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Human Dissection Anatomy

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Human Dissection Anatomy Human Dissection Anatomy Texts: - Anatomy by Carmine D. Clemente, 5th edition, available at the ASUCLA bookstore or the Health Sciences bookstore - Course Lab Manual– available at the ASUCLA bookstore Course Materials: You are responsible for providing your own lab coat and dissection kit. Both are available at the Health Sciences bookstore, and must be obtained before the first lab meeting. Course objectives: To expose students to a more in depth analysis of human anatomy than they have previously received through dissection of the of the upper and lower extremity. Dissection will focus on musculature, vascularization, and innervation. Lecture will cover all anatomical features seen in lab, as well as developmental, functional, and clinical considerations. Grading: The following is the point distribution for the class: Lower extremity Written Exam 100pts Practical Exam 100pts Prosection/Participation 25pts Upper Extremity Written Exam 100pts Practical Exam 100pts Prosection/Participation 25pts Quizzes 50pts TOTAL 500pts Quizzes will be based on your preparation for the day’s lab and will be given at the beginning of each lab. The Prosection/Participation grade will be based on attendance, participation, and quality of dissection. This class will based on a straight scale. There will be no curve: 93-100% = A 83-87% = B 73-77% = C 63-67% = D 90-93% = A- 80-83% = B- 70-73% = C- 60-63% = D- 87-90% = B+ 77-80% = C+ 67-70% = D+ Below 60% = F Make-up written exams are available only under extraordinary circumstances and only with verifiable documentation. Make-up practical exams are NOT possible. The schedule for the quarter is given below; please plan accordingly. There is no extra credit available. Course Schedule (Labs on topics are following day): Date Topic Lecture 1 Introduction, development, LE overview, skinning of Gluteals, Inguinal Region and Thigh; Anatomy of Interior Pelvis Lecture 2 Anterior and Medial Thigh Lecture 3 Posterior Thigh, Gluteal Region including External Rotators Lecture 4 Skinning of Leg; Anatomy of Posterior Leg and Sole of Foot Lecture 5 Anterior and Lateral Leg and Dorsum of Foot; Gait; Review of prosections Lecture 6 Lower Extremity Written Exam Lecture 7 Lower Extremity Practical Exam Lecture 8 UE Overview, skinning of back, shoulder, and chest; Anatomy of Back, Scapular, and Pectoral Regions; Biomechanics Lecture 9 Abdomen, Axilla, Brachial Plexus Lecture 10 Skinning of arm and forearm; Anatomy of Anterior Arm and Forearm Lecture 11 Posterior Arm and Forearm Lecture 12 The Hand; Review of prosections Lecture 13 Upper Extremity Written Exam Lecture 14 Upper Extremity Practical Exam Sources for pictures and diagrams in lecture and dissector: Agur,A.M.R, M.J. Lee. 1999. Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy. 10th ed. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, New York. 760pp. Aiello, L. and C. Dean. 1990. An Introduction to Human Evolutionary Anatomy. Academic Press, London. 596p. Cahill, D.R. 1997. Lachman’s Case Studies in Anatomy. 4th ed. Oxford University Press, New York. 415pp. Clemente, C.D. 1997. Anatomy. 4th ed. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, New York. 604pp. Gilbert, S.F. 1997. Developmental Biology. 5th ed.Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MA. 957pp. Hildebrand, M. 1995. Analysis of Vertebrate Structure. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. 657pp. Kapit, W. and L.M. Elson. 1993. The Anatomy Coloring Book. 2nd ed. Harper Collins, New York. 194pp. McMinn, R.M.H., R.T. Hutchings, J.Pegington, P.Abrahams. 1993. Color Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. Mosby- Wolfe, New York. 359pp. Rohen, J.W., C. Yokochi. 1993. Color Atlas of Anatomy. 3rd ed. Igaku-Sholin, New York. 484pp. Rosse, C and P. Gaddum-Rosse. 1997. Hollinshead’s Textbook of Anatomy. 5th ed. Lippincott-Raven, New York. 902pp. Sadler, T.W. 1995. Langman’s Medical Embryology. 7th ed. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore. 460pp. Sauerland, E.K. 1999. Grant’s Dissector. 12th ed. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, New York. 329pp. Tilton, B. 1998. The Wilderness First Responder. The Globe Pequot Press, Guilford, CT. 314pp. LECTURE 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO TISSUES, SPINAL NERVES, AND THE DEVELOPMENT, EVOLUTION, AND ANATOMY OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY Connective Tissue Loose Connective Tissue Dense Connective Tissue Peripheral Nerves Dorsal Root Ventral Root Spinal Nerve Dorsal Ramus Ventral Ramus Development and Evolution Embryonic Tissues Axes Determination proximal-distal anterior-posterior dorsal-ventral forelimb-hindlimb Evolutionary axes Lower Extremity Overview Movements Hip: Knees: Ankle: Toe: Blood Supply: Innervation: The Interior of the Pelvis Musculature Psoas Major m. Iliacus m. Blood Supply of the Pelvis Nerves of the Pelvis LAB 1: SKINNING THE THIGH AND STRUCTURES OF THE PELVIS General Notes on Dissection Techniques The goals of this course are to extend your knowledge of anatomy that you obtained in Physiological Sciences 107, as well as a more practical goal of preparing cadavers for use in that class this year as prosections. In pursuit of these goals, there are some important things you should keep in mind while dissecting. First and foremost, it is important to isolate structures without causing excessive damage. If you are not told to cut or remove a structure, DON’T. To facilitate this, the majority of the dissection you do will be BLUNT DISSECTION. You will use forceps, scalpel handles, probes and your fingers to separate large structures. Smaller structures can be separated with scissors using an OPENING motion parallel to the structure of interest. SCALPEL BLADES WILL GENERALLY ONLY BE USED FOR INITIAL SKIN INCISIONS, and even then only with great care. The most important thing you can do is COME PREPARED. Read these guides before coming to lab and familiarize yourself with the corresponding pages in the atlas. Having a knowledge of the area you are working on ahead of time will help you to deliberately look for structures, instead of “digging around” and happening upon “something interesting”. Keep your atlas present while dissecting. Remember, a clean dissection is part of your grade so it is in your best interest to do a good job. At the same time you need to be efficient enough to learn all the material in the allotted time. Note that the plates listed are suggestions to help you find structures. Most structures are shown on multiple plates, and not all are listed, so it would be worth it to look up things in the index to find different views. The structures you are responsible for identifying during today’s lab are: great saphenous v. femoral n. descending aorta obturator n. common iliac a. obturator a. internal iliac a. iliacus m. external iliac a. psoas major m. saphenous opening Before beginning your prosection, orient yourself to the limb. Note its side, gender, and any abnormalities. Skinning the Thigh (Plate 370) The first step in doing any dissection is the removal of the skin. While removing it you will note many layers. The actual skin varies in thickness, and this should be noted in order to facilitate a better dissection. Under the skin is a layer of subcutaneous fascia. this contains much of the body’s fat, as well as connective tissue and superficial nerves. We won’t concentrate much on structures in this layer. The final layer is a deep fascia, or fascia lata as it’s known in the leg, which should be kept intact until necessary. A good technique for skinning is shown in the figures at the end of this lab. Making a hole for a finger to pull back a flap of skin will allow you to keep tension while cutting connective tissue. In our case, we will be removing the superficial fascia as well. It is important when making skin incisions to not go too deep; you can always deepen them later. • Using a scalpel, make a superficial incision from a point midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubis, down the anterior aspect of the thigh, to just below the tibial tuberosity. • Next make two encircling incisions, one about two inches below the tibial tuberosity, and another along the inguinal line and around posteriorly following the gluteal crease. Finally make a vertical incision on the posterior aspect of the thigh connecting your two encircling incisions. • Start by removing the skin from the lateral aspect of the thigh. Remove both skin and superficial fascia, but be careful not to pierce the deep fascia. Make horizontal incisions as necessary to expedite the process. Be especially careful of the deep fascia around the knee, as it serves as attachment for some important muscles. • When you have finished the lateral surface, move to the medial surface. All layers of skin and fascia are much thinner here so you should be more careful. Also, make note of the great saphenous vein which runs on the medial surface of the thigh superficial to the deep fascia. Preserve about 4-6 inches of this vein near where it enters the deep fascia, through the saphenous opening. This will serve as a landmark later. • Finally, remove the skin from the gluteal region. It is especially important to keep the deep fascia intact here as the fibers of the gluteus maximus m. are closely adhered to this fascia. It is easiest to start the gluteal skinning at the superiomedial corner, where there is usually a thick layer of superficial fascia. Find where this fascia separates and extend this down the length of the sacrum. Now remove the skin from medial to lateral. Some superficial fascia will remain and can be removed later. • Lastly, remove the genitalia, being careful not to damage any underlying muscles as many have their origins on the pubic bone. Structures of the pelvis (Plates 252, 253, 256, 282, 287) • Begin by removing any remaining viscera in the pelvic cavity. This can be done while a lab mate is skinning the thigh.
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