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C:\Users\Krambs\Desktop\Karsten DANEGÆLD part 1 - mønternes diversifikation perioden 979-1016 Abstract Perioden 991 til 1013 er en interessant epoke i nordisk hvad han også holdt - at han aldrig mere ville kom- historieskrivning. Gennem en række vikingetogter til me til England i ufredeligt øjemed. England lykkedes det, at udbytte den angelsaksiske kong Ethelred II til at udbetale 134.000 pund sølv i tribut - Et diplom samt det episke oldengelske digt om kaldet ’danegæld’ - svarende til omkring 32.160.000 ’Slaget ved Maldon’6, beretter om en traktat mellem sølvmønter1. I de gammeldanske2 landskaber er der i en kong Ethelred II og Olav Tryggvason som nævner række fund optalt henved 5.650 sølvmønter 3 - såkaldte » den hær, som Olaf og Jostein7 og Gudmund, Steitas søn, pennies - der alle kan identificeres som angelsaksisk mønt var med «, dels en række diplomer om godsover- slået af Ethelred II, der var konge i perioden fra 978- dragelser fra personer med tilknytning til slaget. 1016. En hypotese er, at en væsentlig del af de større angel- Herefter gik en del af krigerne deres egne veje. saksiske møntskatte formodes at kunne relateres til Nogle af dem gik i angelsaksisk tjeneste som leje- udbetaling af ’danegæld’ - og at spredningen kan tropper, og der eksisterer stadig den aftale, som afdække, fra hvilke områder i Skandinavien krigerne blev indgået mellem dem og angelsakserne. Den blev rekrutteret4. Denne analyse er en kritisk gransk- regulerer forholdene for en vikingehær, som nu ning af den epoke, hvor Gormslægten konsoliderede skulle tjene folket - og ikke plyndre dem. Aftalen Danmark. om ’lejetropshæren’ blev indgået personligt med kong Ethelred II, kostede angelsakserne 22.000 DET HISTORISKE FORLØB pund sølv - og løb frem til ca. år 997. Udviklingen gengives af krønikerne fra peri- Der er ingen overlevering om vikingeaktiviteter oden, primært ’Den angelsaksiske Krønike’ og i England i 995 og 996, men i 997 vendte hæren krøniken fra ’Florence af Worcester’, inklusiv sig mod sine arbejdsgivere og begyndte atter at gå kommentarer af Niels Lund5: på vikingetogter i England. Krøniken beretter om en flådeenhed, der plyndrede Wales, Cornwall og Året 991 landede norske Olav Tryggvason med 93 skibe Man. i Folkestone og drog derefter til Sandwich. Ifølge sagaerne deltog ligeledes den skånske leder Sigvalde Jarl. Året 997 indgik kong Ethelred II en aftale med en Efterfølgende tabte angel-sakserne i slaget ved Maldon i ’dansk’ stormand - Pallig Tokesen - og gjorde ham til Essex. Der blev for første gang udbetalt danegæld på jarl af Devonshire. 10.000 pund sølv efter råd fra ærkebiskop Sigeric. Pallig var gift med Gunhild, en datter af Harald Året 994 og den 8 September deltog både Olav Trygg- Blåtand. Han var kongens rådgiver og skulle hjælpe vason og Svend Tveskæg i togtet med 94 skibe og angreb angelsakserne med at holde andre vikingeflåder byen London. Der blev indgået en aftale mellem parterne borte - så her se vi en stormand, der var gået i om, at hele det vestsaksiske rige leverede levnedsmidler Ethelreds tjeneste som flådekonsulent. Denne til flåden og at der blev udbetalt danegæld på 16.000 aftale - som øverste flådechef - løb fra ca. år 997 pund sølv. Kong Ethelred sendte derefter biskop Ælfheah og frem til år 1001. (af Winchester) og ealdorman Ethelweard (jarl af det vestlige Wessex) for at hente ’kong’ Olav, der under store Året 999 sejlede den fremmede flåde igen ud af kanalen, æresbevisninger blev ført til Andover, Hampshire, hvor ind i Themsen og op ad Medway til Rochester. Kort før kong Ethelred modtog ham af ’biskoppens hånd’ og gav år 1000 anklagede kong Ethelred II en engelsk stormand ham kongelige gaver. - Æthelric af Bocking - for landsforræderi. Anklagen lød på deltagelse i en sammensværgelse, der skulle modtage Her kalder krøniken Olav for ’konge’ selvom Svend Tveskæg som konge af England, næste gang han han først blev det året efter. Olav lovede kongen - kom til landet. Ingen betvivlede selve sammensværgelsen. Problemet var alene, om Æthelric havde del i den. 1 Nævnte tvist fremgår af et dokument som er en tribut på 3.000 pund sølv. udstedt kort efter 995 og er kong Æthelreds bekræftelse af den store Essex-godsejer Æthelric Denne flåde fortsatte sine plyndringer indtil den af Bockings testamente. Det fremgår af skrivelsen, 13 april 1012. at det var nødvendigt at indhente denne bekræf- telse, fordi kongen mange år tidligere havde erfaret, Årene 1011-1012 besluttede kongen og hans ’råder’ at at Æthelric var impliceret i en forræderisk plan. udbetale en løbende tribut på i alt 8.000 pund sølv. Krønikens nævnte flåde var i virkeligheden den samme hær, der under forskellige ledere huserede Den enorme flåde blev i Canterbury indtil hele i England indtil år 1005. den lovede danegæld var betalt efter påske 1012. Herefter spredtes hæren og 40-45 skibe under Året 1001 herskede der stor ufred i England på grund ledelse af Thorkil den Høje tog i april tjeneste hos af den fremmede flåde. Fjenderne hærgede og brændte Ethelred II, som landeværn mod de fremmede. næsten overalt. Flåden drog så vestpå, indtil den kom til Devonshire, hvor den aftrådte flådechef Pallig Tokesen Året 1013 og sidst i juli måned, ankom kong Svend sejlede dem i møde med de skibe han havde samlet. (Tveskæg) med sin flåde til Sandwich og tog videre til London. I London skjulte kong Ethelred II sig under Året 1002 bestemte kong Ethelred II og hans ’råder’, beskyttelse af Thorkil den Høje’s hær, der gjorde stor at man skulde give flåden en tribut og slutte fred med modstand. Den angelsaksiske befolkning overgav sig nu fjenderne, og der blev udbetalt danegæld på 24.000 pund til Svend og samtidig flygtede kong Ethelred II til sølv. Dette år lod kongen alle danske som var i England, Normandiet ledsaget af Thorkil den Høje’s flåde der lå dræbe på St. Brice’s Day den 13. november 1002, her- klar i Greenwich. Herefter overgav Londons borgere sig under Svend Tveskægs søster Gunhild. Herefter fort- i november måned. satte autonome hærenheder deres hærgen i England indtil Svend Tveskægs flåde atter ankom. Krønikerne beretter, at Svend opkrævede en danegæld på 48.000 pund sølv til sin flåde og at Året 1003 arriverede Svend Tveskæg med sin flåde og Thorkil den Høje gjorde det samme men på 21.000 han førte sin hær ind i Wilton, derefter til Salisbury og pund sølv8. videre til havet. Den 3. februar 1014 dør Svend Tveskæg ved Flåden blev i England indtil år 1005, hvor der Gainsborough i Lincolnshire - og da var Thorkil opstod stor hungersnød i England. Fjendeflåden den Høje stadig i Ethelreds tjeneste. På et tidspunkt drog i dette år fra landet til Danmark, men det de følgende år sluttede Thorkil sig til Knud den varede kun kort tid, før de kom tilbage. Store, der gjorde ham til jarl af East-Anglia årene 1017-21. Året 1006 og efter St. Hans ankom danernes flåde til Sandwich og gjorde ganske, som den plejede. Kongen og hans ’råder’ bestemte til gavn for hele folket, at der skulle betales en tribut på 6.000 pund sølv samt levnedsmidler. Året 1007 fik den fjendtlige hær en tribut på 30.000 pund sølv. Året 1009 ankom efter 1. august en ny umådelig fjendt- lig flåde ledet af skånske Thorkil den Høje. Flåden lagde til i Sandwich og tog derefter retning mod Can- terbury. Samtidig ankom en anden flåde til Thanet ledet Ethelred II mønt af typen Agnus Dei - Guds lam - fra år af Thorkils bror Hemming Jarl og en person med det 1009. 8.1 nordiske navn Eilif . Flåderne forenede sig og hele Østkent sluttede derefter fred med fjenderne og be-talte 2 ENGELSKE MØNTER Ethelred II mønt, typologi samt antal: Den første konge der kaldte sig 'konge over hele Britannien' var Athelstan, der regerede perioden Type B1 - Ethelred II 924-39 og som første gang besejrede vikingeriget First Hand (c.979-85) - 260 styk ’Danelagen’ i Northumbria. Flere gange lykkedes det skandinaverne at tage området tilbage men år Type B2 - Ethelred II 954 blev norske Erik Blodøxse - som den sidste - Second Hand (c.985-91) - 341 styk fordrevet fra York. Type B3 - Ethelred II År 959 (-975) blev Edgar konge og denne tillod Benediction Hand (c.991) - 42 styk de skandinaviske bosættelser et vist selvstyre. Kong Edgar gennemførte år 973 en møntreform der til- Type C - Ethelred II stræbte, at alle mønter i landet skulle have samme Crux (c.991-7) - 2.437 styk udseende og at disse mønter skulle inddrages og udskiftes med nye omtrent hvert sjette år. Type D - Ethelred II Long Cross (c.997-1003) - 1.635 styk Edgar blev efterfulgt af sin søn Edward Mar- tyren år 975 (-978), hvorefter Ethelred II tiltrådte Type E - Ethelred II som konge i en ung alder af elleve år. Helmet (c.1003-9) - 296 styk Af engelsk mønt der kan dateres til før år 973 Type G - Ethelred II er der ifølge en opgørelse fra 1981 kun registreret Agnus Dei (c.1009) - 4 styk 85 mønter fra Norden og det Østslaviske område. De fleste er fundet i Danmark9. Mønterne ses gerne Type A3 - Ethelred II i relation til byen York og området ’Danalagen’. Last Small Cross (c.1009-16) - 633 styk Fra år 973 og frem til 978 er der i det gammel- danske område kun fundet 62 af de såkaldte re- form-mønter, hvoraf 43 mønter er fra Skåne. ANALYSE Reform-mønt, typologi samt antal: Registrering og placering af de gammeldanske møntfund på et kort (se fig. 1), er baseret på tre primære afhandlinger: Persson 199210, Koronen 199611 Type C2 - Edgar og Cecilia von Heijne 200412. Sekundært er der Reform Small Cross (c.975-978) - 38 styk foretaget en registrering af de polske fund be- handlet af Andrzej Mikolajczyk 198813.
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