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Properties of Natural Gas

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Properties of Natural Gas 9/29/2014 GAS FIELD ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF NATURAL GAS 1 CONTENTS - Introduction - Composition of Natural Gas - Ideal Gas Law - Properties of Gaseous Mixtures - Real Gas Equation of State - Determination of Compressibility Factor - Gas Conversion Equations 2 1 9/29/2014 Lesson Learning Outcome At the end of the session, students should be able to: • Explain the governing laws of gas behavior. • Calculate basic parameters for determination of Gas flow performance, volume measurement and Gas reserves . 3 2.1 Introduction • Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbon gases and impurities. • Hydrocarbon gases normally found in natural gas are methane, ethane, propane, butanes, pentanes, and small amounts of hexanes, heptanes, octane, and the heavier gases. • The impurities found in natural gas include carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, water vapor, and heavier hydrocarbons. • Usually, the propane and heavier hydrocarbon fractions are removed for additional processing because of their high market value as gasoline-blending stock and chemical-plant raw feedstock. • What usually reaches the transmission line for sale as natural gas is mostly a mixture of methane and ethane with some small percentage of propane. 4 2 9/29/2014 2.1 Introduction • Physical properties of natural gases are important in solving gas well performance, gas production, and gas transmission problems. • The properties of a natural gas may be determined either directly from laboratory tests or predictions from known chemical composition of the gas. • In latter case, the calculations are based on the physical properties of individual components of the gas and on physical laws, often referred to as mixing rules, relating the properties of the components to those of the mixture. 5 Composition of Natural Gas • There is no one composition or mixture that can be referred to as the natural gas. • Each gas stream produced has its own composition. • Same reservoir may have different compositions. • Each gas stream produced from a natural gas reservoir can change composition as the reservoir is depleted. • Samples of the well stream should be analyzed periodically, since it may be necessary to change the production equipment to satisfy the new gas composition. • Table 2.1 shows some typical natural gas streams. • Well stream 1 is typical of an associated gas, that is, gas produced with crude oil. 6 3 9/29/2014 Composition of Natural Gas • Well stream 2 and 3 are typical non-associated low-pressure and high-pressure gases, respectively. • Figure 2.1 shows the structures of some. 7 Composition of Natural Gas Table 2.1 Typical Natural Gas Analyses 8 4 9/29/2014 Composition of Natural Gas Paraffin Compounds (saturated straight chain) Fig (2.1) Hydrocarbon Gas Molecule Structures 9 The Ideal Gas Boyle’s Law • If the temperature of a given gas is constant, volume of gas varies inversely with the absolute pressure. • This relation is OR OR ( 2.1 ) 10 5 9/29/2014 Example (1) A quantity of gas at a pressure of 50 psig has a volume of 1000 cu ft. If the gas is compressed to 100 psig, what volume would it occupy? Assume the barometric pressure is 14.73 psia and the temperature of the gas remains constant. Solution Substituting in Eqn 2.1 would give 11 The Ideal Gas Charles’ Law 1. If the pressure on a particular quantity of gas is held constant, the volume will vary directly as the absolute temperature. OR OR 12 6 9/29/2014 The Ideal Gas 2. If the volume of a particular quantity of gas is held constant, the absolute pressure will vary directly as the absolute temperature: OR OR 13 Boyle’s and Charles’ Laws •Separate relations of Boyle’s and Charles’ laws may be combined to give ( 2.2 ) •It is one of the most widely used relations in gas measurement work. 14 7 9/29/2014 Example(2) (a) How many cubic feet of an ideal gas, measured at standard conditions of 60oF and 14.73 psia, are required to fill a 100-cu ft tank to a pressure of 40 psia when the temperature of the gas in the tank is 90oF? Atmospheric pressure is 14.4 psia. (b) What would be the reading on the pressure gauge if the tank in the above example is cooled to 60oF after being filled with the ideal gas? Solution (a) 15 Using Eqn 2.2 (b) Using Eq. 2.2 again 16 8 9/29/2014 Avogadro’s Law • Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, equal volumes of all ideal gases contain the same number of molecules. • It has been shown that there are 2.733 x 1026 molecules in 1 pound-mole of any gas. • A pound-mole of an ideal gas occupies 378.6 cu ft at 60oF and 14.73 psia. 17 The Ideal Gas Law (2.3) • Eqn 2.3 is only applicable at pressures close to atmospheric. 18 9 9/29/2014 The Ideal Gas Law • Since the number of pound-moles of a gas is equal to the mass of the gas divided by the molecular weight of the gas, ideal gas law can be expressed as n=m/M, (2.4) • Eqn 2.4 may be rearranged to give the mass and density, ρ, of the gas: 19 Example (3) • Using the fact that 1 pound-mole of an ideal gas occupies 378.6 scf, calculate the value of the universal gas constant, R. Solution Using Eqn 2.4, 20 10 9/29/2014 Properties of Gaseous Mixtures • Physical properties that are most useful in natural gas processing are molecular weight, boiling point, freezing point, density, critical temperature, critical pressure, heat of vaporization and specific heat. • Table 2.2 is a tabulation of physical constants of a number of hydrocarbon compounds, other chemicals, and some common gases. 21 Table 2.2 Physical Properties of Gases at Standard Pressure and Temperature 22 11 9/29/2014 Composition • Composition of a natural gas mixture may be expressed as either the mole fraction, volume fraction, or weight fraction of its components. • Mole fraction, yi, is defined as: 23 • Volume fraction, is defined as • Weight fraction, wi, is defined as • It is easy to convert from mole fraction (or volume fraction) to weight fraction and vice versa. These are illustrated in Eg. 2.6 and 2.7. 24 12 9/29/2014 Example ( 2.6) 25 Example (2.7) 26 13 9/29/2014 Apparent Molecular Weight • Apparent molecular weight of a gas mixture is a pseudo property of the mixture and is defined as • The gas laws can be applied to gas mixtures by simply using apparent molecular weight instead of the single-component molecular weight in the formulas. 27 Example (2.8) • Therefore, the apparent molecular weight of the mixture is 17.08 lbm/lb-mol. 28 14 9/29/2014 Behavior of Real Gas The gas deviation factor is defined as: 29 Real Gas Equation of State • Real gas equation is (2.17) • z is dimensionless gas deviation factor. • z-factor can be interpreted as a term by which the pressure must be corrected to account for the departure from the ideal gas equation (2.18) 30 15 9/29/2014 Real Gas Equation of State • For a certain quantity of gas, (2.19) 31 Real Gas Equation of State • Eqn. 2.17 may be written in terms of specific volume v or density Rho, ρ and gas gravity Gamma g g , (2.20) 32 16 9/29/2014 Real Gas Equation of State (2.22) 33 Real Gas Equation of State • At standard conditions (2.23) 34 17 9/29/2014 Assignment(1) Assignment (1) (1) Find and tabulate boiling point, freezing point, density, critical temperature, critical pressure, heat of vaporization and specific heat of different hydrocarbons and some of the common gases. (2) Define the followings in your ownwords: • Boiling point • Freezing Point • Density • Critical Temperature • Critical Pressure • Heat of Vaporization • Specific heat • To be submitted individually by 12 February 2013 not later than 5:00 pm into pigeon hole. 35 Theorem of Corresponding States • Reduced temperature, reduced pressure and reduced volume are the ratios of the actual temperature, pressure and specific volume to the critical temperature, critical pressure, and critical volume. • By the theorem of corresponding states, z-factor for any gas mixture is defined solely by reduced temperature and reduced pressure: 36 18 9/29/2014 Determination of z-factor z-factor Correlation of Standing and Katz Pseudo-properties are given by Kay’s mixing rules as 37 Fig. 2.4 Gas Deviation Factor for Natural Gases 38 19 9/29/2014 • In cases where the composition of a natural gas is not available, pseudo-critical pressure and pseudo-critical temperature may be approximated from • Pseudo-reduced pressure and temperature: • where p and T are the absolute pressure and absolute temperature at which z-factor is required. 39 Example 2.9 (Sweet Natural Gas) Note: No Hydrogen Sulphide 40 20 9/29/2014 • At a pressure of 2000 psia and temperature of 150oF. • Using the z-factor chart, Fig. 2.4 41 QUIZZ (1 ) QUIZZ(1) • Calculate compressibility factor for the following gas composition at operating pressure 2300 psia and temperature 130ºF. • Component mole fraction • CH4 0.6136 • C2H6 0.1828 • C3H8 0.1414 • C4H10 0.0253 • C5H12 0.0029 • C6H14 0.0024 • C7H16 0.0021 • N2 0.0140 • CO2 0.0155 42 21 9/29/2014 Direct Calculation of z-factors 1. The Hall – Yarborough Method 2. Dranchuk, Purvis and Robinson Method 3. Gopal Method All of these methods have their own Equations. Useful in developing computer programs. Standing-Katz correlation chart is handy to put in a program.
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