Analytical Chemistry

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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY - INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY Commonly referred to as IR spectroscopy, this technique allows chemists to identify characteristic groups of atoms (functional groups) present in molecules. C H C H C C THE FINGERPRINT REGION - 1500CM-1 TO 500CM-1 Stretch Stretch Stretch The fingerprint region of the spectrum contains a complex set of absorptions, which are unique to each compound. Though these are M M M hard to interpret visually, by comparison with references they allow identification of specific compounds. ALKENE ALDEHYDE ALKENE AROMATICS C H C H C C C O C C C O C X Stretch Stretch Stretch Stretch Stretch Stretch Stretch N S M W S M S M ALKYNE ALKANE ALKYNE CARBONYLS AROMATICS ESTERS, ETHERS, ALCOHOLS, ALKYL CHLORIDE (850-550) CARBOXYLIC ACIDS ALKYL BROMIDE (690-515) ACID N H C N N H C H C H C H C H Stretch Stretch ANHYDRIDE Bend Bend, Rock Wag Bend Bend M V M M M S S B ACYL CHLORIDE 1˚& 2˚AMINE NITRILE 1˚AMINE ALKANE HALOALKANE ALKENE ALKENE AMIDE ESTER O H O H N O N O C N O H N H Stretch Stretch AMIDE Asymm. Stretch Symm. Stretch Stretch Bend Wag S B V B S M V M S B ALDEHYDE ALCOHOLS CARBOXYLIC ACIDS & KETONE NITRO NITRO ALIPHATIC CARBOXYLIC 1˚& 2˚AMINE PHENOLS COMPOUND COMPOUND AMINES ACID 3600 3400 3200 3000 2800 2600 2400 2200 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 FREQUENCY/WAVENUMBER OF ABSORPTION (CM-1) Ke: S STRONG M MEDIUM W WEAK B BROAD N NARROW V VARIABLE Infrared frequencies make up a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. If a range of infrared frequencies are shone through an organic compound, some of the frequencies are absorbed by the chemical bonds within the compound. ierent chemical bonds absorb dierent frequencies of infrared radiation. There are a number of characteristic absorptions which allow functional groups the parts of a compound which give it its particular reactivity to be identified. This graphic shows a number of these absorptions. | | C © COMPOUND INTEREST 2015 - WWW.COMPOUNDCHEM.COM Twitter: @compoundchem Facebook: www.facebook.com/compoundchem This graphic is shared under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence. BY NC ND.

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Chapter 9 Titrimetric Methods 413
Chapter 9 Titrimetric Methods Chapter Overview Section 9A Overview of Titrimetry Section 9B Acid–Base Titrations Section 9C Complexation Titrations Section 9D Redox Titrations Section 9E Precipitation Titrations Section 9F Key Terms Section 9G Chapter Summary Section 9H Problems Section 9I Solutions to Practice Exercises Titrimetry, in which volume serves as the analytical signal, made its first appearance as an analytical method in the early eighteenth century. Titrimetric methods were not well received by the analytical chemists of that era because they could not duplicate the accuracy and precision of a gravimetric analysis. Not surprisingly, few standard texts from the 1700s and 1800s include titrimetric methods of analysis. Precipitation gravimetry developed as an analytical method without a general theory of precipitation. An empirical relationship between a precipitate’s mass and the mass of analyte— what analytical chemists call a gravimetric factor—was determined experimentally by taking a known mass of analyte through the procedure. Today, we recognize this as an early example of an external standardization. Gravimetric factors were not calculated using the stoichiometry of a precipitation reaction because chemical formulas and atomic weights were not yet available! Unlike gravimetry, the development and acceptance of titrimetry required a deeper understanding of stoichiometry, of thermodynamics, and of chemical equilibria. By the 1900s, the accuracy and precision of titrimetric methods were comparable to that of gravimetric methods, establishing titrimetry as an accepted analytical technique. 411 412 Analytical Chemistry 2.0 9A Overview of Titrimetry We are deliberately avoiding the term In titrimetry we add a reagent, called the titrant, to a solution contain- analyte at this point in our introduction ing another reagent, called the titrand, and allow them to react.
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