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A Sociolinguistic Study of Dewas Rai and Danuwar

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DigitalResources Electronic Survey Report 2019-009 A Sociolinguistic Study of Dewas Rai and Danuwar Sarah Shackelford $6RFLROLQJXLVWLF6WXG\RI'HZDV5DLDQG'DQXZDU 6DUDK6KDFNHOIRUG 6,/,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6,/(OHFWURQLF6XUYH\5HSRUW6HSWHPEHU 6,/,QWHUQDWLRQDO $OOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 'DWDDQGPDWHULDOVFROOHFWHGE\UHVHDUFKHUVLQDQHUDEHIRUHGRFXPHQWDWLRQRISHUPLVVLRQZDVVWDQGDUGL]HGPD\ EHLQFOXGHGLQWKLVSXEOLFDWLRQ6,/PDNHVGLOLJHQWHIIRUWVWRLGHQWLI\DQGDFNQRZOHGJHVRXUFHVDQGWRREWDLQ DSSURSULDWHSHUPLVVLRQVZKHUHYHUSRVVLEOHDFWLQJLQJRRGIDLWKDQGRQWKHEHVWLQIRUPDWLRQDYDLODEOHDWWKH WLPHRISXEOLFDWLRQ Abstract This report presents the results of sociolinguistic research conducted among Danuwar and Dewas Rai language communities in the Terai and hills east of Kathmandu, Nepal. The primary purpose of this research was to gain a better understanding of the speech varieties associated with the name ‘Danuwar’ and their relationships to one another. Ethnolinguistic groupings and language vitality were studied in order to inform future language-based development activities. This research identified at least two mutually unintelligible language varieties: Danuwar and Dewas Rai. Two other varieties, Done/Danuwar and Kochariya, were also identified; however, more research is needed to determine their relationships to Danuwar. The findings of this study additionally indicate slowly weakening language vitality in Dewas Rai as well as in the Done/Danuwar site, and stable language vitality in the Danuwar and Kochariya sites. सार यो प्र�तवेदनले का मा ड ं �ज�ाको �ूव� मा ीभत ग रू र तराईमा बसोबासरत नेपालकादनुवार र देवास र ी ्षे समव यहरूमा गररएको समाजभाषावै�ा�नक अध्य-अना न्धानका पिर ामहरू रर स्तुत यो प्र�तवेदनकोम ुख्यतउद्दे� र े ाा र नामसँग जो�डएका भा�षक भ रथ �तनीहरूबीचको अन्त ाम्बन्धहरूको ग�हर ुझाइ प् भेु ंथयो ी्�वष्यमा भाषासम्ा ्धी �वकासका कायर्क ीार भे स उद्देश्यले जातीय भाषावै�ा�नक समूहहरू र भा�षक जीवन्तताका �वषयमा अध्ययन गिरएक यो अध्ययनले क�म्तमादु ई ओटा पारस्पिरक रूपमाभम्य नेत ी ्षे ीतव ग (दन� र र देवास राई)का बारेमा प�हचान भर् य न्य त ी ्षे ीतव ग जस: मोने/दन� र र कछराय प�न प�हचान भगरएका ंथए। ्यनीहरूको द� र ी ष ाभर ेत -कस्तो सम्बन्? ी�त �वषयमा �नणर्य गनर्भने थप ग�हरो अध्- ेा न्धान भगरे आवश्यक छ यो अध्ययनको ेान् ेदत यो ो प�नद ेखायको छ �क कसरीदेवास राई तथा डो/दन� र ी ष �वस्तारै कमजोर भएर गइरहेको छ र त्यसका साथै ती बो�लने�त त्रहरुमा समेत लोप भएरगइरहेको दन� र रथ कछराय �ेत्हरुमा ् र रा ामद ी भाषाका रुपमारहेका 7DEOHRI&RQWHQWV $EVWUDFW ɨĝɄ $FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV ƐŌ ǸːǸĝ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iv 5.2 Done/Danuwar language vitality in Jaretar 5.2.1 Domains of language use (functions and differentiation) 5.2.2 Intergenerational transfer 5.2.3 Motivations to speak (motivation and environment) 5.2.4 Desires for development 5.3 Danuwar language vitality in Chandanpur 5.3.1 Domains of language use (functions and differentiation) 5.3.2 Intergenerational transfer (acquisition) 5.3.3 Motivations to speak (motivation and environment) 5.3.4 Desires for development 5.4 Kochariya language vitality in Singoul 5.4.1 Domains of language use (functions and differentiation) 5.4.2 Intergenerational transfer (acquisition) 5.4.3 Motivations to speak (motivation and environment) 5.4.4 Desires for development 5.5 Language vitality summary 6 Summary of findings and recommendations 6.1 Summary of findings 6.2 Recommendations 7 प्रिता र िसफ्�रसको स्र्ंश 7.1 प्रा�पेो ा र डश 7.2 �सफा�रस Appendix A: Wordlists Appendix B: Individual Interviews Appendix C: Knowledgeable Insider Interviews Appendix D: Recorded Story Playing Appendix E: Dialect Mapping Appendix F: EGIDS and FAMED References Acknowledgements This sociolinguistic survey of Dewas Rai and Danuwar was conducted in partnership with the Linguistic Survey of Nepal (LinSuN), Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal. Data collection was carried out in the fall of 2015 and spring of 2016 in Sindhuli, Makwanpur, Kavre, Bara, and Lalitpur districts. The purpose of this survey was to conduct a broad sociolinguistic overview of the various speech varieties associated with Danuwar and Dewas Rai. Without the assistance of many individuals, this survey would not have been possible. Our colleague Janel Swenson provided invaluable assistance and consultation before, during, and after fieldwork. Language survey consultant Loren Maggard offered his expertise in data analysis and report editing. We are indebted to Rajman Rai, who accompanied us on all of our village trips and assisted with data collection, language help, connecting with people in the communities, and much counsel and guidance. Most of all, we are grateful to all the communities we visited where we were given warm welcomes, delicious food, and invaluable information. Those who helped us along the way with recording, translating, and answering our numerous questions are far too many to mention by name. We hope this report accurately represents the input you gave and will aid you in the promotion and further development of your mother tongue. It is for you this survey was undertaken. March 2018 Sarah Shackelford Kathmandu, Nepal v कृत�ता देवास राई र दन� र ी षाका समाजभाषावै�ा�नक ा� सेर नेपालको ी ्षे ा� सेर (�लनाे ), �त्�े ् � उ � ्�द्या, े��तर्रा भेोर सहकायर्म ाञ् चदे भएको ंथयो २०७१ साल फ लभे म�हनादे�ख २०७२ साल जे� म�हनासमा र २०७३ साल असोजदे�ख ोाष म�हना�भत्र �सन्दा , मकवानपर , काभ,त बार र ल�लतपर , आ�द ं �ाहरूम रथ्या सङ्क भगरएका ंथए। यो सव��णको उद्दे दन� र र देवास राई ी षाहरूभर ो�डएका �व�वध ी ्षकाहरूक � ृ द समाजभाषावै�ा�नक प�हरूक बारेमा समी�ा भेु ंथयो ी ्षे समव यका धेरव जना स्थानी वय्�हरूक सहायताले यो ा� सेर ाम्भ भएको ो यो सव��णको शतवतंद , ा� सेर अवधीभर र स्थलग अध्ये ो उ ी र प�न हाम सहकम� जानेल जे. स्वेन्सन ा लय सहयोभ ो र य ्ेे ा थ व उ�चत ोरामशु समेत �दन भएको त रथ्या �वश्लेष रथ प्र�तवे ाम्पानमा ी ्षे सव��णका ोर ाशर्दात दोरेन म्यागाडर् आफ्न द�ता प्रद भेुीरेो त हामीलाई स्थलग भारेो समया ा थ �दएर ी ्षे समव याभर �चनजान, रथ्या सङ्क, ी ्षे सहयोभ, आवश्य ोरामशर्क ा थ उ�चत र य- ा� र�ड ोथ-प्रदश समेत भगर�दन ेत राजमान र तप्र हामी ऋरा ता ड ्�शषत भरा स्थलग अध्ययनक क्रम हामीलाई न्यान स्वागतक ा थ स्वा�द खाना रथ ा लय ा ीे र�ड आवश्य जानकारा प्रद भेु ेत ामो रु ी ्षे ााव यहरूप् हामी ेृ त�ता जाहेर भत� हामीलाई सव��णको दौरानमा धेरव महानी � गदत ेथ अ�भलेखन (रेक�डर ्), ी ष अन� व रथ अन�गन्त कौत दर र�ड �ज�ासाहर ो र भरा सहायता ो र य ्े भएको ंथयो हामी आश भत� ्े यो प्र�तवेद त अवश् प�न तपाइ र गदत प्रद भेु भएको ा लय सहयोगको उ�चत ेवर भेुे ा थ व तपाइ र गेो मातीृ ष ेो प�रवद र ्�कासमा आ् रशीला मन ् नत र: हालसालै ा म ो न े यो ा� सेर तपाइ र गप्र नै सम�पर् त चैत, २०७४ श र शाकेलफोदर काठमानडौ,ड नेपाल1 1 अन� वे: शा राजेन् थोेर, अना न्धात, भाषा�व�ान ेन्ाय �वभाग �त्�े ्���वद्या, े��तर्र , नेपाल vi 1 Introduction 1.1 Overview Several ethnolinguistic groups have been associated with the name ‘Danuwar.’ These groups are spread throughout the Terai, low hills, and middle hills of Nepal, and, while they have some ethnic and linguistic ties to each other, the relationship between them has been uncertain. This report examines the relationships between various speech varieties that have been associated with the name ‘Danuwar,’ including a group now known as ‘Dewas Rai.’ There has been confusion with regard to these groups because of multiple names that have been used in literature and by the people themselves. The purpose of this survey was to gain basic understanding of the sociolinguistic situation of these groups, with a focus on Dewas Rai and its relationship to Danuwar varieties. Our research leads us to conclude that these groups can be divided into at least two language varieties, each with possible ethnolinguistic subdivisions. In this report we will refer to these two language varieties as ‘Danuwar’ and ‘Dewas Rai.’ Support for these names and groupings will be presented in the body of the report. This section will provide a brief overview of Danuwar and Dewas Rai geography, history, and culture, and will give an introduction to the complex language situation. Section 2 will review the goals and purposes of the survey, and section 3 will describe the methodology used. Section 4 will propose and describe ethnolinguistic groupings, and section 5 will discuss language attitudes and vitality. Section 6 will summarize the survey findings and offer recommendations for the Danuwar and Dewas Rai communities and for their language development efforts.
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    Himalayan Journal of Education and Literature Open Access Research Article Identity Making among Migrant Rai in Lubhu, Lalitpur Area in Kathmandu Valley Puspa Raj Rai Patan Multiple Campus, Lalitpur, Bagmati Pradesh, Nepal *Corresponding Author Abstract: Puspa Raj Rai Article History Received: 25.12.2020 Accepted: 09.01.2021 Published: 15.01.2021 Citations: Puspa Raj Rai (2021); Identity Making among Migrant Rai in Lubhu, Lalitpur Area in Kathmandu Valley.Hmlyan Jr Edu Lte, 2(1) 1- 7. Copyright @ 2021: This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non commercial use (NonCommercial, or CC-BY- Keywords: NC) provided the original author and source are credited. INTRODUCTION Ethnic identity is the product of a social process whereby social relationships are maintaining, modified. It is the process of identification of communal level and individual level. Identity is formed by social processes and social relationships are the key factor for maintaining, modifying, and reshaping the identity. Members can identify themselves as different from another social group. Barth (1996) argues that ethnic identity constructs some agreement from by outsiders and insider group members as well as identify contextually by themselves from outsider and insider group members. Ethnic identity became the most popular term for a decade in Nepal. Politicians and social scientists have pronounced this term in the state restructuring process of Nepal. Some academic works on ethnic identity have also been done like Shneiderman (2009), Fisher (2001), Gunaratne (2002), Gubhaju (1999) in Nepal but insufficient in terms of migrant Rai ethnic identity.
  • Deixis System in Bantawa Rai and English Language A

    Deixis System in Bantawa Rai and English Language A

    DEIXIS SYSTEM IN BANTAWA RAI AND ENGLISH LANGUAGE RAI RAI 2016 A Thesis Submitted to the Department of English Education 2126 SITAL In Partial Fulfillment for the Masters of Education in English LANGUAGE Submitted by Sital Rai TAWA RAI AND ENGLISH Faculty of Education Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur Kathmandu, Nepal DEIXIS SYSTEM INDEIXIS BAN 2016 DECLARATION I hereby declare that to the best of my knowledge this thesis is original; no part of it was earlier submitted for the candidature of research degree to any University. Date: 24/09/2016 ________________ Sital Rai 2 RECOMMENDATION FOR ACCEPTANCE This is to certify that Ms. Sital Rai has completed the research work of her M. Ed. Thesis entitled “Deixis System in Bantawa Rai and English Language” under my guidance and supervision. I recommend the thesis for acceptance. Date: 25/09/2016 ____________________ Dr. Anjana Bhattarai (Supervisor) Professor and Head Department of English Education University Campus T. U., Kirtipur 3 RECOMMENDATION FOR EVALUATION This thesis has been recommended for evaluation by the following Research Guidance Committee. Signature Dr. Anjana Bhattarai (Supervisor) ______________ Professor and Head Chairperson Department of English Education University Campus, T. U., Kirtipur Dr. Govinda Raj Bhattarai ____________ Member Professor, Department of English education University Campus, T. U. Kirtipur Dr. Purna Bahadur Kadel ______________ Lecture, Member Department of English Education University Campus, T. U. Kirtipur Date: 03/08/2015 4 EVALUATION AND APPROVAL This thesis has been evaluated and approved by the following Thesis Evaluation Committee. Signature Dr.Anjana Bhattarai (Supervisor) ______________ Professor and Head Chairperson Department of English Education University Campus, T.
  • Neksap Household Food Security and Child Nutrition Monitoring Survey

    Neksap Household Food Security and Child Nutrition Monitoring Survey

    WFP - World Food Programme NeKSAP Household Food Security and Child Nutrition Monitoring Survey: 2012 Questionnaire Re-design, Survey Re-design, Estimation, and Calibration with 2010 NLSS-III Dr Stephen Haslett Systemetrics Research Ltd www.systemetrics.co.nz May 2012 SUMMARY 1. WFP Nepal has been monitoring food security since 2002. WFP field surveillance capacity consists of a database management system (e-WIN) and integrated electronic data collection via field surveillance staff. The system allows rural, field-based household food security monitoring and analysis in near real-time. The annual sample is approximately 4,000 households, all of which are essentially rural. Data collected includes food security, market situation, water and sanitation, migration patterns, and child nutrition. The household survey is one of the core components of the Nepal Food Security Monitoring System (Nepal Khadhya Surakshya Anugaman Pranali: NeKSAP). The system is currently being institutionalized into the Nepal government system. 2. The data collected has also been used for non-food security purposes such as nutrition (Helen Keller International - HKI, Ministry of Health and Population), education (RIDA, UNICEF, Ministry of Education), and child protection (UNICEF). 3. NeKSAP household survey sampling design has evolved over the years in line with changing information requirements. In 2010, probability sampling was introduced to achieve better representation of seasonality and geographical area, subject to the continuing limitation of the survey to what are essentially rural areas. 4. The 2011 NeKSAP household survey also used probability sampling, although no estimates of accuracy that incorporated the complex survey design (which includes stratification, clustering and unequal selection probabilities) were calculated.
  • Nagdhunga-Naubise-Mugling (NNM) Road and Bridges

    Nagdhunga-Naubise-Mugling (NNM) Road and Bridges

    Public Disclosure Authorized Government of Nepal Ministry of Physical Infrastructure and Transport Department of Roads Development Cooperation Implementation Divisions(DCID) STRATEGIC ROAD CONNECTIVITY AND TRADE IMPROVEMENT PROJECT (SRCTIP) Final Report on Indigenous People Development Plan Public Disclosure Authorized (IPDP) Of Nagdhunga-Naubise-Mugling (NNM) Road and Bridges Environment & Resource Management Consultant (P) Ltd.; Public Disclosure Authorized Group of Engineer’s Consortium (P) Ltd.; and Udaya Consultancy (P.) Ltd. February, 2020 Public Disclosure Authorized i ii iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. Project Description Nagdhunga-Naubise-Mugling (NNM) Road is as an important trade and transit routefor linking Kathmandu Valley with Terai region and India. There are other roads as well linking Tarai and Kathmandu valley, but they do not fulfill the required standards for smooth and safe movement of commercial vehicles. NNM road is a part of Asian Highway (AH-42) and is the most important road corridor in Nepal. The road section from Mugling to Kathmandu lies on geologically difficult and fragile hilly and mountainous terrain. Since the average daily traffic in this route is comparatively very high, the present road condition and available facilities are not sufficient to provide the efficient services. Thus, the timely improvement of this road is considered the most important. The project road starts at outskirts of Kathmandu City at a place called Nagdhunga and passes through Sisnekhola, Khanikhola, Naubise, Dharke, Gulchchi, Malekku, Benighat, Kurintar, Manakamana and ends at Mugling Town. The section of project road from Nagdhunga to Naubise (12.3 Km. length) is part of Tribhuvan Highway and the section from Naubise to Mugling (82.4 Km.