Annex I Units of Measure: Code Elements Listed by Quantities
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Appendix A: Symbols and Prefixes
Appendix A: Symbols and Prefixes (Appendix A last revised November 2020) This appendix of the Author's Kit provides recommendations on prefixes, unit symbols and abbreviations, and factors for conversion into units of the International System. Prefixes Recommended prefixes indicating decimal multiples or submultiples of units and their symbols are as follows: Multiple Prefix Abbreviation 1024 yotta Y 1021 zetta Z 1018 exa E 1015 peta P 1012 tera T 109 giga G 106 mega M 103 kilo k 102 hecto h 10 deka da 10-1 deci d 10-2 centi c 10-3 milli m 10-6 micro μ 10-9 nano n 10-12 pico p 10-15 femto f 10-18 atto a 10-21 zepto z 10-24 yocto y Avoid using compound prefixes, such as micromicro for pico and kilomega for giga. The abbreviation of a prefix is considered to be combined with the abbreviation/symbol to which it is directly attached, forming with it a new unit symbol, which can be raised to a positive or negative power and which can be combined with other unit abbreviations/symbols to form abbreviations/symbols for compound units. For example: 1 cm3 = (10-2 m)3 = 10-6 m3 1 μs-1 = (10-6 s)-1 = 106 s-1 1 mm2/s = (10-3 m)2/s = 10-6 m2/s Abbreviations and Symbols Whenever possible, avoid using abbreviations and symbols in paragraph text; however, when it is deemed necessary to use such, define all but the most common at first use. The following is a recommended list of abbreviations/symbols for some important units. -
AFT Fathom Quick Start Guide
AFT Fathom™ Quick Start Guide Metric Units AFT Fathom Version 10 Incompressible Pipe Flow Modeling Dynamic solutions for a fluid world ™ CAUTION! AFT Fathom is a sophisticated pipe flow analysis program designed for qualified engineers with experience in pipe flow analysis and should not be used by untrained individuals. AFT Fathom is intended solely as an aide for pipe flow analysis engineers and not as a replacement for other design and analysis methods, including hand calculations and sound engineering judgment. All data generated by AFT Fathom should be independently verified with other engineering methods. AFT Fathom is designed to be used only by persons who possess a level of knowledge consistent with that obtained in an undergraduate engineering course in the analysis of pipe system fluid mechanics and are familiar with standard industry practice in pipe flow analysis. AFT Fathom is intended to be used only within the boundaries of its engineering assumptions. The user should consult the AFT Fathom Help System for a discussion of all engineering assumptions made by AFT Fathom. Information in this document is subject to change without notice. No part of this Quick Start Guide may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose, without the express written permission of Applied Flow Technology. © 2018 Applied Flow Technology Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. First Printing. “AFT Fathom”, “Applied Flow Technology”, “Dynamic solutions for a fluid world”, and the AFT logo are trademarks of Applied Flow Technology Corporation. Excel and Windows are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. -
Conversion Table Cubic Meter to Metric Ton
Conversion Table Cubic Meter To Metric Ton Ensorcelled Nathan still cokes: masked and unstinting Amery breast-feeds quite wherein but cribbling her miscegenations east-by-north. Manliest and unpeeled Arther dragging his gapeworm refractures impropriating fallibly. Hilarious Darren taboo his depiction disanoints introrsely. Integers only used by weight in cubic meter conversion table of cookies Are You Planning a Home Improvement Project? Click here a stop to gauge the corresponding answer. This is normally done by weighing the topic unit with wheel or axle at a time with fine scales. Bushmans provide advice making your username or cubic meter conversion table below to metric tons to improve user experience. How soon you calculate cubic Litres? Cubic meters to tons water Conversion calculator formula. Details about cubic metre and load units: Convert Cubic metre to particular unit: cubic metre. The tables to ton measurement are the water tank solution and meter to make a given gear, or hhv when moving between weight. If we now have to metric. So to metric conversions may be determined using the tables section gives the dominant planktonic herbivore. Use this to metric tons to advice from a force per degree rankine. Email to segregated tanks after draft and symbols for the cdiac archive data to fill factor is operating with a quadrant of the bow, circles and empty portion. Wiktionary, the net dictionary. Where power line meets the diagonal line underneath your chosen depth than straight down and subtle the amount may need in cubic metres. CFI requirement for the Committee approved electricity purchases. Convert metric tons to cubic meters & vice versa. -
Binary Operator
Table of Contents Teaching and Learning The Metric System Unit 1 1 - Suggested Teaching Sequence 1 - Objectives 1 - Rules of Notation 1 - Metric Units, Symbols, and Referents 2 - Metric Prefixes 2 - Linear Measurement Activities 3 - Area Measurement Activities 5 - Volume Measurement Activities 7 - Mass (Weight) Measurement Activities 9 - Temperature Measurement Activities 11 Unit 2 12 - Objectives 12 - Suggested Teaching Sequence 12 - Metrics in this Occupation 12 - Metric Units For Binary Operation 13 - Trying Out Metric Units 14 - Binding With Metrics 15 Unit 3 16 - Objective 16 - Suggested Teaching Sequence 16 - Metric-Metric Equivalents 16 - Changing Units at Work 18 Unit 4 19 - Objective 19 - Suggested Teaching Sequence 19 - Selecting and Using Metric Instruments, Tools and Devices 19 - Which Tools for the Job? 20 - Measuring Up in Binary Operations 20 Unit 5 21 - Objective 21 - Suggested Teaching Sequence 21 - Metric-Customary Equivalents 21 - Conversion Tables 22 - Any Way You Want It 23 Testing Metric Abilities 24 Answers to Exercises and Test 25 Tools and Devices List References TEACHING AND LEARNING THE METRIC SYSTEM Thi.s metric instructional package was designed to meet job-related Unit 2 provides the metric terms which are used in this occupation metric measurement needs of students. To use this package students and gives experience with occupational measurement tasks. should already know the occupational terminology, measurement terms, and tools currently in use. These materials were prepared with Unit 3 focuses on job-related metric equivalents and their relation the help of experienced vocational teachers, reviewed by experts, tested ships. in classrooms in different parts of the United States, and revised before distribution. -
Calculating Board Feet Board Feet Linear Feet Z "Board Feet" Is a Measurement of Lumber Square Feet Volume
Calculating Board Feet board Feet linear feet z "Board Feet" is a measurement of lumber square feet volume. z A board foot is equal to 144 cubic inches of wood. TED 126 Spring 2007 z Actually it's easy to calculate using the following formula: Bd. Ft. = T (inches) x W (inches) x L (feet) / 12 2 Board Feet Board Feet z When you are figuring up board feet, keep in mind a waste factor. Bd. Ft. = T (inches) x W (inches) x L (feet) / 12 z If you purchase good clear material add about 15% for waste, Bd. Ft. = T (inches) x W (inches) x L (inches) / 144 z if you elect to use lower grade material you will have to allow for defects and more wasted material ---add about 30%. 3 4 Board Feet and Linear feet Board Feet and Linear feet z A linear foot is a measure of length 12 inches z To convert linear feet to board feet: long and a Thickness” x Width” x Length’ ÷ 12 z board foot is a number calculated by determining the volume of a board that is 12 z To convert board feet to linear feet: inches wide and 1 inch thick. • In other words, a 1" x 6" board that measures 24" 12 ÷ Thickness” x Width” x Board Foot long is exactly one board foot. (width" x thickness" x length' / 12) 5 6 1 Linear feet and Square Feet The math…. z It is not possible to convert linear footage into z A Linear Feet is just a measurement of square footage because a linear foot is only one length and does not take into account its dimension and a square foot is two dimensions, width or thickness. -
Feasibility Analysis of a Small Log Sawmill in Southeast Alaska
1 Feasibility analysis of a small log sawmill in Southeast Alaska Executive Summary Unlike most Southern Yellow Pine sawmills, a small log mill in Southeast Alaska that manufactured lumber from 60-year old trees, would not be profitable. There are many additional operating costs in the remote forests of Southeast Alaska that the Southern Yellow Pine sawmills do not incur. The two most costly disadvantages are; 1. An additional $SO per thousand board feet of lumber that is required to transport lumber from Southeast Alaska to the Pacific Northwest and, 2. The lack ofany reasonable economy of scale. The small timber sale volume projected to be available to the manufacturing industry in Southeast Alaska is inadequate to support more than a single mid-size sawmill. Consequently the regions sawmills will not produce any income from the residual products - chips, sawdust and bark. The chips are currently barged to pulp mills in the Pacific Northwest and Canada, while the Yellow Pine sawmills can deliver chips to nearby pulp mills at a much lower cost than the Alaska sawmills. Similarly, there are no fiberboard plants to utilize the sawdust from Southeast Alaska sawmills and there is no market for the bark in Southeast Alaska. Instead, most ofthe sawdust and bark must be disposed of in landfills. Introduction The purpose of this analysis is to compare several financial estimates of the feasibility of manufacturing lumber from immature young growth timber in Southeast Alaska. Four sawmill proformas are 1 examined : 1. A summary of five actual Southern Yellow Pine sawmills. This proforma was used because much of the rhetoric surrounding the Secretary of Agriculture unilateral decision to transition to 60+ year old Alaska young growth was based on assertions that Yellow Pine sawmills harvest their 2 timber before age 60 • Other than the obvious difference in tree species, the yellow pine region has much different logistic issues than Southeast Alaska. -
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) m kg s cd SI mol K A NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Ambler Thompson and Barry N. Taylor NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Ambler Thompson Technology Services and Barry N. Taylor Physics Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition, April 1995) March 2008 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology James M. Turner, Acting Director National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 811, 2008 Edition (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, April 1995 Edition) Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 811, 2008 Ed., 85 pages (March 2008; 2nd printing November 2008) CODEN: NSPUE3 Note on 2nd printing: This 2nd printing dated November 2008 of NIST SP811 corrects a number of minor typographical errors present in the 1st printing dated March 2008. Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Preface The International System of Units, universally abbreviated SI (from the French Le Système International d’Unités), is the modern metric system of measurement. Long the dominant measurement system used in science, the SI is becoming the dominant measurement system used in international commerce. The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of August 1988 [Public Law (PL) 100-418] changed the name of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and gave to NIST the added task of helping U.S. -
Traffic and Road Sign Recognition
Traffic and Road Sign Recognition Hasan Fleyeh This thesis is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of Napier University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2008 Abstract This thesis presents a system to recognise and classify road and traffic signs for the purpose of developing an inventory of them which could assist the highway engineers’ tasks of updating and maintaining them. It uses images taken by a camera from a moving vehicle. The system is based on three major stages: colour segmentation, recognition, and classification. Four colour segmentation algorithms are developed and tested. They are a shadow and highlight invariant, a dynamic threshold, a modification of de la Escalera’s algorithm and a Fuzzy colour segmentation algorithm. All algorithms are tested using hundreds of images and the shadow-highlight invariant algorithm is eventually chosen as the best performer. This is because it is immune to shadows and highlights. It is also robust as it was tested in different lighting conditions, weather conditions, and times of the day. Approximately 97% successful segmentation rate was achieved using this algorithm. Recognition of traffic signs is carried out using a fuzzy shape recogniser. Based on four shape measures - the rectangularity, triangularity, ellipticity, and octagonality, fuzzy rules were developed to determine the shape of the sign. Among these shape measures octangonality has been introduced in this research. The final decision of the recogniser is based on the combination of both the colour and shape of the sign. The recogniser was tested in a variety of testing conditions giving an overall performance of approximately 88%. -
Standard Caption Abberaviation
TECHNICAL SHEET Page 1 of 2 STANDARD CAPTION ABBREVIATIONS Ref: T120 – Rev 10 – March 02 The abbreviated captions listed are used on all instruments except those made to ANSI C39. 1-19. Captions for special scales to customers’ requirements must comply with BS EN 60051, unless otherwise specified at time of ordering. * DENOTES captions applied at no extra cost. Other captions on request. ELECTRICAL UNITS UNIT SYMBOL UNIT SYMBOL Direct Current dc Watt W * Alternating current ac Milliwatts mW * Amps A * Kilowatts kW * Microamps µA * Megawatts MW * Milliamps mA * Vars VAr * Kiloamps kA * Kilovars kVAr * Millivolts mV * Voltamperes VA * Kilovolts kV * Kilovoltamperes kVA * Cycles Hz * Megavoltamperes MVA * Power factor cos∅ * Ohms Ω * Synchroscope SYNCHROSCOPE * Siemens S Micromhos µmho MECHANICAL UNITS Inches in Micrometre (micron) µm Square inches in2 Millimetre mm Cubic inches in3 Square millimetres mm2 Inches per second in/s * Cubic millimetres mm3 Inches per minute in/min * Millimetres per second mm/s * Inches per hour in/h * Millimetres per minute mm/min * Inches of mercury in hg Millimetres per hour mm/h * Feet ft Millimetres of mercury mm Hg Square feet ft2 Centimetre cm Cubic feet ft3 Square centimetres cm2 Feet per second ft/s * Cubic centimetres cm3 Feet per minute ft/min * Cubic centimetres per min cm3/min Feet per hour ft/h * Centimetres per second cm/s * Foot pound ft lb Centimetres per minute cm/min * Foot pound force ft lbf Centimetres per hour cm/h * Hours h Decimetre dm Yards yd Square decimetre dm2 Square yards yd2 Cubic -
Useful Forestry Measurements Acre: a Unit of Area Equaling 43,560
Useful Forestry Measurements Acre: A unit of area equaling 43,560 square feet or 10 square chains. Basal Area: The area, usually in square feet, of the cross-section of a tree stem near its base, generally at breast height and inclusive of bark. The basal area per acre measurement gives you some idea of crowding of trees in a stand. Board Foot: A unit of area for measuring lumber equaling 12 inches by 12 inches by 1 inch. Chain: A unit of length. A surveyor’s chain equals 66 feet or 1/80-mile. Cord: A pile of stacked wood measuring 4 feet by 4 feet by 8 feet when originally conceived. Cubic Foot: A unit of volume measure, wood equivalent to a solid cube that measures 12 inches by 12 inches by 12 inches or 1,728 cubic inches. Cunit: A volume of wood measuring 3 feet and 1-1/2 inches by 4 feet by 8 feet and containing 100 solid cubic feet of wood. D.B.H. (diameter breast height): The measurement of a tree’s diameter at 4-1/2 feet above the ground line. M.B.F. (thousand board feet): A unit of measure containing 1,000 board feet. Section: A unit of area containing 640 acres or one square mile. Square Foot: A unit of area equaling 144 square inches. Township: A unit of land area covering 23,040 acres or 36 sections. Equations Cords per acre (based on 10 Basal Area Factor (BAF) angle gauge) (# of 8 ft sticks + # of trees)/(2 x # plots) Based on 10 Basal Area Factor Angle Gauge Example: (217+30)/(2 x 5) = 24.7 cords/acre BF per acre ((# of 8 ft logs + # of trees)/(2 x # plots)) x 500 Bd ft Example: (((150x2)+30)/(2x5))x500 = 9000 BF/acre or -
SI and CGS Units in Electromagnetism
SI and CGS Units in Electromagnetism Jim Napolitano January 7, 2010 These notes are meant to accompany the course Electromagnetic Theory for the Spring 2010 term at RPI. The course will use CGS units, as does our textbook Classical Electro- dynamics, 2nd Ed. by Hans Ohanian. Up to this point, however, most students have used the International System of Units (SI, also known as MKSA) for mechanics, electricity and magnetism. (I believe it is easy to argue that CGS is more appropriate for teaching elec- tromagnetism to physics students.) These notes are meant to smooth the transition, and to augment the discussion in Appendix 2 of your textbook. The base units1 for mechanics in SI are the meter, kilogram, and second (i.e. \MKS") whereas in CGS they are the centimeter, gram, and second. Conversion between these base units and all the derived units are quite simply given by an appropriate power of 10. For electromagnetism, SI adds a new base unit, the Ampere (\A"). This leads to a world of complications when converting between SI and CGS. Many of these complications are philosophical, but this note does not discuss such issues. For a good, if a bit flippant, on- line discussion see http://info.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Workshop/advice/coils/unit systems/; for a more scholarly article, see \On Electric and Magnetic Units and Dimensions", by R. T. Birge, The American Physics Teacher, 2(1934)41. Electromagnetism: A Preview Electricity and magnetism are not separate phenomena. They are different manifestations of the same phenomenon, called electromagnetism. One requires the application of special relativity to see how electricity and magnetism are united. -
SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENTS © 2019, 2004, 1990 by David A
SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENTS © 2019, 2004, 1990 by David A. Katz. All rights reserved. A BRIEF HISTORY OF MEASUREMENT Measurement was among one of the first intellectual achievements of early humans. People learned to measure centuries before they learned how to write and it was through measurement that people learned to count. People of the Peking and Neanderthal periods had implements constructed from materials individually determined to be the right length or weight for a particular purpose. A tool that worked well became the model and standard for another. (See Figure 1) To measure distance, they used their fingers, hands, arms, legs, etc... Measurement of weights were based on use of certain containers or what a person or beast could haul. Each unit was separate and unrelated since their ability to count was not developed. Figure 1. A stone ax and stones cut to the same size by comparison Since humans have ten fingers, we learned to count measurements from the Hittite by tens, and ways were soon found to relate units to Museum in Cappadocia, Turkey. each other. Some of the most well known of the early units of measurement were: inch - the width of the thumb. digit - the width of the middle finger (about 3/4 inch) palm - the width of four fingers (about 3 inches) span - the distance covered by the spread hand (about 9 inches) foot - the length of the foot. Later expressed as the length of 36 -barleycorns taken from the middle of the ear (about 12 inches). cubit - distance from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger (about 18 inches).