DOCSLIB.ORG

An Overview of Materials and Analytical Science at AWE

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Overview of Materials and Analytical Science at AWE OFFICIAL An Overview of Materials and Analytical Science at AWE 40th Tritium Focus Group Meeting, October 2018 Dr Dario C. Castiglione Team Leader, Tritium Technology [email protected] © British Crown Owned Copyright 2018/AWE Doc Control Number OFFICIALOFFICIAL OFFICIAL Materials & Analytical Science – Sub-function Science, Engineering & Production Site ‘Functions’ Technology Warhead Materials & Nuclear Threat Physics ‘Sub-functions’ Engineering Analytical Science Reduction Conventional Materials Explosive Materials & Science Initiation Science Metals & Tritium Systems ‘Groups’ Radiation Protection & Analytical Chemistry Radiochemistry Radiological Instrumentation & Dosimetry Calibration Doc Control Number OFFICIALOFFICIAL OFFICIAL Materials & Analytical Science Head of MAS – Sian Butler Conventional Materials Science Analytical Chemistry Group Leader – Jon Joy Group Leader – Dave Mitchell Explosive Materials & Initiation Science Radiochemistry Group Leader – Steve Trussell Group Leader – Olivia Marsden Metals & Tritium Radiation Protection & Dosimetry Group Leader – Marina Dawes Group Leader – Chris Jones Systems Radiological Instrumentation & Calibration Group Leader – Scott McCulloch Group Leader – Iain Smith Doc Control Number OFFICIALOFFICIAL OFFICIAL Materials & Analytical Science – Sub-function . Energetic Materials . Metals and Tritium . Conventional Materials . ~480 staff . Systems & Computational Modelling . 8 groups . Radiation Protection & Dosimetry . ~40 lab / workshop / office areas . Radiochemistry . Analytical Chemistry . Radiological Instrumentation OFFICIAL OFFICIAL Materials and Analytical Science MAS provides AWE with technical expertise in the fields of Materials and Nuclear Analytical Science Conventional Materials Science MAS MISSION Explosive Materials & We will deliver the material, analytical and radiological Initiation Science science capabilities that underpin the UK’s nuclear Metals & Tritium deterrent and national security mission. Systems Analytical Chemistry Radiochemistry Radiation Protection & Dosimetry Radiological Instrumentation & Calibration OFFICIAL OFFICIAL Materials and Analytical Science MAS provides AWE with technical expertise in the fields of Materials and Nuclear Analytical Science Conventional Materials Science MAS MISSION Explosive Materials & We will deliver the material, analytical and radiological Initiation Science science capabilities that underpin the UK’s nuclear Metals & Tritium deterrent and national security mission. Systems MAS VISION To create a culture where our people, operating in a Analytical Chemistry modern working environment, are empowered to provide Radiochemistry innovative solutions, high quality science and reliable, efficient services, to support AWE’s core mission. Radiation Protection & Dosimetry Radiological Instrumentation & Calibration OFFICIAL OFFICIAL Conventional Materials Science CMS provides expertise to underwrite the through life management of non-energetic materials and components. We actively manage risks relating to material supply, component production and through life performance by understanding and developing materials and processes Support Production Develop Materials Understand Materials Assess Life • Understand all chemical • Understand requirements • Identify the best techniques • Understand the and material affects of (functional) to characterise materials environments to which materials are exposed processing • Fully understand how • Characterisation of feedstock materials • Ensuring surety of supply structure influences • Understand degradation for feedstock materials materials properties • Ensure materials mechanisms • Identify alternative information and • Understand affect on bulk • Understand production materials reducing specification relate to properties of structural processes and variability product risk requirements changes OFFICIAL OFFICIAL Explosive Materials & Initiation Science ExMIS provides expertise to underwrite the through life management of energetic / explosive materials, devices & trains. This includes design & development, characterisation & life assessment of materials / devices / trains as well as process safety assessment New Material Development HE Hazards & Safety Explosive Trains & Devices Life & Mechanical Explosive Device Explosive Characterisation Assessment Assessment & Compatibility OFFICIAL OFFICIAL Metals and Tritium Metals and Tritium provide operational and scientific expertise & support by underwriting manufacturing process improvements, providing materials for re-processing, manufacture test pieces for multiple trials, underpin the service life of key components and provide continuing in-service support to our current system. Manufacturing Test Piece Stockpile Support Future Technologies Improvements Manufacture • Underwrite • Manufacture test • Underwrite materials • Invest in techniques which will improvements and pieces for trials, from performance and redefine our ability to underwrite efficiencies to full size casting to provide life prediction future processes and components manufacturing micro-targets • Develop new techniques for • Understand SNM • Hydrodynamic trials material properties acquisition • Provide materials behaviour for in- component manufacture and services service performance • Neutron imaging: complete through • Re-process strategic • Micro-targets for plasma and life prediction life imaging of in-service materials physics assemblies OFFICIAL OFFICIAL Systems The Systems Group provides the capabilities required to deliver system-level materials assessments that underpin the UK’s nuclear deterrent Compatibility Assessments Predictive Modelling • System-level materials compatibility • Development and validation of system-level assessments to support: predictive ageing and lifetime models • Service Life Assessment (SLA) of the • Improved understanding of materials and stockpile system chemistry • Iterations of system model reduce • qualification & approvals for modifications uncertainties associated with predictions, • new systems enabling risk to be effectively managed • Materials compatibility assessments to • System models need to take into account support production, assembly and different build configurations, materials disassembly processes selections OFFICIAL OFFICIAL Analytical Chemistry The role of the Analytical Chemistry group is to undertake the analysis and characterisation of bulk-to-trace levels of conventional, explosive and fissile materials. Actinide Certification Chemical Analysis Isotopic Evaluation Material Characterisation • Analysis of U & Pu • Organic material • Isotopic certification of • Non-nuclear material materials (gram assessment, including nuclear materials, at the analysis and certification quantities) for trace, explosives trace to ultra-trace levels covering paints, resins, minor & major elemental adhesives and polymers • Elemental analysis • Delivers the UK Nuclear quantification and including heavy metals Safeguards analysis • Continuous analysis of isotopic characterisation for legacy material capability waste aqueous discharges disposal ensuring site status • Supports Production, • Key Nuclear Forensic Nuclear Threat remains green • Capsule gas analysis capability underpinning Reduction applications providing manufacturing material provenance • Supports Production and and waste processing / and In-Service Support determination AWE’s regulatory recycling activities obligations OFFICIAL OFFICIAL Radiochemistry The Radiochemistry Group (RCG) provides the Radiochemical Analysis expertise to deliver Regulatory, Warhead, and Nuclear Threat Reduction requirements and enable AWE Site Operations. Regulatory & Site Operations Customers Nuclear Security and Treaties • Deliver AWE’s Environmental • Operation of laboratories to support Regulator requirements: the Comprehensive Test-Ban and NTR Non-Proliferation Treaties Through management of the Environmental Monitoring and • Providing a full radiochemical and Collections, Bulk Waste Commercial WUT data analysis capability to underpin Characterisation and Dosimetry the warhead programme and to Services Radiochemistry develop a Nuclear Forensics Group capability • Enable site operations: By providing radiological and SITE HSE • Develop DNA separation techniques asbestos expertise, surveying and to support conventional forensics analysis. Also through EA management of AWE’s On Call Response for Dosimetry and Environmental. OFFICIAL OFFICIAL Radiation Protection & Dosimetry The Radiation Protection & Dosimetry Group ensure radiological safety and regulatory compliance at AWE by providing: • Corporate policy and • On-call arrangements 24/7 • An approved Dosimetry Service (ADS) guidance on radiation for RPA advice to an that includes: protection, and manage incident, on and off-site. training and procedures for . Internal Dose Assessment Capability • The AWE Radioactive Health Physics. Item Registry (ARIR) to . External Dose Assessment Capability record and track all • Advice to the Police, MDP, . Criticality Accident Dose Assessment radioactive items on site. Fire & Rescue services and Capability other Government • Technical and legal advice departments throughout the . Record Keeping Service on all aspects of Radiation UK. protection through our HSE . Support to relevant FOI requests recognised RPA Body. OFFICIAL OFFICIAL Radiological Instrumentation & Calibration The RI&C Group provide radiological instruments and systems to ensure work carried out by AWE involving radiation is legally compliant Service & Calibration In Service Support & Design • 12,000 assets, • In-service support to existing systems & instruments • 9,000 annual calibrations, • testing and evaluation of new • 1,500 instrument repairs, instrumentation • for internal and external customers • design of instrumentation where nothing including MOD & commercial customers suitable is available commercially, • UKAS accredited calibration capability for • TA for all Radiological Protection gamma & neutron fields Instrumentation at AWE OFFICIAL OFFICIAL OFFICIAL.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chapter 9 Titrimetric Methods 413
    Chapter 9 Titrimetric Methods Chapter Overview Section 9A Overview of Titrimetry Section 9B Acid–Base Titrations Section 9C Complexation Titrations Section 9D Redox Titrations Section 9E Precipitation Titrations Section 9F Key Terms Section 9G Chapter Summary Section 9H Problems Section 9I Solutions to Practice Exercises Titrimetry, in which volume serves as the analytical signal, made its first appearance as an analytical method in the early eighteenth century. Titrimetric methods were not well received by the analytical chemists of that era because they could not duplicate the accuracy and precision of a gravimetric analysis. Not surprisingly, few standard texts from the 1700s and 1800s include titrimetric methods of analysis. Precipitation gravimetry developed as an analytical method without a general theory of precipitation. An empirical relationship between a precipitate’s mass and the mass of analyte— what analytical chemists call a gravimetric factor—was determined experimentally by taking a known mass of analyte through the procedure. Today, we recognize this as an early example of an external standardization. Gravimetric factors were not calculated using the stoichiometry of a precipitation reaction because chemical formulas and atomic weights were not yet available! Unlike gravimetry, the development and acceptance of titrimetry required a deeper understanding of stoichiometry, of thermodynamics, and of chemical equilibria. By the 1900s, the accuracy and precision of titrimetric methods were comparable to that of gravimetric methods, establishing titrimetry as an accepted analytical technique. 411 412 Analytical Chemistry 2.0 9A Overview of Titrimetry We are deliberately avoiding the term In titrimetry we add a reagent, called the titrant, to a solution contain- analyte at this point in our introduction ing another reagent, called the titrand, and allow them to react.
    [Show full text]
  • Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Manual 2
    ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LABORATORY MANUAL 2 Ankara University Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Analytical Chemistry Analytical Chemistry Practices Contents INTRODUCTION TO QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS ......................................................................... 2 VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................. 2 Volumetric Analysis Calculations ................................................................................................... 3 Dilution Factor ................................................................................................................................ 4 Standard Solutions ........................................................................................................................... 5 Primary standard .............................................................................................................................. 5 Characteristics of Quantitative Reaction ......................................................................................... 5 Preparation of 1 L 0.1 M HCl Solution ........................................................................................... 6 Preparation of 1 L 0.1 M NaOH Solution ....................................................................................... 6 NEUTRALIZATION TITRATIONS ...................................................................................................... 7 STANDARDIZATION OF 0.1 N NaOH SOLUTION ......................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Analytical Chemistry in the 21St Century: Challenges, Solutions, and Future Perspectives of Complex Matrices Quantitative Analyses in Biological/Clinical Field
    Review Analytical Chemistry in the 21st Century: Challenges, Solutions, and Future Perspectives of Complex Matrices Quantitative Analyses in Biological/Clinical Field 1, 2, 2, 3 Giuseppe Maria Merone y, Angela Tartaglia y, Marcello Locatelli * , Cristian D’Ovidio , Enrica Rosato 3, Ugo de Grazia 4 , Francesco Santavenere 5, Sandra Rossi 5 and Fabio Savini 5 1 Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Chieti–Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; [email protected] 2 Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via Dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti (CH), Italy; [email protected] 3 Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University of Chieti–Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy; [email protected] (C.D.); [email protected] (E.R.) 4 Laboratory of Neurological Biochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milano, Italy; [email protected] 5 Pharmatoxicology Laboratory—Hospital “Santo Spirito”, Via Fonte Romana 8, 65124 Pescara, Italy; [email protected] (F.S.); [email protected] (S.R.); [email protected] (F.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-0871-3554590; Fax: +39-0871-3554911 These authors contributed equally to the work. y Received: 16 September 2020; Accepted: 16 October 2020; Published: 30 October 2020 Abstract: Nowadays, the challenges in analytical chemistry, and mostly in quantitative analysis, include the development and validation of new materials, strategies and procedures to meet the growing need for rapid, sensitive, selective and green methods.
    [Show full text]
  • "Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry," In
    Article No : b06_001 Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry STEPHEN B. WARRINGTON, Formerly Anasys, IPTME, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom Gu€NTHER W. H. Ho€HNE, Formerly Polymer Technology (SKT), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands 1. Thermal Analysis.................. 415 2.2. Methods of Calorimetry............. 424 1.1. General Introduction ............... 415 2.2.1. Compensation of the Thermal Effects.... 425 1.1.1. Definitions . ...................... 415 2.2.2. Measurement of a Temperature Difference 425 1.1.2. Sources of Information . ............. 416 2.2.3. Temperature Modulation ............. 426 1.2. Thermogravimetry................. 416 2.3. Calorimeters ..................... 427 1.2.1. Introduction ...................... 416 2.3.1. Static Calorimeters ................. 427 1.2.2. Instrumentation . .................. 416 2.3.1.1. Isothermal Calorimeters . ............. 427 1.2.3. Factors Affecting a TG Curve ......... 417 2.3.1.2. Isoperibolic Calorimeters ............. 428 1.2.4. Applications ...................... 417 2.3.1.3. Adiabatic Calorimeters . ............. 430 1.3. Differential Thermal Analysis and 2.3.2. Scanning Calorimeters . ............. 430 Differential Scanning Calorimetry..... 418 2.3.2.1. Differential-Temperature Scanning 1.3.1. Introduction ...................... 418 Calorimeters ...................... 431 2.3.2.2. Power-Compensated Scanning Calorimeters 432 1.3.2. Instrumentation . .................. 419 2.3.2.3. Temperature-Modulated 1.3.3. Applications ...................... 419 Scanning Calorimeters . ............. 432 1.3.4. Modulated-Temperature DSC (MT-DSC) . 421 2.3.3. Chip-Calorimeters .................. 433 1.4. Simultaneous Techniques............ 421 2.4. Applications of Calorimetry.......... 433 1.4.1. Introduction ...................... 421 2.4.1. Determination of Thermodynamic Functions 433 1.4.2. Applications ...................... 421 2.4.2. Determination of Heats of Mixing . .... 434 1.5. Evolved Gas Analysis..............
    [Show full text]
  • Chromatography Programme Course 6 Credits Analytisk Kemi - Kromatografi NKEB10 Valid From: 2018 Spring Semester
    1(9) Analytical Chemistry - Chromatography Programme course 6 credits Analytisk kemi - Kromatografi NKEB10 Valid from: 2018 Spring semester Determined by Board of Studies for Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology Date determined LINKÖPING UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LINKÖPING UNIVERSITY ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY - CHROMATOGRAPHY FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2(9) Main field of study Chemical Engineering, Chemistry Course level First cycle Advancement level G1X Course offered for Chemical Analysis Engineering, B Sc in Engineering Chemistry, Bachelor´s Programme Biology Chemical Biology, Bachelor's Programme Entry requirements Note: Admission requirements for non-programme students usually also include admission requirements for the programme and threshold requirements for progression within the programme, or corresponding. Prerequisites General Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Calculation tools for chemistry students, Analytical Chemistry Intended learning outcomes The aim of the course is to give fundamental theoretical, practical and instrumental knowledge in the field of analytical separation techniques. After completing this course the student should be able to: Give an account of basic concepts within the area of analytical separation techniques (chromatography and capillary electrophoresis). Describe the principles and construction of instruments used for chromatography LINKÖPING UNIVERSITY ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY - CHROMATOGRAPHY FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 3(9) and capillary electrophoresis. Explain the chemical principles of analytical separation methods. Qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate data obtained from chromatographic and electrophoretic separations. Course content Theory of chromatographic separation. Gas chromatography (GC) including sample injection, separation and detection. High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods such as normal phase and reversed phase HPLC, ion chromatography and size- exclusion chromatography. Theory and principles of capillary electrophoresis. Mass spectrometry.
    [Show full text]
  • Electrochemical Methods of Analysis. Basic Elec
    JS CH3403 Interdisciplinary Chemistry Module 1. 2013/2014. Analytical Chemistry: Electrochemical methods of analysis. Basic Electroanalytical Chemistry. Potentiometric,Voltammetric and Coulometric measurement techniques. Professor Mike Lyons School of Chemistry TCD Room 3.2 Main Chemistry Building [email protected] Electro-analytical Chemistry. Electroanalytical techniques are concerned with the interplay between electricity & chemistry, namely the Electro-analytical chemists at work ! measurement of electrical quantities Beer sampling. such as current, potential or charge Sao Paulo Brazil 2004. and their relationship to chemical parameters such as concentration. The use of electrical measurements for analytical purposes has found large range of applications including environmental monitoring, industrial quality control & biomedical analysis. EU-LA Project MEDIS : Materials Engineering For the design of Intelligent Sensors. Outline of Lectures • Introduction to electroanalytical chemistry: basic ideas • Potentiometric methods of analysis • Amperometric methods of analysis • Coulombic methods of analysis J. Wang, Analytical Electrochemistry, 3rd edition. Wiley, 2006 R.G. Compton, C.E. Banks, Understanding Voltammetry, 2nd edition, Imperial College Press,2011. C.M.A. Brett, A.M.Oliveira Brett, Electrochemistry: Principles, methods and applications, Oxford Science Publications, 2000. Why Electroanalytical Chemistry ? Electroanalytical methods have certain advantages over other analytical methods. Electrochemical analysis allows for the determination
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 7 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
    NEPHAR 201 Analytical Chemistry II Chapter 7 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Assist. Prof. Dr. Usama ALSHANA 1 Week Topic Reference Material Instructor 1 Introduction Instructor’s lecture notes Alshana [14/09] Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Chapter 6, 2 An introduction to spectrometric pages 116-142 Alshana [21/09] methods Enstrümantal Analiz- Bölüm 6, sayfa 132-163 Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Chapter 7, 3 Components of optical pages 143-191 Alshana [28/09] instruments Enstrümantal Analiz- Bölüm 7, sayfa 164-214 Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Chapter 9, 4 Atomic absorption and emission pages 206-229, Chapter 10, pages 230-252 Alshana [05/10] spectrometry Enstrümantal Analiz- Bölüm 9, sayfa 230-253, Bölüm 10 sayfa 254-280 Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Chapter 13, 5 Ultraviolet/Visible molecular pages 300-328 Alshana [12/10] absorption spectrometry Enstrümantal Analiz- Bölüm 13, sayfa 336-366 Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Chapter 16, 6 Omitted Infrared spectrometry pages 380-403 Alshana [19/10] Enstrümantal Analiz- Bölüm 16, sayfa 430-454 Quiz 1 (12.5 %) 7 Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Chapter 26, Alshana [26/10] Chromatographic separations pages 674-700 Enstrümantal Analiz- Bölüm 26, sayfa 762-787 8 [02- MIDTERM EXAM (25 %) 07/11] 9 High-performance liquid Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Chapter 28, Alshana [09/11] chromatography (1) pages 725-767 10 High-performance liquid Enstrümantal Analiz- Bölüm 28, sayfa 816-855 Alshana [16/11] chromatography (2) Principles
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to Instrumental Methods of Analysis
    An Introduction to Instrumental Methods of Analysis Instrumental methods of chemical analysis have become the principal means of obtaining information in diverse areas of science and technology. The speed, high sensitivity, low limits of detection, simultaneous detection capabilities, and automated operation of modern instruments, when compared to classical methods of analysis, have created this predominance. Professionals in all sciences base important decisions, solve problems, and advance their fields using instrumental measurements. As a consequence, all scientists are obligated to have a fundamental understanding of instruments and their applications in order to confidently and accurately address their needs. A modern, well-educated scientist is one who is capable of solving problems with an analytical approach and who can apply modern instrumentation to problems.1 With this knowledge, the scientist can develop analytical methods to solve problems and obtain appropriately precise, accurate and valid information. This text will present; 1) the fundamental principles of instrumental measurements, 2) applications of these principles to specific types of chemical measurements (types of samples analyzed, figures of merit, strengths and limitations), 3) examples of modern instrumentation, and 4) the use of instruments to solve real analytical problems. The text does not include information on every possible analytical technique, but instead contains the information necessary to develop a solid, fundamental understanding for a student in an upper level undergraduate class in instrumental analysis. 1-1. Background Terminology: Before presenting the complete picture of a chemical analysis, it is important to distinguish the difference between an analytical technique and an analytical method.2 An 1 analytical technique is considered to be a fundamental scientific phenomenon that has been found to be useful to provide information about the composition of a substance.
    [Show full text]
  • Electrochemistry a Chem1 Supplement Text Stephen K
    Electrochemistry a Chem1 Supplement Text Stephen K. Lower Simon Fraser University Contents 1 Chemistry and electricity 2 Electroneutrality .............................. 3 Potential dierences at interfaces ..................... 4 2 Electrochemical cells 5 Transport of charge within the cell .................... 7 Cell description conventions ........................ 8 Electrodes and electrode reactions .................... 8 3 Standard half-cell potentials 10 Reference electrodes ............................ 12 Prediction of cell potentials ........................ 13 Cell potentials and the electromotive series ............... 14 Cell potentials and free energy ...................... 15 The fall of the electron ........................... 17 Latimer diagrams .............................. 20 4 The Nernst equation 21 Concentration cells ............................. 23 Analytical applications of the Nernst equation .............. 23 Determination of solubility products ................ 23 Potentiometric titrations ....................... 24 Measurement of pH .......................... 24 Membrane potentials ............................ 26 5 Batteries and fuel cells 29 The fuel cell ................................. 29 1 CHEMISTRY AND ELECTRICITY 2 6 Electrochemical Corrosion 31 Control of corrosion ............................ 34 7 Electrolytic cells 34 Electrolysis involving water ........................ 35 Faraday’s laws of electrolysis ....................... 36 Industrial electrolytic processes ...................... 37 The chloralkali
    [Show full text]
  • Analytical Chemistry Chemical Analysis
    Analytical chemistry Chemical analysis a) Qualitative b) Quantitative analysis analysis Qualitative analysis Definition : Knowing the of substance present in the solution.( i.e. it’s quality). Examples : ( Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Calcium, ………etc.) Identification of chemical components is done by: 1) Physically : (Color, Odor, Shape) 2) Chemically : (Components of the sample) Quantitative analysis Definition: Knowing quantity of substance present in the solution. Examples : the quantity of a certain substance in the sample solution (10% Fe, 3% Na, 5% Cl, ………………etc.). 1) Traditional method: Volumetric analysis: Knowing the concentration of the sample, example: (titration method). 2) Modern method: Instrumental technique: (Spectrophotometric analysis) Important Definitions Atom Atom • It’s the smallest building unit for an element. • It consists of a nucleus containing combination of neutrons and protons. • The number of protons determines the identity of the element. • One of more electrons bound to the nucleus by electrical attraction. • Examples : Carbon ( C), Hydrogen ( H), Oxygen ( O), Nitrogen( N), Iron ( Fe ), Sulfur ( S), Aluminum ( Al ), ……….etc. Atom Atomic weight (At.wt) • Its the weight of a single atom. • Its the summation of number of protons and neutrons . • It’s unit atomic mass unit (a.m.u.) • It’s written under elements in the periodic table • Examples: 1. At.wt of Hydrogen (H) = 1 a.m.u. 2. At.wt of Carbon (C) = 12 a.m.u. 3. At.wt of Oxygen (O) = 16 a.m.u. 4. At.wt of sodium (Na ) = 23 a.m.u. 5. At.wt of Chloride (Cl ) = 35.5 a.m.u. Molecule Molecule • It consists of 2 or more atoms which have chemically combined to form a single species.
    [Show full text]
  • High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method Development and Chemometric Analysis of Ecstasy and Cocaine
    institlüld ictterkcnny TeicneoUiochti institute lyit (.«Ulf C*»n«lon of Technology High performance liquid chromatography method development and chemometric analysis of ecstasy and cocaine Kim McFadden Supervisors Dr. B. F. Carney, Letterkenny Institute of Technology Dr. D. O'Driscoll, Forensic Science Laboratory, Dublin Submitted to Higher bducation and Training Awards Council (HETAC) in fulfilment for the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy HPLC method development & chemomelric analysis of ecstasy & cocaine Declaration I hereby declare that the work herein, submitted for Ph.D. in Analytical Science at Letterkenny Institute of Technology, is the result of my own investigation, except where reference is made to published literature. I also certify that the material submitted in this thesis has not been previously submitted for any other qualification. Kim McFadden 1 HPLC method development & chemometric analysis of ecstasy & cocaine Table of Contents Declaration 1 Abstract 5 List of Abbreviations 7 List of Figures 10 List of Tables 14 List of Presentations and Publications 16 Acknowledgments 18 Chapter 1: Literature review. 19 1.1. Introduction. 20 1.2. Drugs of abuse. 21 1.2.1. Narcotics. 22 1.2.2. Depressants. 24 1.2.3. Stimulants. 24 1.2.4. Hallucinogens. 25 1.2.5. Ecstasy. 26 1.2.6. Cocaine. 31 1.3. Current analytical techniques for forensic drug analysis. 34 1.3.1. Spectrometric methods. 34 1.3.2. Chromatographic methods. 36 1.4. Fundamentals of High Performance Liquid Chromatography. 40 1.4.1. Chromatographic interactions. 40 1.4.2. Mobile phase. 41 1.4.3. The column. 42 1.4.4.
    [Show full text]
  • Analytical Chemistry
    ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY - INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY Commonly referred to as IR spectroscopy, this technique allows chemists to identify characteristic groups of atoms (functional groups) present in molecules. C H C H C C THE FINGERPRINT REGION - 1500CM-1 TO 500CM-1 Stretch Stretch Stretch The fingerprint region of the spectrum contains a complex set of absorptions, which are unique to each compound. Though these are M M M hard to interpret visually, by comparison with references they allow identification of specific compounds. ALKENE ALDEHYDE ALKENE AROMATICS C H C H C C C O C C C O C X Stretch Stretch Stretch Stretch Stretch Stretch Stretch N S M W S M S M ALKYNE ALKANE ALKYNE CARBONYLS AROMATICS ESTERS, ETHERS, ALCOHOLS, ALKYL CHLORIDE (850-550) CARBOXYLIC ACIDS ALKYL BROMIDE (690-515) ACID N H C N N H C H C H C H C H Stretch Stretch ANHYDRIDE Bend Bend, Rock Wag Bend Bend M V M M M S S B ACYL CHLORIDE 1˚& 2˚AMINE NITRILE 1˚AMINE ALKANE HALOALKANE ALKENE ALKENE AMIDE ESTER O H O H N O N O C N O H N H Stretch Stretch AMIDE Asymm. Stretch Symm. Stretch Stretch Bend Wag S B V B S M V M S B ALDEHYDE ALCOHOLS CARBOXYLIC ACIDS & KETONE NITRO NITRO ALIPHATIC CARBOXYLIC 1˚& 2˚AMINE PHENOLS COMPOUND COMPOUND AMINES ACID 3600 3400 3200 3000 2800 2600 2400 2200 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 FREQUENCY/WAVENUMBER OF ABSORPTION (CM-1) Ke: S STRONG M MEDIUM W WEAK B BROAD N NARROW V VARIABLE Infrared frequencies make up a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
    [Show full text]