-century coal-fired steamship boiler. Hole. The French Institute for Research The crew aboard the Knorr was awakened. and Exploration of the Seas, or IFREMER, The reaction of some crewmembers: “My joined the effort. They came up with a two- first reaction was to roll over and go back pronged attack. to bed, because the big joke on the trip had The first leg of the voyage started on been, ‘Hey, wake up, we found the Titanic.’” June 24, 1985. IFREMER scientist Jean- “Dr. Ballard rushed into the cabin, threw Louis Michel began the search for Titanic. the door open and yelled, ‘We found it!’ I Titanic Bow: Courtesy NOAA He employed their new Sonar Acoustic sat upright in my bunk and proceeded to Remorque (SAR), or towed acoustic sonar. put a crease in my forehead from the pipes The SAR is a side-scan sonar device. It trav- overhead.” “We knew that we were two and They hoped to find Titanic in one piece, els about four hundred feet from the bot- a half miles directly above a very significant but at the middle of the ship, they found a tom down to a depth of twenty thousand French research vessel Le Suroit grave site… You get a catch in your throat.” mass of confusing twisted steel. They came feet. The plan was that SAR would find the Robert Ballard shared his feelings: “It was back and made a run to where they thought wreck and then Argo would photograph it. On August 24th, the Knorr, packed with two o’clock. The Titanic sank at…2:20a.m. the stern would be. And there was nothing. Ballard and the Woods Hole scientists expectant French and American scientists And someone said, ‘Oh. The Titanic’s about Key eyewitnesses on the night of the joined their French colleagues on board the and researchers, arrived near the area where to sink.’ And my mood just [snaps fingers] sinking, like , were right after | French research vessel Le Suroit on July 22, the French search had left off. Argo’s video went boom. We stopped and we went out all. The two sections of the ship had bro- THURSDAY • APRIL 12 • 2012 1985. The party steamed to the search site cameras would prove or disprove Ballard’s on the fantail and we had a ceremony.” ken apart between the 3rd and 4th funnel and deployed the SAR, directly over a previ- idea that video is a better search tool than After 73 long years, a few persistent and were 2000 feet away from each other. ous unchecked target from an earlier search SONAR. They zigzagged up the eastern researchers and scientists became the first Thayer made a series of sketches. One of done by another explorer, Jack Grimm. As end of the survey area, gambling that if to gaze upon Titanic. They were deter- those drawings shows the ship breaking in it was on its way down the SAR’s on-board they zigzagged tight enough they would mined to get photos of the wreck site, and two at the ocean’s surface. They could now metal detector went crazy, and the ship was intersect the debris. Quickly, though, the the most difficult challenge they faced was confirm that Titanic did break apart at the pushed away from this small section of the crew’s morale plummeted as days clicked to negotiate around the wires that sup- surface. ocean. They never made it back to check by without a trace of the elusive wreck. ported Titanic’s mighty smokestacks. Just one day after they found Titanic, a the site. The searchers disembarked from People started checking off the hours until Ballard was happy to find that “The raging storm blew in. To save the multi- Le Suroit on August 8th, 1985. they could head home. stacks were gone. Thank God the stacks million-dollar vehicle, it was brought back On August 12, Ballard and Michel joined August slipped by. The crew was just were gone and with it, all the rigging. So I to the deck. But the crew had another trick 13 1

4 THURSDAY • APRIL 12 • 2012 | A NEWSPAPER IN EDUCATION SUPPLEMENT TO THE WASHINGTON TIMES Shoes, Bench, and Dishes in Debris Field & Telemotor Where Bridge Had Been: Been: Had Bridge Where Telemotor & Field Courtesy NOAA Debris in Dishes and Bench, Shoes, accom they what of import the under standing fully not but worked, equipment their proven have to happy Hole, Woods in a way that no one could have predicted. 1985 to 1912 from years the bridged items everyday of images Those field. debris the at look up-close first world’s the including to the ship. returned it after developed be only could that photographs images, still 35mm took it video,shooting of Knorr,instead butthe below dragged was ANGUS Argo, losing Like it. risk to willing was crew the and – Navigated Geological Underwater Survey, or ANGUS. Acoustically the sleeve: its up Officers Quarters and Expansion Joint: Courtesy NOAA The scientists and crew returned to to returned crew and scientists The pictures, of thousands snapped ANGUS old years ten over was warhorse This - - Vehicle – and Woods Hole happened to to happened Hole Woods and – Vehicle SubmergenceDeep a called submarineized the site up close. document to preparations make to started researchers the 1985, in Titanic of covery dis their after months Several ocean.the deep in century a of quarters three during ship the to happened what at look closer a taketowantedteam his andBallard Robert the world,’” in said Dana. newspaper every of page front the ‘Trylaughing: started he And the newspapers? make we did him…so, beach, asked I’d the and on people with conversation plished. The only way to do that was in a special a in was that do toway only The thing.Dr.one wasDiscovering wreck the radio brief a had friends our of “One - - or too small for the submersible to enter. the send to camerainto areas andspaces too hazardous submarine the for was idea The tether. a by Alvin to probe the attach to was plan The eyeball. robotic was a basically It J.J. or Jr., Jason robot, smaller the dubbed They Jason. called in stage blueprint currently robot larger a key from adapted systems They robot. tiny start a to on work ahead go the Lab Submergence safely. of interior the Titanic,inside buttogolargetoo was Alvin explore to wanted team Hole Woods The Alvin. the Navy-owned U.S. – existence in few the of one operate both fear and expectation. The three men, three The expectation. and fear both routine task. a not is ocean the under miles 1/2 2 water freezing in wreck a near Diving crew. among the anxiety of state heightened a There was Alvin. aboard cage its into Jr. tucked Jason with submersible, the with dive first their attempt to ready were they ing, morn next before.the yearBy full a nearly left they position satellite the to returned Woods Hole Robot Jason Jr. in the steel: Courtesy NOAA iron eat that bacteria deep-sea of product waste the — ticles”icicle-likesecretions — “rusare it over and around down Hanging tons. seven over weighs Titanic’sanchor On July 12, 1986, the Woods Hole team HoleWoods the 1986, 12, July On Deep the at team his gave Ballard On July 13 the Alvin crew was filled with with filled was crew Alvinthe July13 On - world were interested in seeing for them for seeing in interested were world the around people that objects – artifacts out,manyturned itmanymysteries, as and held still it Butsecret. a longer no was tion wreck? the found had science that purpose this for it Wasback. Titanic of pieces bring to but plaques, leave to not – site the on arrived arms robotic similar usingAlvin, to similar submersible a year, one just In great. too our hope.” was that And alone. ship this leave would people that stern…hoping the on one and bow the on one — down plaques bronze took we sinking…and the commemorate celebration.…We…wanteda wasto dition expe 1986 The everything. of culmination the was ballroom…it the in dancing was nection.” artifacts…giveshuman you of sort the con Those me. for personal it made that things the of one was fixture light crystalline that Tosee down. straight go J.J.to for enough far ahead the move and set there deck to the on had sub I and top, the on up hole was really spooky, because it’s“That just this giant staircase. grand class first Titanic’s maneuveredJ.J.3,Bowen down Martin when Dive was cruise entire the of highlight the perhaps But successful. highly them of ing imagery. amaz capture and siteTitanic the navigate engineers,successfullytomanaged they but hour descent.half Foster, Dudley a twofortheirandin settled Ballard,Bob pilot Ralph Hollis andco-pilot By the autumn of 1986, Titanic’s loca Titanic’s 1986, of autumn the By was ship legendary this of lure the But I like felt “I feelings: his shared Ballard most dives,different 12 were there all In Jr.’sJason, plagued problems Equipment ------was not advancing. Hundreds of photos why some Titanic survivors described the and cutting-edge technology. they believed that had taken, and hope to scene aboard after the iceberg hit as one of The ability to map the whole wreck site analyze, were never captured. Their theo- relative calm, rather than complete panic. has enabled the expedition team to close- ries were compelling, but their chance to Perhaps Titanic passengers thought the ly analyze the evidence in order to fully gather new evidence was lost. Concannon’s boat would stay afloat for much longer understand the timeline and mechanics hypothesis inspired future expeditions to than it ultimately did. of the wreck. The release of the expedi- test his theories. The 2005 expedition uncovered new tion’s most recent findings is scheduled to Beginning in 2005, the History Channel information and surprising revelations. Yet correspond with the 100th Anniversary sponsored an expedition to the Titanic site after this expedition, over 40% of the wreck of the disaster. History Channel will fea- to shed new light on the sinking. Led by site was still unexplored. ture a full-length program entitled Titanic veteran wreck divers John Chatteron and In 2010, an unprecedent expedition at 100: Mystery Solved on April 15, 2012 Titanic Propeller: Courtesy NOAA Richie Kohler, this expedition used forensic led by RMS Titanic, Inc., Woods Hole (check local listings for air times, or visit techniques to pursue lingering mysteries Oceanographic Institute, and History History.com) which will unveil these find- selves. about the wreck. Channel documented the entire wreck site ings, promising to close the book on many In 1987, IFREMER, the French Naval Architect Roger Long describes of Titanic, using high-resolution optical questions that still linger about the disaster. Oceanographic Institute, was at the Titanic the efforts of the 2005 expedition team video, sonar, and acoustic imaging. For Even 100 years later, Titanic continues to site with their 20 million dollar submers- to reconstruct Titanic and put together the first time, this technology enabled the intrigue people worldwide. ible, Nautile. Their goal was to collect rel- the pieces of the wreck like a puzzle. Long experts to map the entirety of the wreck ics, in conjunction with a for-profit com- explained that “to really understand what site, using autonomous underwater vehicles pany funded by international investors. happened here you have to look at where In this expedition 1,800 artifacts were things are on the bottom, and then you brought back to land. The salvage com- have to figure out how fast they fell and Learn more about Titanic pany went public in 1993 under the name where they are. Draw that all back to the These sites and books were used for research Images: RMS Titanic, Incorporated and was named surface, in a way that makes sense, with for this supplement. www.maritimequest.com/liners/titanic_ “Salvor in Possession” by a federal judge in putting together the structural pieces to HISTORY: www.history.com/topics/titanic page_1.htm 1994 with complete right to the Titanic and really reconstruct the event.” Inquiries - U.S. & British: all it’s artifacts. Their first step was to conduct a detailed Academic: www.titanichistoricalsociety.org http://www.titanicinquiry.org As the centennial of the sinking of the forensic photographic examination of the www.encyclopedia-.org Titanic approached, RMS Titanic, Inc. wreck site. Expedition team members had http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Titanic Paintings: made plans to sell many artifacts, worth hundreds of hours of video to study to www.titanic-nautical.com www.kenmarschall.com millions of dollars, to the highest bidders. piece together the story of the wreck. Team www.titanicuniverse.com Newspaper Stories:

Artifacts like the ship’s tri-tone whistle, member Bill Lange explains that they spent www.webtitanic.net www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/titanic A NEWSPAPER IN EDUCATION SUPPLEMENT TO THE WASHINGTON TIMES the largest ever-built, were sent on traveling “many, many months analyzing imagery Art Prints/Posters: Timeline: exhibit. Ten million people from London, from the wreck site, doing photo interpre- www.transatlanticdesigns.com www.titanicandco.com/timeline.html England to Santiago, Chile attended – and tation, plotting out where the wreck items Awesome Stories: many historians and museums warmed up are, identifying them, plotting their posi- www.awesomestories.com/disasters/titanic to the idea of artifact retrieval. The idea of tions, then creating some maps.” studying Captain Smith’s megaphone – or These maps helped investigators sketch Unsinkable: The Full Story of the RMS Titanic any of the other 6,000 items brought back out new theories about the nature of the since 1987 – had a power of its own. accident. The expedition team also relied Unsinkable was an invaluable source of interesting stories and Yet the complete story of Titanic was yet on the eyewitness testimony of Titanic sur- information for this supplement, and is highly recommended. It to be told, and many expeditions to the site vivors taken after the wreck, illustrating may be purchased online or at your local bookstore. attempted to piece together an even fuller the importance of oral history in retracing picture of what remained of the ship, and the past. Finally, the team compared the Lost Voices from the Titanic: The Definitive History to tell the whole story of her sinking. Each personal accounts with the data collected of these expeditions built upon the tech- from the ocean floor. After assembling as This book is a wonderful resource for primary source materials. niques of Ballard and his team, and they much data as possible, the expedition lead- utilized increasingly sophisticated technol- ers started to piece together some conclu- ogy to bring a sharper picture of the Titanic sions based on the evidence. disaster into view. Among the key findings of the expedi- In the summer of 2000, a Pennsylvania tion were two large sections of Titanic’s Titanic at 100: Tips for the Classroom lawyer named David Concannon made hull. Together, these pieces account for 1. This supplement contains many valuable oral histories. Ask students to analyze some of what he believed was a significant find almost 70 feet of Titanic’s bottom, located these oral histories and respond to this question: Why do you think it is important to read while exploring the Titanic wreck site in just beneath and aft of the third funnel —

about the Titanic story from the perspective of those who lived through it? | a Russian submersible. Concannon and right where she broke apart. These pieces THURSDAY • APRIL 12 • 2012 his team believed that they had located are the best forensic evidence engineers and 2. Ask students to create collages about Titanic, using images and newspaper articles from long sections of the Titanic hull. The loca- marine architects have ever had to under- the past 100 years. tion of these sections and the patterns of stand the breakup. 3. Have students search for recent newspaper articles about Titanic. What is the latest infor- damage suggested to Concannon that there After using animation to analyze the mation about Titanic’s sinking? may have been an additional rupture to the two pieces, the team concluded that the 4. Have students write a letter or journal entry from the perspective of a Titanic passenger, ship’s bottom which indicated that Titanic breakup of Titanic may have occurred at a keeping in mind the class divisions that existed on board. had sideswiped the iceberg, also known as shallower angle than previously assumed. grounding damage. What this means is that the ship may have 5. Ask students to write a short op-ed piece about Titanic. Why are we still fascinated with But there was a problem with the team’s broken apart much more suddenly and this story today? What lessons were learned from this disater? evidence. When they came to the surface, unexpectedly than historians and experts they realized that the film in their camera first thought. This theory helps explain Educators may reproduce this supplement as needed for classroom use. 15 1

6 THURSDAY • APRIL 12 • 2012 | A NEWSPAPER IN EDUCATION SUPPLEMENT TO THE WASHINGTON TIMES

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