Thermodynamic Data for Biomass Conversion and Waste Incineration
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/SP-271-2839 Notice This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any informa- tion, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Govetn- ment or any agency thereof. Acknowledgments This document was prepared for the Solar Technical Information Program, US. Depatt- ment of Energy, by Eugene S. Domalski and Thomas L. fobe, Jr. of the Chemical Ther- modynamics Data Center, Chemical Thermodynamics Division, Center for Chemical Physics, and the Office of Standard Reference Data, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, Md; with assistance from Thomas A. Milne of SERI. It is based on Thermo- dynamic Data of Waste Incineration, NBSIR 78-1479, August 1978, prepared for the American Society for Mechanical Engineers, Research Committee on Industrial and Municipal Wastes, United Engineering Center, New York, and also available as a separate hard-cover publication with the same title from the American Society for Mechanical Engineers. Sarah Sprague is the Information Program Coordinator for the Biofuels and Municipal Waste Technology Division, U.S. Department of Energy. FZOPERTY OF US. GOVERNMENT GOLDEN, COLORADO- 80401-4 -7 ..;I THERMODYNAMIC DATA FOR BIOMASS CONVERSION AND WASTE INCINERATION Eugene S. Domalski Thomas L. Jobe, Jr. National Bureau of Standards and Thomas A. Milne Solar Energy Research Institute September 1986 A PRODUCT OF THE SOLAR TECHNICAL INFORMATION PROGRAM prepared by the National Bureau of Standards under contract tothe Solar Technical Information Program of the Solar Energy Research Institute Preface Incinerators have continued to play an important part in reducing the amount and modi- fying the type of waste discharged to the environment. The ASME Research Committee on Industrial and Municipal Wastes was established in 1968. This committee recognized the need for greater understanding of combustion fundamentals if engineers are to design better incinerators to meet the challenge of improving the environment. It, therefore, created a subcommittee on fundamental combustion studies. The first report of the subcommittee, Combustion Fundamentals 'for Waste Incineration, was published in 1974 [74ASM]. The purpose of the report was to help engineers make better calculations and thereby design better incinerators. The report was divided into two parts. Part one covered theoretical engineering methods of calculation and tables of equilibrium products of combustion with practical examples. Part two included the scientific theory and tables of thermodynamic properties. In a second report of the subcommittee, Thermodynamic Data for Waste Incineration [78DOM/EVAJ, engineers were provided with thermodynamic data on materials that are mixtures of various kinds and are often difficult to describe using a single stoichiometric formula. These materials (i.e., animals, foods, plants, polymers, wood species, etc.) are encountered perhaps more often by engineers engaged in the disposal of municipal wastes than pure substances. The bulk of the data, consisting of gross heats of combustion (heating values) and specific heats, was intended to be helpful in combustion calculations. In the eight years since the issuance of the second report, biomass and biomass wastes I have joined industrial and municipal solid wastes as major sources of solid fuel. In addi- tion, widespread applications of gasification and pyrolysis are expected to join combus- tion as practical conversion processes in the 1990s. This report, under the sponsorship of the DOE Office of Renewable Technology, Biofuels and Municipal Waste Technology Division, doubles the number of materials listed, with major emphasis on different forms of biomass, both woody and agricultural. It incorpo- rates almost all of the materials listed in Thermodynamic Data for Waste Incineration and now provides information for more than 600 materials. Contents Introduction .............................................................. 1 Units and Definitions ...................................................... 2 Thermodynamic Properties of Waste and Biomass Materials ..................... 9 Agricultural Residues .................................................. 9 Alloysand Metals ..................................................... 33 Animals .............................................................. 35 Biomass-Derived Materials ............................................. 67 Foods ................................................................ 77 Fossil Materials ....................................................... 103 Inorganic Materials .................................................... 127 Paper ................................................................ 137 Plant Materials (Non-Woody) ............................................ 143 PolymersandPlastics .................................................. 167 Polypeptidesand Proteins .............................................. 191 Refuse ............................................................... 201 Rubber Materials ...................................................... 207 Vegetableoils, ........................................................ 213 Woody and Tree Materials .............................................. 233 Miscellaneous ......................................................... 305 References ................................................................ 313 Appendix A . A Formula for the Empirical Estimation of the Heats of Combustion of Carbonaceous Materials ........................... 323 Appendix B . Additional Information on Heats of Combustion of Biomass Materials .................................................... 326 Appendix C. Symbols. Units. Conversion Factors. Atomic Weights ............... 331 NameIndex ............................................................... 341 ... 111 Introduction The general purpose of this collection of thermodynamic data of selected materials is to make property information available to the engineering community on chemical mix- tures, polymers, composite materials, solid wastes, biomass, and materials not easily identifiable by a single stoichiometric formula. Workers in many sectors need this type of information: construction engineers who require thermodynamic information on mate- rials, safety engineers assessing the hazard potential of chemicals, chemical engineers concerned with industrial unit processes, and scientists who want thermodynamic data for specific research projects. The specific purpose of this publication is to provide engineers involved in combustion and thermochemical conversion with appropriate thermodynamic data so that they can dispose of waste materials and utilize biomass for energy in a more effective and envi- ronmentally acceptable manner. The effective disposal of waste materials is an impor- tant part of the maintenance of a high-quality environment, and combustion/thermo- chemical conversion offers the most significant means of volume reduction for waste materials when compared to other methods of disposal. In addition, the potential of biomass for energy is being increasingly recognized and realized. This com ilation of thermodynamic data was prepared for the Solar Energy Research Institute PSERI) by the Chemical Thermodynamics Data Center of the National Bureau of Standards. More than 700 materials have been compiled covering properties such as specific heat, gross heat of combustion, heat of fusion, heat of vaporization, and vapor pressure. The information was obtained from the master files of the NBS Chemical Thermodynamics Data Center, the annual issues of the Bulletin of Chemicat Thermo- dynamics, intermittent examinations of the Chemical Abstracts subject indexes, individ- ual articles by various authors, and other general reference sources. The compilation is organized into several broad categories; materials are listed alphabet- ically within each category. For each material the following are given: (1) the physical state, (2) information as to the composition or character of the material, (3) the kind of thermodynamic property reported, (4) the specific property values for the material, and (5) citations to the reference list. A name index is provided to assist a user in finding a specific material. Several appendices are also included. Appendix A gives an empirical formula that allows heats of combustion of carbonaceous materials to be predicted with surprising accuracy when the elemental composition is known. A spread sheet illustrates this predictability with examples from this report and elsewhere. Appendix B lists some reports containing heats of combustion not included in this publication. Appendix C contains symbols, units, conversion factors, and atomic weights used in evaluating and compiling the thermo- dynamic data. Units and Definitions The notation in the tables for thermodynamic