Analytical Chemistry in the 21St Century: Challenges, Solutions, and Future Perspectives of Complex Matrices Quantitative Analyses in Biological/Clinical Field
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Chapter 9 Titrimetric Methods 413
Chapter 9 Titrimetric Methods Chapter Overview Section 9A Overview of Titrimetry Section 9B Acid–Base Titrations Section 9C Complexation Titrations Section 9D Redox Titrations Section 9E Precipitation Titrations Section 9F Key Terms Section 9G Chapter Summary Section 9H Problems Section 9I Solutions to Practice Exercises Titrimetry, in which volume serves as the analytical signal, made its first appearance as an analytical method in the early eighteenth century. Titrimetric methods were not well received by the analytical chemists of that era because they could not duplicate the accuracy and precision of a gravimetric analysis. Not surprisingly, few standard texts from the 1700s and 1800s include titrimetric methods of analysis. Precipitation gravimetry developed as an analytical method without a general theory of precipitation. An empirical relationship between a precipitate’s mass and the mass of analyte— what analytical chemists call a gravimetric factor—was determined experimentally by taking a known mass of analyte through the procedure. Today, we recognize this as an early example of an external standardization. Gravimetric factors were not calculated using the stoichiometry of a precipitation reaction because chemical formulas and atomic weights were not yet available! Unlike gravimetry, the development and acceptance of titrimetry required a deeper understanding of stoichiometry, of thermodynamics, and of chemical equilibria. By the 1900s, the accuracy and precision of titrimetric methods were comparable to that of gravimetric methods, establishing titrimetry as an accepted analytical technique. 411 412 Analytical Chemistry 2.0 9A Overview of Titrimetry We are deliberately avoiding the term In titrimetry we add a reagent, called the titrant, to a solution contain- analyte at this point in our introduction ing another reagent, called the titrand, and allow them to react. -
Raman Spectroscopic Characterization and Analysis of Agricultural and Biological Systems Qi Wang Iowa State University
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2013 Raman spectroscopic characterization and analysis of agricultural and biological systems Qi Wang Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Agriculture Commons, Biomedical Commons, Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering Commons, and the Biostatistics Commons Recommended Citation Wang, Qi, "Raman spectroscopic characterization and analysis of agricultural and biological systems" (2013). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 13019. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/13019 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Raman spectroscopic characterization and analysis of agricultural and biological systems by Qi Wang A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Agricultural Engineering Program of Study Committee: Chenxu Yu, Major Professor Jacek Adam Koziel Kenneth J Koehler Lie Tang Sinisa Grozdanic Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2013 Copyright © Qi Wang, 2013. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………………………...…..v LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................................................vi -
Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Manual 2
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LABORATORY MANUAL 2 Ankara University Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Analytical Chemistry Analytical Chemistry Practices Contents INTRODUCTION TO QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS ......................................................................... 2 VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................. 2 Volumetric Analysis Calculations ................................................................................................... 3 Dilution Factor ................................................................................................................................ 4 Standard Solutions ........................................................................................................................... 5 Primary standard .............................................................................................................................. 5 Characteristics of Quantitative Reaction ......................................................................................... 5 Preparation of 1 L 0.1 M HCl Solution ........................................................................................... 6 Preparation of 1 L 0.1 M NaOH Solution ....................................................................................... 6 NEUTRALIZATION TITRATIONS ...................................................................................................... 7 STANDARDIZATION OF 0.1 N NaOH SOLUTION ...................................................................... -
"Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry," In
Article No : b06_001 Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry STEPHEN B. WARRINGTON, Formerly Anasys, IPTME, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom Gu€NTHER W. H. Ho€HNE, Formerly Polymer Technology (SKT), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands 1. Thermal Analysis.................. 415 2.2. Methods of Calorimetry............. 424 1.1. General Introduction ............... 415 2.2.1. Compensation of the Thermal Effects.... 425 1.1.1. Definitions . ...................... 415 2.2.2. Measurement of a Temperature Difference 425 1.1.2. Sources of Information . ............. 416 2.2.3. Temperature Modulation ............. 426 1.2. Thermogravimetry................. 416 2.3. Calorimeters ..................... 427 1.2.1. Introduction ...................... 416 2.3.1. Static Calorimeters ................. 427 1.2.2. Instrumentation . .................. 416 2.3.1.1. Isothermal Calorimeters . ............. 427 1.2.3. Factors Affecting a TG Curve ......... 417 2.3.1.2. Isoperibolic Calorimeters ............. 428 1.2.4. Applications ...................... 417 2.3.1.3. Adiabatic Calorimeters . ............. 430 1.3. Differential Thermal Analysis and 2.3.2. Scanning Calorimeters . ............. 430 Differential Scanning Calorimetry..... 418 2.3.2.1. Differential-Temperature Scanning 1.3.1. Introduction ...................... 418 Calorimeters ...................... 431 2.3.2.2. Power-Compensated Scanning Calorimeters 432 1.3.2. Instrumentation . .................. 419 2.3.2.3. Temperature-Modulated 1.3.3. Applications ...................... 419 Scanning Calorimeters . ............. 432 1.3.4. Modulated-Temperature DSC (MT-DSC) . 421 2.3.3. Chip-Calorimeters .................. 433 1.4. Simultaneous Techniques............ 421 2.4. Applications of Calorimetry.......... 433 1.4.1. Introduction ...................... 421 2.4.1. Determination of Thermodynamic Functions 433 1.4.2. Applications ...................... 421 2.4.2. Determination of Heats of Mixing . .... 434 1.5. Evolved Gas Analysis.............. -
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Bioanalysis and Diagnosis
Showcasing the Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) technique for Bioanalysis and Diagnosis As featured in: applications by a group of researchers led by Prof Liwu Volume 13 Number 27 21 July 2021 Zhang from Fudan University and Prof Ventsislav Valev Pages 11581-12046 from the University of Bath. Nanoscale rsc.li/nanoscale Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for bioanalysis and diagnosis SERS is an eff ective analytical technique that has excellent potential in bioanalysis and diagnosis as demonstrated by its increasing applications in vivo . SERS fi nds a broad range of applications with clinical relevance, such as biological ISSN 2040-3372 PAPER Shifeng Zhao et al. The sign reversal of anomalous Hall eff ect derived from the transformation of scattering eff ect in cluster-assembled sensing, drug delivery, single cell assays, early stage cancer Ni 0.8 Fe 0.2 nanostructural fi lms screening and fast detection of pathogens. We present a comprehensive survey of SERS-based assays, from basic See Nicoleta E. Dina , Ventsislav K. considerations to bioanalytical applications. Valev, Liwu Zhang et al. , Nanoscale , 2021, 13 , 11593. rsc.li/nanoscale Registered charity number: 207890 Nanoscale View Article Online REVIEW View Journal | View Issue Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for bioanalysis and diagnosis Cite this: Nanoscale, 2021, 13, 11593 Muhammad Ali Tahir,†a Nicoleta E. Dina, *†b Hanyun Cheng,a Ventsislav K. Valev *c and Liwu Zhang *a,d In recent years, bioanalytical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has blossomed into a fast- growing research area. Owing to its high sensitivity and outstanding multiplexing ability, SERS is an effective analytical technique that has excellent potential in bioanalysis and diagnosis, as demonstrated by its increasing applications in vivo. -
Chromatography Programme Course 6 Credits Analytisk Kemi - Kromatografi NKEB10 Valid From: 2018 Spring Semester
1(9) Analytical Chemistry - Chromatography Programme course 6 credits Analytisk kemi - Kromatografi NKEB10 Valid from: 2018 Spring semester Determined by Board of Studies for Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology Date determined LINKÖPING UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LINKÖPING UNIVERSITY ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY - CHROMATOGRAPHY FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2(9) Main field of study Chemical Engineering, Chemistry Course level First cycle Advancement level G1X Course offered for Chemical Analysis Engineering, B Sc in Engineering Chemistry, Bachelor´s Programme Biology Chemical Biology, Bachelor's Programme Entry requirements Note: Admission requirements for non-programme students usually also include admission requirements for the programme and threshold requirements for progression within the programme, or corresponding. Prerequisites General Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Calculation tools for chemistry students, Analytical Chemistry Intended learning outcomes The aim of the course is to give fundamental theoretical, practical and instrumental knowledge in the field of analytical separation techniques. After completing this course the student should be able to: Give an account of basic concepts within the area of analytical separation techniques (chromatography and capillary electrophoresis). Describe the principles and construction of instruments used for chromatography LINKÖPING UNIVERSITY ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY - CHROMATOGRAPHY FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 3(9) and capillary electrophoresis. Explain the chemical principles of analytical separation methods. Qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate data obtained from chromatographic and electrophoretic separations. Course content Theory of chromatographic separation. Gas chromatography (GC) including sample injection, separation and detection. High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods such as normal phase and reversed phase HPLC, ion chromatography and size- exclusion chromatography. Theory and principles of capillary electrophoresis. Mass spectrometry. -
Electrochemical Methods of Analysis. Basic Elec
JS CH3403 Interdisciplinary Chemistry Module 1. 2013/2014. Analytical Chemistry: Electrochemical methods of analysis. Basic Electroanalytical Chemistry. Potentiometric,Voltammetric and Coulometric measurement techniques. Professor Mike Lyons School of Chemistry TCD Room 3.2 Main Chemistry Building [email protected] Electro-analytical Chemistry. Electroanalytical techniques are concerned with the interplay between electricity & chemistry, namely the Electro-analytical chemists at work ! measurement of electrical quantities Beer sampling. such as current, potential or charge Sao Paulo Brazil 2004. and their relationship to chemical parameters such as concentration. The use of electrical measurements for analytical purposes has found large range of applications including environmental monitoring, industrial quality control & biomedical analysis. EU-LA Project MEDIS : Materials Engineering For the design of Intelligent Sensors. Outline of Lectures • Introduction to electroanalytical chemistry: basic ideas • Potentiometric methods of analysis • Amperometric methods of analysis • Coulombic methods of analysis J. Wang, Analytical Electrochemistry, 3rd edition. Wiley, 2006 R.G. Compton, C.E. Banks, Understanding Voltammetry, 2nd edition, Imperial College Press,2011. C.M.A. Brett, A.M.Oliveira Brett, Electrochemistry: Principles, methods and applications, Oxford Science Publications, 2000. Why Electroanalytical Chemistry ? Electroanalytical methods have certain advantages over other analytical methods. Electrochemical analysis allows for the determination -
Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis
Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Edited by Hye Suk Lee and Kwang-Hyeon Liu Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Pharmaceutics www.mdpi.com/journal/pharmaceutics Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Special Issue Editors Hye Suk Lee Kwang-Hyeon Liu MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editors Hye Suk Lee Kwang-Hyeon Liu The Catholic University of Korea Kyungpook National University Korea Korea Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Pharmaceutics (ISSN 1999-4923) in 2018 (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ pharmaceutics/special issues/dmpk and bioanalysis) For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03897-916-6 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03897-917-3 (PDF) c 2019 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Special Issue Editors ..................................... vii Preface to ”Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis” ................. ix Fakhrossadat Emami, Alireza Vatanara, Eun Ji Park and Dong Hee Na Drying Technologies for the Stability and Bioavailability of Biopharmaceuticals Reprinted from: Pharmaceutics 2018, 10, 131, doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics10030131 ........ -
Bioanalysis Zone
Powered by Bioanalysis TOP ARTICLE SUPPLEMENT CONTENTS REVIEW: Immunogenicity and PK/PD evaluation in biotherapeutic drug development: scientific considerations for bioanalytical methods and data analysis Bioanalysis Vol. 6 Issue 1 RESEARCH ARTICLE: An ultrasensitive method for the quantitation of active and inactive GLP-1 in human plasma via immunoaffinity LC-MS/MS Bioanalysis Vol. 6 Issue 1 REVIEW: Analytical protocols based on LC–MS, GC–MS and CE–MS for nontargeted metabolomics of biological tissues Bioanalysis Vol. 6 Issue 12 REVIEW Immunogenicity and PK/PD evaluation in biotherapeutic drug development: scientific considerations for bioanalytical methods and data ana lysis With the advent of novel technologies, considerable advances have been made in the evaluation of the relationship between PK and PD. Ligand-binding assays have been the primary assay format supporting PK and immunogenicity assessments. Critical and in-depth characterizations of the ligand-binding assay of interest can provide valuable understanding of the limitations, for interpreting PK/PD and immunogenicity results. This review illustrates key challenges with regard to understanding the relationship between anti-drug antibody and PK/PD, including confounding factors associated with the development and validation of ligand-binding assays, mechanisms by which anti-drug antibody impacts PK/PD, factors to consider during data analyses and interpretation, and a perspective on integrating immunogenicity data into the well-established quantitative modeling approach. -
Chapter 7 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
NEPHAR 201 Analytical Chemistry II Chapter 7 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Assist. Prof. Dr. Usama ALSHANA 1 Week Topic Reference Material Instructor 1 Introduction Instructor’s lecture notes Alshana [14/09] Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Chapter 6, 2 An introduction to spectrometric pages 116-142 Alshana [21/09] methods Enstrümantal Analiz- Bölüm 6, sayfa 132-163 Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Chapter 7, 3 Components of optical pages 143-191 Alshana [28/09] instruments Enstrümantal Analiz- Bölüm 7, sayfa 164-214 Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Chapter 9, 4 Atomic absorption and emission pages 206-229, Chapter 10, pages 230-252 Alshana [05/10] spectrometry Enstrümantal Analiz- Bölüm 9, sayfa 230-253, Bölüm 10 sayfa 254-280 Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Chapter 13, 5 Ultraviolet/Visible molecular pages 300-328 Alshana [12/10] absorption spectrometry Enstrümantal Analiz- Bölüm 13, sayfa 336-366 Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Chapter 16, 6 Omitted Infrared spectrometry pages 380-403 Alshana [19/10] Enstrümantal Analiz- Bölüm 16, sayfa 430-454 Quiz 1 (12.5 %) 7 Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Chapter 26, Alshana [26/10] Chromatographic separations pages 674-700 Enstrümantal Analiz- Bölüm 26, sayfa 762-787 8 [02- MIDTERM EXAM (25 %) 07/11] 9 High-performance liquid Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Chapter 28, Alshana [09/11] chromatography (1) pages 725-767 10 High-performance liquid Enstrümantal Analiz- Bölüm 28, sayfa 816-855 Alshana [16/11] chromatography (2) Principles -
An Introduction to Instrumental Methods of Analysis
An Introduction to Instrumental Methods of Analysis Instrumental methods of chemical analysis have become the principal means of obtaining information in diverse areas of science and technology. The speed, high sensitivity, low limits of detection, simultaneous detection capabilities, and automated operation of modern instruments, when compared to classical methods of analysis, have created this predominance. Professionals in all sciences base important decisions, solve problems, and advance their fields using instrumental measurements. As a consequence, all scientists are obligated to have a fundamental understanding of instruments and their applications in order to confidently and accurately address their needs. A modern, well-educated scientist is one who is capable of solving problems with an analytical approach and who can apply modern instrumentation to problems.1 With this knowledge, the scientist can develop analytical methods to solve problems and obtain appropriately precise, accurate and valid information. This text will present; 1) the fundamental principles of instrumental measurements, 2) applications of these principles to specific types of chemical measurements (types of samples analyzed, figures of merit, strengths and limitations), 3) examples of modern instrumentation, and 4) the use of instruments to solve real analytical problems. The text does not include information on every possible analytical technique, but instead contains the information necessary to develop a solid, fundamental understanding for a student in an upper level undergraduate class in instrumental analysis. 1-1. Background Terminology: Before presenting the complete picture of a chemical analysis, it is important to distinguish the difference between an analytical technique and an analytical method.2 An 1 analytical technique is considered to be a fundamental scientific phenomenon that has been found to be useful to provide information about the composition of a substance. -
Electrochemistry a Chem1 Supplement Text Stephen K
Electrochemistry a Chem1 Supplement Text Stephen K. Lower Simon Fraser University Contents 1 Chemistry and electricity 2 Electroneutrality .............................. 3 Potential dierences at interfaces ..................... 4 2 Electrochemical cells 5 Transport of charge within the cell .................... 7 Cell description conventions ........................ 8 Electrodes and electrode reactions .................... 8 3 Standard half-cell potentials 10 Reference electrodes ............................ 12 Prediction of cell potentials ........................ 13 Cell potentials and the electromotive series ............... 14 Cell potentials and free energy ...................... 15 The fall of the electron ........................... 17 Latimer diagrams .............................. 20 4 The Nernst equation 21 Concentration cells ............................. 23 Analytical applications of the Nernst equation .............. 23 Determination of solubility products ................ 23 Potentiometric titrations ....................... 24 Measurement of pH .......................... 24 Membrane potentials ............................ 26 5 Batteries and fuel cells 29 The fuel cell ................................. 29 1 CHEMISTRY AND ELECTRICITY 2 6 Electrochemical Corrosion 31 Control of corrosion ............................ 34 7 Electrolytic cells 34 Electrolysis involving water ........................ 35 Faraday’s laws of electrolysis ....................... 36 Industrial electrolytic processes ...................... 37 The chloralkali