Index

Page numbers in italics refer to Figures; those in bold to Tables.

Abies 32 albuminous cells 42, 44, 65, 65, Acacia alata 81, 85, 98 108 Acer 164 alcian blue 182 Acer pseudoplatanus 165, 166 alcohol-based fi xatives 171–2 achenes 128 aleurone grains 102 acid bog habitat 152 algae 6 Acmopyle pancheri 65 Alismatales 67 acrolein 172–3 Allium 18, 19, 111 fi xation procedure 174–5 Alnus glutinosa 28, 29, 37, 165, 167 adaptations 6–8, 135–53 Alnus nepalensis 29 ecological 73, 76, 137–8 Aloe 9, 76, 77, 78, 139 hydrophytes 150–2 Aloe lateritia var. kitaliensis 77, 79 mechanical 135–7 Aloe somaliensis 140 mesophytes 147–50 aloes 13, 76, 78, 86, 142, 157 practical aspects 152–3 Ammophila 139, 142 xerophytes see xerophytes Ammophila arenaria (marram grass) Aegilops crassa 95, 99, 102 82, 92, 141 aerial roots 49, 149 Anacardiaceae 86, 139 Aerva lanata 81 Anarthria 156 Aesculus hippocastanum 129 Anarthriaceae 156, 156 Aesculus pavia 44 angiosperms 4, 7, 10 Agave 10, 76 fl oral part vascularization 121–3 Agave franzonsinii 95, 102 phloem 65, 108 Agrostis 100, 138COPYRIGHTEDsecondary MATERIAL 43–5 Agrostis stolonifera 99 taxonomy 155 Ailanthus 159 wood (secondary xylem) 31–6, air spaces 36 hydrophytes 150 axial system 33 mesophyll 74, 97, 112 growth rings 33, 35, 41 xerophytes 146 rays 35–6 Ajuga reptans var. atropurpurescens ring porous 33–4, 41 110 animal feeds 159–60 Albuca 73 animal pests 162–3 , 113 , 114, 117 , 92 113 92 41 118 26 168 , 25

) 76 Krugiodendron Krugiodendron

113 25 ) 151 ) 33

62 73, 100,

105 Brassica Typha (kapok) 90 (kapok) (cabbage) 76 (cabbage)

ferreum 26 114, 116 cytohybrid plant production C4 plants 111, 112, adventitious 59 6, 12, 14, 27 axillary 57, mesophytes 147 culture 22 grafting techniques 23–26 parenchymatous 99, 100, 116 100, parenchymatous 99, sclerenchymatous 116 Cyperaceae 116 Pooid grasses 114 bundle sheaths 111, 112, Cyperaceae 116, 117 Cyperaceae 116, Panicoid grasses 114 Borassus black ironwood ( ironwood black Boehmeria Bombax British Pharmaceutical Codex British Pharmaceutical 158 British Pharmacopoeia 158 Briza maxima 150 Bromeliaceae 149, Bromus unioloides Brassicaceae 84 bridge grafts 25, bordered pit bordered pit 30, 66 Brassica bundle sheaths 10, 11, 117–18, 135 Bryonia bud grafts 24, bud scales 70 147 buds 6, bulbs 139 bulliform cells 81, 82, Bulnesia sarmienti bulrush ( 139 123, Cactaceae 67, cacti, ribbed columnar 147 calcium carbonate crystals 98 calcium oxalate crystals 98 callus 14 C3 pathway/plants 94, 96, 112 C4 pathway/plants 94, 96, 97 cabbage ( , 15–20 xerophytes

15 146 130 see 130

) 33 , 88 , 100 91 128, 146 88 128, 99

hydrophytes 132

148 80

Thunb. 110

94

see

111 ) 41, 164 ) 41, 73 128

43 159 Ochroma lagopus

Fraxinus cell layers 16 culture technique 21–2 quiescent zone 16, 17 wood fragments 165, 167 wood products 167–8 medicines extraction 158 Annonaceae 130 Annonaceae annuals 7, 8, 57 Anthemis Anthemis arvenis Anthemis perigina Anthobryum triandrum Anthobryum anthocyanins 149 anthocyanins Aphelia cyperoides Apiaceae 128 apical meristems 11, 14, Apocynaceae 105 apple 76 aquatic plants Arabidopsis Araceae 149 Araucaria Arbutus unedo archaeological specimens arid habitat adaptations Asimina triloba 99 Asparagales 98, Asteraceae 128 Aucuba japonica Avena axillary buds 57, 59 Azorella compacta balsa ( arm cells 136 93, aroids 49, Artemesia vulgaris Arundo donax 139 Asclepiadaceae 105, ash ( bamboo 82, 92, 100 92, bamboo 82, Bambus vulgaris bark 42, 44–5 bark 42, bars of Sanio 31 begonia 149 Betula 8 biennials 7, Bignoniaceae 148

288 Index Index 289 85

64 94 41

89 85 91 , 93, 91 , 150 ,

80

83 129 17 129 131

84 ora 16, oridus

12, 15, 26 27

, 108 137

18 73

160 112, 116 Schulte’s solution) 180 108, 109–11, 115 cation 156, 157 154–5,

monocotyledonous mesophyll mesophyll monocotyledonous stem 62 mechanical tissues 137 vascular bundles 63 leaves 102 stem 62 specialization 109–11 resin ducts 119 wood 30–1 xeric adaptations 139 chromo-acetic acid 173 Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Cicer areitinum Cinchona Cinnamomum camphora Cistus chlorophyll 7, 76, 149 76, 7, chlorophyll chloroplasts 94 8, 9, 57, 71, 93, solution (CZI; chlorzinciodine Chondropetalum marlothii Cistus salviifolius classifi cleared material 191 clearing procedure 177–9 59 Clematis 12, climbers 8, Clintonia unifl coconut palm 137 Codonanthe Coffea Cola acuminata Coldenia procumbens Coleus 135 Coleus barbatus 9, collenchyma 7, Commelinaceae 150 companion cells 44, 47, 65, 66, Compositae 67 147 conifers 73, Convallariaceae 98–9 Convolvulus Convolvulus arvensis Convolvulus fl coppicing 27 Cordyline , 28, 32 , 88, 101 21 88 133 158 158 25

50 88 81

97 131, 33 42

168

, 73 31

54 32

35 73

oor plants 149–50

cork cambium 31,

59, 84, 100 23–7 167

(hickory) 41

interfascicular 12, 63 interfascicular 12, ray initials 28 see also fascicular 12 fascicular fusiform initials 20, applications horticultural fossilized materials 169 forest fl archaeological specimens 165, xerophytes 142 Camellia calyptra (root cap) (root cap) calyptra 18 54 17–18, 17, calyptrogen cambium 41, 63 12, 14, 20, 28, cantilevers 136 carbolic acid solution 180 Carex Cariniana legalis Cannomois carnation 22 carpels, vascularization 122 Carpinus betulus Camellia japonica Camellia sinensis Canada Balsam 183, 184 Cannabis sativa Carya Castanea Caryophyllaceae 146 Casparian strip 52, 62, 118 Cassia angustifolia Cattleya granulosa Cedrus cellulose acetate replicas 190 Centrolepidaceae 52, Centrolepis exserta Cephaelis acuminata Cephaelis ipecacuanha Cephalotaxus Chenopodiaceae 105 chip bud grafts 24, chloral hydrate 191 chlorazol black solution 180 chlorenchyma 8, 62, 71, 93 cereals 68, 100, 127 100, cereals 68, charcoal , 53 53 129 , 81 , 68 53

, 156 81 68 , 156

, 93 158, 159 cation 156 , 9

83 , 184 75 5 145

159

174 142, 12 12, 15 84 152

89, 152 39

xerophytes

31–6 183 173–4,

eld’s haematoxylin 182

secondary growth 73 surface features vein differentiation 135 107 venation 104–5, vascular system 58, 59, 63 leaves 14, 74, leaves 14, mechanical tissues 9, 10 54 phloem 43–4 53, roots 49, stems 57, 59, 68 taxonomy 155 transport system 11, 12 wood (secondary xylem) for permanent mounting for permanent 182, butyl alcohol using tertiary see also forensic investigations 168–9 medicinal plants 158–9 Dielsia cygnorum Digitalis lanata deciduous trees trees deciduous 147 14 dedifferentiation 173 dehydration Delafi Delphinium staphisagria desert, leaf adaptations 73 Dianthus 67, diaphragms 59, system diarch root vascular dicotyledons 4, Dionaea dormancy 7 Dracaena dried plant material 171 Drimys Drosera drought adaptations 73 drug source identifi druses (cluster crystals) 62 Ecballium Ecdeiocolea Digitalis purpurea Ecdeiocoleaceae Echinodorus cordifolius 23 , 77 133 var.

, 162 117 113 131, 90 , 90 , , 159, 162, 167 , 159, 162, 168

45 99 32 89 129 32 125 Salix alba ,

(water-melon) 24, 148 ) , 98–100

167, 99 ) 89,

125 64

98 , 51

) 41 , 100

23

, 104 143 50 98 12 78 9,

Mucuna 25 73, 139

Gossypium (hazel) 27, (hazel) 27, avellana eld pits 31, caerulea 43 77,

root 49, root 49, commercial applications commercial 22–3, 62 stem 57, mesophyll stem cortex 62 hydrophytes 151 mesophytes 148 76, patterns/sculpturing 60, surface preparations 190–1 xerophytes 139 endodermoid sheaths 118 leaf bundles 116–17, corms 139 10 cortex 9, cork cambium (phellogen) (phellogen) cambium cork 20 14, Corylus Corylus cotton ( Couratari asterotrichia cowitch ( Crassula crassulas 142 cricket bat willow ( Crocus Crocus michelsonii Crocus vallicola cross-fi crystal violet 67 187 crystals 51, Cucurbita Cucurbita maxima Cucurbita pepo Cucurbitaceae 63, 66, 105, 165 Cupressaceae 31, cushion habit 146 cuticle 7, 8, 9, 74, 76–82 cutin 76 cuttings 22, cycads 83 Cymophyllus fraseri Cyperaceae 100, 103 Cyperaceae 100, Cyperus diffusus Cyperus papyrus cystoliths Cytisus

290 Index Index 291 33 99

, 100 129 130 72 cations 139 98

116, 118 , 41

40

38 35 142 73 33,

vascularization 121–2 secondary 43 oral parts 123

xeric modifi fl leaves 71, phloem 65 secondary xylem (wood) 38–9 vessel elements 54, 66 leaves 93 phloem 108 stomata 85 evolutionary aspects 38, 39 extraxylary 10 136–7 leaves 135, secondary phloem 42, 44 secondary xylem (wood) 31, 32, 66 62, stem 58, non-coagulating 172–3 bre tracheids 32 bres 6, 7, 9, 51 xatives 171–3 avenoids 76

Ericaceae 123 Ericaceae 139 eucalyptus 184 183, Euparal splendens Euphorbia 139 67, Euphorbiaceae Pharmacopoeia European 158 Evandra montana Erica 147 evergreens 73, evolutionary aspects exarch vascular anatomy 53 exocarp 128, 57 exodermis 49, exogenous development 131 18, 57 exotesta 130, Fagaceae Fagus Fagus sylvatica Fast Green 182, 183 ferns 7, 92, 155 fertilization 6 fi fi Ficus Ficus elastica Fimbristylis fi fl , 81 , 92 80 157 92

, 81 ) 68 , 51–2 81 , 100–2 132 83 , 76–93, 104 51 99 xerophytes

157

75 132 see

ora 15

118 Sambucus

17 73, 140

cuticle 76 dicotyledons monocotyledons 79, mesophytes 147–50 mesophytes xerophytes hydrophytes 150–2 hydrophytes leaves 73 stony 128, leaves 118 62–3 stem 58, bulliform cells 81, 82, development 16 74, leaf 70, mesophytes 148 pericarp 128 roots (rhizodermis) 48–9 silica bodies slime cells 60 128 stem 57, tannins 102 xerophytes 139 aerial roots 49 hairs 91 Eleocharis ecological adaptations adaptations ecological 137–8 aspects economic 154–69 elderberry ( electron microscopy electron microscopy 191, 193–4 Elegia Elegia parvifl Eleutharrhena Eleutharrhena macrocarpa Elodea embedding oven 173, 174 embryo culture 127 embryology 127 endarch vascular anatomy 53 endocarp 128 endodermis 18, endodermoid sheath 57, 58, 63 endogenous development 18, 56 endosperm 130, 138 endotesta 130 57, 9 ephemerals 7, 8, epidermis 7, epiphytes 8, 142–3, 149, 150, 152 Equisetum ergastic substances 97–8 91 32 , 114 ) 43, 137, ) 43, , 114 114 , 90, 118, 162 140 , 160–2, 163 (lignum vitae)

114 90

88 144 , 25 139

cinale 139, 142

25 eld pits 31,

Vitis vinifera 136 35

158 trichomes

105, 142

159 90, 97, 100 116, 117 33,

Panicoid 112, Pooid 112, secondary 42 vascular system 58 cross-fi radial system 31 insectivorous plants 152 bud 24, bud 25 interfamily 26 monocotyledons root 25 vascular system 115, 112, venation 135–6 leaves 73, 93, 96 93, leaves 73, 108 phloem 65, 68 stems 57, taxonomy 155 wood (secondary xylem) 30–1 antiherbivore function 92 glandular 89, hydrophyte 151 irritant 162 90, non-glandular 89, suberin bands 150 91, 92, 142 water-absorbing 91, xerophyte 91, 142, 144, 146 see also grafting tape grafting tape 24 ( grape vine grasses 12, 46, 59, 73, 79, 81, 82, growth 14 Guaiacum offi guard cells 57, 61, 83 Guarea gymnosperms 4, 7, 10 Gunnera 7, gymnosperms 4, Haemanthus 87–9, hairs 61, Hakea Hakea scoparia 146–7 halophytes 76, Haworthia Haworthia greenii 190 160 123 , 123 113 , , 90 xatives

123 83 45 ,

, 184 80 83

26 cation 159–62, 172

xative 173

88 , 9 73 ) 44, 62 ) 44, ) 142

5 (cotton)

142 (ash) 41, 164 (ash) 41,

oor plants 149 123–4 identifi 171–2 171–3, (FPA) 173 lactophenol (FABIL) double stain 181 173, 174

Ulex bundle fusions 122 Linum cleared preparations cleared preparations 191 adaptations pollinator 122 microscopy scanning electron vascularization 121–3, adulterants/contaminants adulterants/contaminants seeds 127 histology 127–34 bridge 25, ax ( owers 121–7

fl fi Flemming’s Triple Stain Flemming’s 187, fl food plants forensic applications 162, 168–9 forest fl fi formaldehyde-based formalin-acetic acid-alcohol (FAA) formalin-propionic acid-alcohol Fraxinus fruit 121 fuchsin, aniline blue, iodine in fume cupboard 170, 171, 172, Gahnia Gaimardia gametes 6–7 Gasteria Gasteria retata Gaylussacia frondosa germination 134 150 Gesneriaceae 149, girder structures 137 Gladiolus glochids 162 Gloriosa superba glycol methacrylate 172, 173 gorse ( 24–6 Gossypium 22, grafting 20,

292 Index Index 293 , 162 132 (black 174 53

24 80 , 85

50 24

91

) 110,

, 98 64 , 62, 68, 84, 139 ) 90 90 67 orus 25 13

158 59

6

84, 15 12,

, 139 a macowanii 32 (walnut) 68, 165 (walnut) 68,

Bombax

ironwood) 33 series 173–4, series 173–4, 63 22

55

Hedera helix orescence axes, vascular bundles axes, vascular bundles orescence

through tertiary butyl alcohol butyl alcohol tertiary through propagation use in horticultural horticultural applications 22–7 kapok ( Klattia Kniphofi Kranz mesophyll 112, 116, 118 Krugiodendron ferreum ivy ( Juglans Juncaceae 98, 99, 101, 140 Juncales 100 Juncus Juncus acutifl Juncus acutus Juniperus glauca Juniperus virginiana Justicia cydonifolia Labiateae 59 112 Laburnum 66, lacuna 49, Lamiaceae 128 11 lamina 10, Laminaria infl plants insectivorous 152 meristems intercalary 14, 73 intermediary cells 109 Ionidium Ipecacuanha 158 Iridaceae 99 Iris Justicia Landolphia Larix lateral meristems 14, 20 lateral roots 54, 56 latex 119 latex cells 67, 119 Lathyrus 67, laticifers 44, , 162 132 , 159, 162, , 159, 162, , 61 89 75 67 61 78 74, ower) 62, 119 ower) 62,

) 41

) 27, 36 146 (ivy) 110, (ivy) 110,

(sunfl

n wax 184 Carya

uoric acid 176, 177 cation of source materials 167 184 154, 156, 157 162–3

Corylus 73

ltration 173

paraplast 174–5, 184 paraplast 174–5, permanent slides preparation acid bog plants 152 air cavities 150–1 buoyancy aids 151 hairs 151 hibernation periods 73 leaves 150, 151, 152 mesophyll 74 stems 62 stomata 84 vascular tissue 151 leaf 74, 92–3 leaf 74, pericarp 128 xerophytes 145 crops devoured by animal pests forensic applications 168–9 medicinal plants 158 woods 163–4 secondary phloem 44 paraffi haworthias 76, 76, haworthias hazel ( heavy metals accumulation heavy metals 138 Hedera helix Helianthus Hevea brasiliensis hibernation 73 hickory ( honey, purity evaluation 118 124 hydathodes 87, hydrochloric acid 180 hydrofl hydrophytes 150–2 53 12, hypocotyl 6, hypodermis 57, Hippophae Hypolaena identifi 128 102, idioblasts 100, Ilex infi Ilex aquifolium , ) ) 89 , 74, ) 106 72 cinale 151 , 110

45 33 40 144 , 87 45 130 ,

88

87

61–2 88

Ammophila arenaria 141 Guaiacum offi 13, 88, 142 35 98 cation system Origanum vulgare

35 ) 33, 41, 44, 41, ) 33, , 103–11 9, 102, 142 120 ax) 44, 62 ax) 44,

75 143–5 33, 149 160 82, 92, (fl

Tilia development 107 development phloem 108–11 classifi surface sculpturing sculpturing surface 77, 79 102 tannins 87–92 trichomes forest trees tropical rain 148 vascular system 46, 71, 135–6 veins 70, venation 104–5 xerophytes 139, 142, xerophytes 139, Lecythidaceae 131, 133 99 Lecythidaceae 131, 39, Leguminosae 36, 46 lenticels 20, Leptocarpus Leptocarpus tenax Lepyrodia scariosa lianes 43 light capture adaptations 149 lignum vitae ( Liliaceae lime ( Limnophyton obtusifolium Limonium vulgare Linum Liriodendron tulipifera Liriope Lithocarpus Lithocarpus conocarpa Lithops low light environment adaptations Loxocarya pubescens Magnoliales 39 Malpighiaceae 90 Malvaceae 44 Malvaviscus arboreus mango 128 Marantaceae 150 marjoram ( marram grass ( Matricaria lamellata , 81 , 189 , 92 72 , 179 , 81, 92 , 70 80 80 188 18 148 , 100–2 75 131 99 43

cation 159, 160 cation 159,

119, 146 , 104

192

83 oor plants 149 , 102–3, 135–7 ,

149 transition) 70 95 111–18 191, 82 identifi forest fl growth 14–15 152 hydrophytes 150, 92–3 hypodermis 74, insectivorous plants 152 light capture adaptations 7–8, maturation (sink to source mechanical support tissues 10, medicines extraction 93–102 158 mesophyll 71, mesophytes 147, midrib 70 monocotyledons 79, 139 92, movements 82, procambium 70 146 reduction 73, secretory structures 118–19 sectioning process 147 177, shedding/life-span 73, silica bodies standard examination levels stomata 83–7 structure 74, surface preparations bulliform cells 81, 82, cleared preparations cleared preparations 191 cuticle 76–7 71 development 70, ecological adaptations 73 endodermis 118 76–93, epidermis 70, evolutionary aspects evolutionary aspects 71, food adulterant/contaminant Laurus nobilis Laurus spica Lavendula Laxmannia leaf buttresses 16, 17, leaf gaps 59 leaf initials 70 leaf traces 11, 13 leaves 6, 7, 70–120

294 Index Index 295 , 65 , 13 115 , 185 , 162 185 75 90 , 81 , 92 , 9 37 5 80 92

) 87, 159, 160 159, ) 87, , 114 (cowitch) 89,

114 135, 136 135, 136 63 145 Mentha blade bundle anatomy blade bundle anatomy 112, bundle sheaths 116, 117–18 epidermis 79, growth 14–15 114, phloem 115 112, venation 105, vascular system 58, 63, 64 grafting 26–7 leaves 73, 93, 96, 97, 111–18 optical techniques optical techniques 194 operating procedure vascular bundle 74, mechanical support tissues 9, 10, meristems 15, 20, 26 roots 48, 49, 53, 54 secondary thickening 68 20, 26 stems 59, taxonomy 155 vascular bundles 11, 12–13, xylem, evolutionary aspects 39 insectivorous plants 152 cushion life forms 146 hairs 142 ultraviolet light protection methylene blue blue methylene 180 90 microhairs 60 micropapillae attachments microscope 193–4 194 191, microscopy 184 175, microtome midrib 9, 11, 70, 103, 107, mint ( monocotyledons 4, monocotyledons 4, montane environment 146 mosses 7 motor cells 81, 82, mountain plants mounting media 184 mucilage cells 51 Mucuna Musanga cecropioides Myristicaceae 130 Myrtaceae 139 143 , 146 , 93–102 143 75 , 100–2 97 99 , 15–20, 21–2 89 148 , 98–100 15

, 102–3, 135–7 88 98 159 95

(mint) 160 87, 159,

9–11 115, 116 cuticle 76 adaptative features adaptative 135–7 137 climbers leaves 128 pericarp 137 petioles 136 63–4, stems 58, xerophytes 142 leaves 147, mesophyll 74 roots 54 crystals ergastic substances 97–8 118 intercellular spaces 116, 74, 97, 112 Kranz 112, mesophytes 148 palisade layer 107 71, 74, 93, 148 paraveinal 96, plicate cells 96 sclereids 96, silica bodies spongy layer 74, 93, 148 water storage 97, 142, xerophytes 142, apical 14, 73 horticultural applications 22, 20–7 22–7 intercalary 14, 20, lateral 14, leaf 70 secondary thickening 15 Medicago mechanical support tissues tissues support mechanical 7, 8, medicinal plants 158–9 Meeboldina mesophytes 147–50 131 mesotesta 130, mestome sheath 114, 116, 117, 118 metaphloem 11, 47, 66, 107, 112, metaxylem 11, 66, 107, 112 Melastomataceae 104 Melastomataceae Mentha meristems 6, 14–27 meristems 6, mesembryanthemum 142 mesocarp 128 74, mesophyll 71, Mentha spicata 109 , , 65, 108 131 187 95 , 45 80, 130 ,

98 , 186–7, 92 129

10, 58

cork cambium 15

186

) 41

see 54, 67 192 102, 117 function 109–11 183–9 185–6 ora foetida ltration procedures 184 Pyrus

midrib 70 monocotyledons 115 companion cell central ground tissue (pith) tissue (pith) ground central 93 mesophyll 136 pulvinus root cortex 49, 51 phloem secondary 42, 44 59 xylem secondary 58, 34–5 33, stem 57, xerophytes 139 mechanical tissues 136 standard examination levels 191, 11 trace 10, 20 angiosperms 43–5, 16, development 11, evolutionary aspects 43, 65 108 ferns 108 108–11, 65, 105, gymnosperms 42, 104, leaf 103, 108 loading 65, attaching sections to slide infi staining Pariana bicolor Pattersonia peach 128 pear ( passage cells 52 Passifl 147 Pelargonium 8, perennials 7, pericarp 128, petals, vascularization 10 122 petiole 9, Phalaris canariensis phelem 20 phelloderm 20 phellogen phloem 6, 8, 10, 11, 28 pericycle 18, 52, 54, 60, 111 permanent slides preparation , 89 , 123 34 , 100, 123 99 33, 40

90 98 148 xatives 172–3

84, 93 (marjoram) , 97

(balsa) 33 ltration 173, 184 ltration 173,

97

146 47, 65, 108 120 ) 89,

ltration 174–5, 184 ltration 174–5,

73, 84 ) 73, 162, 35, 41, 43, 62

18

73, 139

162

15

oral 118 (tobacco) 162 (tobacco)

trichomes

164, 167 160 136–7 Urtica n wax infi

Quercus extra-fl see also bundle sheath 99, 100, 116 nettle ( Nicotiana nitric acid 191 Nivenia Narcissus 123 nectaries Nerium oleander Nestronia umbellulata nocturnal folding 82, 92, 136 nodes 57, 59 12, 13, non-coagulating fi Nymphaea Nothofagus solandri Nymphoides oak ( Ochroma lagopus Ochroma pyramidalis oil seeds 127 Olea europaea Olivacea radiata Ophiopogon Opuntia Orchidaceae 149 49 orchids 18, Origanum vulgare Orobanche Oscularia deltoides osmium tetroxide 172 Oxalis exigua paleobotany 169 palisade cells 71, 74, 93, 148 palisade ratio 93–4 palms 13, 15, 59, 65, palynology 124–7 Pandanaceae 65 146 Pandanus 144, papillae 61, paraffi paraplast infi parenchyma 9

296 Index Index 297 , 126 146 157

157

tissue

146 see

ora

ltration 173 ltration

73 31 31

152

, 53 164 118 25

(oak) 35, 41, 43, 73, 162,

126–7 53 processing 164, 167

(pear) 41 stigma interactions interactions stigma 124, materials 170–1 safety considerations 170 tissue processing 107 leaf 70 16, strands 11, 174 173, gloves 172, stem 57 root 53 stem 57 polyarch root vascular system polyarch root infi polyester wax 145 polyphenols 164 Pomoideae Populus Posidonia Potamogeton 105 potato 22, practical microtechnique 170–94 preservation 171 prickle hairs 90 primula, pin-eyed/thrum-eyed 127 procambium prosenchyma 9 protandry 124 protective clothing 170 protoderm 70 protogyny 126 protophloem 11, 66, 107, 112 protoplast fusion 26 protoxylem 11, 66, 107, 112 Prunoideae 164 Prunus Pseudolarix Pseudotsuga pulvinus 82, 92, 136 Pycnarrhena macrocarpa Pycnarrhena plenifl Pycnophyllum micronatum Pycnophyllum molle Pyrus Quercus Pycreus ) 68 , 85 , 45 81 , 41 42

(pokeweed) 68

, 96 32

125 , 73, 146, 159 83 30 64 32

89, 152 107 84 Phytolacca americana 27

73

evolutionary aspects

30, 31,

Bibliographic Database 155 114 45–7 180 105, (water lettuce) 151

(spruce) 31,

loading 109, 110 loading 109, unloading 111 rays 42, 44 rays 42, monocotyledon leaf blade bundles pericycle 111 phloem secondary xylem (wood) secondary xylem (wood) 39 see also stem 58, 66–7 stem 58, relationships structure–function 64–6 transport unloading 111 root 53, 54 53, root 41–5, 12, secondary culture 127 plasmodesmata 11, 64, 94 64, plasmodesmata 11, Platanus Pinus ponderosa Pinus sylvestris Piper nigrum 64 Piperaceae 59, Pistia 67–8 pith 54, plant materials 170–1 Plant Micromorphology photosynthesis 7, 71, 76 71, 70 photosynthesis 7, 16, phyllotaxis 6, phylogeny phloroglucin/hydrochloric acid phloroglucin/hydrochloric Phoenix Phytolacca americana Picea 103 102, Poaceae 94, pokeweed ( Pinaceae 31 Pinguicula Plumbago zeylanicum Pinus Platymitra siamensis plum 76 Plumbago pollarding 27 124–7, pollen 7, 132 , 52 , 53–4, 114, 19 53 (cricket bat

91 37 , , , 51–2 61 90 33 , 51 51

, 87 L. 110

50 caerulea cinarum

87 189 , , 118 56 (elderberry) 68 , var. 9 cinalis

trichomes

27, 164 contaminants 159 contaminants tissues 10–11 192 55 115 187 willow) 41 147

development 18, cortex 49, cortex buildings damage to 164–5 adaptations ecological 142 endodermis (rhizodermis) epidermis 48–9 adulterants/ food (herbs) 56 lateral 54, mechanical strengthening medicines extraction 158 pericycle 52 levels standard examination 191, vascular system 46, leaf adaptations 76 water-absorbing 150 see also Rosaceae 123, 164 Rosaceae 123, rose 25 ruminate endosperm 130, ruthenium red 181 Saccharum offi 191 safety considerations 184, 170 safranin 182, Safranin Fast Green staining chart Salicaicae 164 Salicornia saline environments 146–7 Salix Salix alba Salix babylonica salt glands Salvadora persica Salvia offi Sambucus Sambucus nigra Santalaceae 123 sap, cold habitat adaptations saxifrages 87 92 scales 61, , 20 55 , 101, 19 , 99 50 60 , 88, 40 158 , 156 ) 88 40

, 73 , 53 158 156 15

36

22–3 21 23 55

Trifolium

37 27 cinale ,

13 13

36 contaminants 159 139, 140,

angiosperm wood 35–6, evolutionary aspects 39 gymnosperm wood 31 initials 20, secondary phloem 42, 44 tracheids 31 food (herbs) adulterants/ medicines extraction 158 vascular bundles 63 xerophytes 139 adventitious 149 6, 13, 14, 22 aerial 49, apical meristem 17–18, Quercus brandisiana Quercus Quercus robur Quercus suber zone quiescent 16, 17 Quillaja 84 Ranunculacae Ranunculus Ranunculus acris raphides 62 raspberry 22 rays 46 red clover ( Rhapis reproduction 6–7, 8 reproduction 6–7, resin ducts 31, 119, 146 Restio Restionaceae 13, Rheum offi Rheum rhaponticum rhizodermis 48–9 rhizomes Rhododendron rhododendrons 90 rhubarb 136 rhytidome (bark) 42, 44–5 Ribes nigrum ring porous wood 33–4, 41 root cap (calyptra) 17–18, 54 root hairs 48 root stock 24, 25, 26 roots 4, 6, 7, 13, 48–56,

298 Index Index 299 , 186–7, 130 , 41 186 , 100–2, , 44, 65, 66 32 99 44 133 143 80

149 ) 31, 161 84 , 162, 163, 180 25

31 105 n sections

Picea

111 109, 115 109 115, 116 101 187 192 159,

9 nutrient delivery to storage cells to storage delivery nutrient winged 131, 139 xerophytes symplastic/apoplastic loading symplastic/apoplastic tissue sectioning 177 paraffi permanent 182–3 temporary 180–1 Selaginella Senecio Senecio scaposus sepals, vascularization 122 Sequoia sieve areas 43, 44, 65 sieve cells 65, 108 42, 43, 46, sieve elements 46, 108, sieve plates 43, sieve tubes 43, 44, 46, 65–6, silica bodies 61, silver-leaved composites 89 sledge microtome 175 slime cells 128 slime trichomes 128, Smilax Smilax hispida 162 Solanaceae 105, Solanum Sorghum spines 147 spongy mesophyll 74, 93, 148 spruce ( staining 179–83 stains stamens, vascularization 122 standard examination levels 191, starch grains 11, 97, 158, starch sheath 101 57, 58, 62 stegmata 100, stele 58 stellate cells 49, 59, 67, 151 133 33 178

176 179 , 130 97 179 129 73 ,

139 193 165 115, 116 66, 67, 128, 148 119 178 184, 185 131 CZI) 180

owers 123–4

archaeological wood specimens wood specimens archaeological fl features leaf surface 157 seed coats 131 leaves 96, 112 leaves 102, pericarp 128 leaves 73 stems 57 external 118–19 internal 119 leaves 118–19 cork supporting material 176–7, free-hand 175 leaves 177, stems 176 twigs 176 wax-embedded specimens 175, wood 175–6, scanning electron microscopy winged seeds 131, germination 134 histology 127–34 Schouwia scanning electron microscopy microscopy electron scanning 191, seed coat sedges 46, 59, 100, 112, sclereids 44, 51, 54, 58, 59, 62, 7, 63 sclerenchyma 7, secondary growth 8, 12, 14, 68 secondary plant products 118, secretory canals 33 secretory structures sectioning 175–7, 127–34 seeds 121, scion 24, 25, 26 25, scion 24, Scirpodendron chaeri Schulte’s solution (chlorzinciodine; Schulte’s solution (chlorzinciodine; Scilla 72 183 88 83 71, 45

) 62, 119 ) 62, 37 98 ) 41

, 73 34 32 50 67

, 189 91 32 49, , 184 Helianthus

15 , 53

188 31,

174–5 procedure 173–4, 174 53

ltration 173, 184 ltration 173, Tectona grandis

(lime) 33, 41, 44, 41, (lime) 33, ower ( procedure for acrolein paraplast 174–5

xation 171–3

clearing 177–9, 191 clearing 177–9, 182, dehydration 173, fi infi xerophytes xerophytes 143, 146 139, 140, 118 bands 117, 91, 92, 142 114, lamellae halophytes 146–7 tissue isobilateral palisade 74 cuticle 190–1 leaf replicas 190 stem 190 Tilia europaea Tillandsia tissue processing stomatal crypts stomatal crypts 84 Stratiotes striae 60 20 suberin 146 succulents 142, sucrose transporters 111 sudan IV 180 sunfl surface preparations 189–91 Swietenia mahagoni Syringa tannin cells 102 51, 67, tannins 62, Taraxacum Taxodiaceae taxonomy 155–7 Taxus teak ( tertiary butyl alcohol dehydration tetrarch root vascular system Thamnochortus argenteus Thamnochortus scabridus Theaceae 102 Thurnia sphaerocephala Tilia 18 178 , 17 , 86 64 86 , 86 85 , 60 , 61 85 86 85 61 85 85 , 126–7 , 58–9, 63–4, 67–8 58, 63–4, 137 192 58 126 104, 162 phloem 64–6 apical meristem apical meristem 16–17, tissue (pith) central ground cleared preparations 191 cortex 62 62–3 endodermis epidermis 60 hydrophytes 150 hypodermis tissues mechanical support 10, secondary thickening 57 sectioning process 176–7, levels standard examination 191, stomata 61 surface preparations 190 transport tissue 11–12, 66–7 vascular system 11–12, 57, 143 140, xerophytes 139, actinocytic 84 amphistomatic 83 anisocytic 84, anomocytic 84, cyclocytic 84 development diacytic 84, hydrophytes 151 hyperstomatic 83 hypostomatic 83 mesocytic 85 mesophytes 148 paracytic 84, polocytic 85 stem 61 subsidiary cells 84 84, 86 sunken 83, tetracytic 84 types 84–5, water droplet exudation 86–7 wax embellishment 77 stems stems 8, 57–69, 7, stigma–pollen interactions 124, stomata 7, 8, 9, 46, 74, 83–7,

300 Index Index 301 , 34 , 38, 66 , 135–6 33 91 106 107

, 38, 66 , 105 cambium

, 105 90 33 64 64 see 64 , 103, 104, 105 oral parts 121–3, , 58–9 65

75 , 103–11 72 58 115 75 , 39, 53, 54, 66 cation system 35

123 114, 38 (nettle) 89, (bulrush) 151 (bulrush)

ective surfaces ective surfaces 146, 147

(gorse) 142 grasses 112 fusions 122 phloem loading 110

refl amphicribal 63 amphivasal 63, bicollateral 63, collateral 63, 16 development 11, leaves 71, midrib 74, monocotyledons 63 pathways in fl stem 63–4, hydrophytes 151 leaf 74, stem 57, callus culture 22 embryo culture 127 meristem culture 21–2 major 105, 107 major 105, 107–8 minor 105, classifi dicotyledons 104–5 112, monocotyledons 105, evolutionary aspects 38–9, 54, 66 perforation plates 32, wall pitting 32, tyloses 41 tyloses Typha Ulex Ulmus light protection ultraviolet 7, 145 Urtica vascular bundles 11–12, 46, 63 10, vascular cambium vascular system vegetative propagation 20 veins 10, 11, 103, 104, velamen 49, 149 velamen 49, 135 venation 104–5, Verbascum bombiciforme vessel elements 10, 32, 33–4, , , 53 , 189–91 38 91 , 184 , 184 , 186–7,

188 60 , 185 178 174 cations 139, 186 126

183

) 162 , 183–9 130 84

183 22 31 (red clover)

Nicotiana 73, 139

136 series 173–4, series 173–4, 182, 187 41, 66 103 193 microscopy 191, 140 53, 56 through tertiary butyl alcohol butyl alcohol tertiary through media 184 with xeric modifi killing tissues killing tissues 171 182, mounting preservation 171 sectioning 175–7, staining 179–83, permanent slides preparation permanent surface preparations evolutionary aspects 38, 39 radial (ray) 54 31 roots 53, sinks 103, 108 sinks 103, 108 sources 103, leaves 71 slime 128, torus 30–1 tracheids 10, 30–1, 32, 33, Torreya adaptations torsional forces, petiole tissue systems 4–13 tobacco ( Trade Descriptions Act 159, 163 Tradescantia Tradescantia pallida transfer cells 12, 109 translocation 8, 43, 44, 46, 47, 71, transmission electron 104 transpiration 8, traumatic ducts 31 tree root damage 164–5 triarch root vascular system 118 87–92, trichomes 61, Trifolium Trigonobalanus verticillata Triticum tropical rain forest 148–9 Tulipa , 43 29 , , 33 42 30 , , 36 40 29 , 117 37 99 , 58 , 56 , 31, 35–6, 152 ng root stock 25

147 146 processes 103, 104 30 45–7

49, 100 midrib 70 angiosperms 31–6, axial system 28–9, evolution 38–41 gymnosperms 30–1 rays (radial system) 28–9, 41 uses 36–8,

boundary layer boundary 143, 144 adaptations cold habitat 146, drought escapers 139 drought resisters 139 hairs 91, 142, 144, 146 hypodermal layers 145 92–3, 146 leaf adaptations 97, 76, 144–5 mesophyll 74, saline habitat adaptations 146 146–7 sclerotic 142, stomata 143, 146 84, surface roughness 143–4 water storage (succulents) 142, waxy cuticle 77, 143 ‘window’ plants 142 apoplastic transport 20 16, development 11, dwarfi leaves 103, 104, 105, 135 54 roots 53, 28–41, secondary 12, stem 66–7 structure–function relationships xerophytes 73, 139–47, 152 139–47, 73, xerophytes xylem 6, 10, 11, 28 xylopodia 139 Zea Zea mays Zostera ) 176 143 , 41 24 36 ) 151 , 79, 139, 143 ) 68, 165 ) 68, Cucurbita maxima Pistia 79 (grape vine) (grape vine) 43,

73, 139 15 84 cation of source xylem, secondary

Juglans

22 137, 159 140, 142 materials 163–4 167–8 168 24, 43 142, 145 archaeological samples 165, damaging tree roots 164–5 modern building materials cuticle 76 xerophyte adaptations 139, practical aspects 163–8 preservation 164 sectioning process 175–6, see also forestry practices 23, grafting techniques 24 leaf/petiole adaptations 136 xeric adaptations 140, angiosperms 31–6, gymnosperms 30–1 identifi Victoria stock, meristem culture virus-free Vitis vinifera walnut ( waste disposal 170, 174 water lettuce ( water loss regulation water loss regulation 7, 8, 9, 104 water storage cells 97, 142, water-melon ( wound healing 20, 22 Watsonia 77, wax 76, wilting 9, 83, 136 wind ‘window’ plants 142 Winteraceae 39 Witsenia wood

302 Index