SPRINGBROOK CABLEWAY Preliminary Cultural Heritage Assessment

Prepared for CITY OF GOLD COAST 27 August 2020

URBIS STAFF RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS REPORT WERE: Director Matthew Schneider Associate Director Tina King Project Code P0022215 Report Number Final

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CONTENTS

1. Introduction ...... 1 1.1. Background ...... 1 1.2. Methodology ...... 2 1.3. Limitations ...... 2

2. Description of Historical Use ...... 3 2.1. European Settlement ...... 3 2.2. Construction of Springbrook Road ...... 4 2.3. Post War Years ...... 6

3. Identification of Cultural Heritage Values ...... 9 3.1. Indigenous Cultural Heritage Values ...... 9 3.2. Non-Indigenous Cultural Heritage Values ...... 13

4. Identification of Sustainable Cultural Heritage Options ...... 17

5. Recommendations ...... 19

References ...... 20

Disclaimer ...... 21

Appendix A DATSIP Results

FIGURES Figure 1 Local Catchment Boundary ...... 1 Figure 2 Early Settlers in Springbrook Region, 1906 ...... 3 Figure 3 Tourists at Rainbow Falls c1930s ...... 4 Figure 4 Bushwalkers on Twin Falls track 1938 ...... 4 Figure 5 Tourism operator on the original 1914 track from Mudgeeraba to Springbrook c1920s...... 5 Figure 6 Early Springbrook Road Sign ...... 6 Figure 7 Tulip Farm Café and Restaurant c1950s ...... 6 Figure 8 Sunnybrooke Guesthouse c1940s ...... 6 Figure 9 Little Nerang Dam, 1960s ...... 7 Figure 10 Hinze Dam c1970s ...... 7 Figure 11 Interpretive Signage at QPWS Office ...... 9 Figure 12 Interpretive Signage within Springbrook National Park ...... 9 Figure 13 Location of Wangerriburra (shaded) and surrounding groups ...... 10 Figure 14 Aboriginal Parties in Springbrook Region ...... 11 Figure 15 Registered Aboriginal Sites in the Springbrook Region ...... 12 Figure 16 Location of QHR places ...... 14 Figure 17 Location of QHR places in Springbrook Region ...... 16

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1. INTRODUCTION This technical study provides a preliminary Cultural Heritage Assessment associated with any future proposal for a cableway to be established within the Springbrook area of the Gold Coast hinterland. The report forms part of a suite of technical papers being prepared for the City of Gold Coast Council (CoGC) as part of an independent pre-feasibility assessment led by Urbis. In accordance with the CoGC Springbrook Cableway Pre-Feasibility Assessment Scope of Services this CHA provides the following: 1. Description of historical use 2. Identification of cultural heritage values 3. Identification of sustainable cultural heritage options 1.1. BACKGROUND It is assumed that the cableway would commence from a location within the vicinity of Neranwood and continue along a route towards Springbrook. It is unconfirmed where passengers would embark and disembark, including whether there would be a station at Springbrook. It is presumed that some amenities would be provided at the stations, which (based on other similar developments) could include a visitor information centre, servicing infrastructure, public amenities, café, seating, security and waste management facilities. It is also anticipated that carparking would be required at the embarkation point, which would require a large footprint. The local catchment area is shown in Figure 1 below. Figure 1 Local Catchment Boundary

Neranwood

Springbrook

Source: Urbis 2020

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There have been previous proposals to develop a cableway to Springbrook, the most notable being the 1998 proposal which involved an 11.6km cableway from Mudgeeraba through Springbrook National Park to Springbrook. The proposal was declared a ‘significant project’ and an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) drafted to accompany the proposal. This EIS would have included an assessment of heritage impact, however it is noted that heritage legislation has changed since this time, and new heritage places have been identified in the region. 1.2. METHODOLOGY In Australia, the conservation of heritage places is guided by the Australia International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), Burra Charter (Marquis Kyle and Walker 2004). The Burra Charter has been widely adopted as the standard for heritage conservation practice in Australia, providing a guiding philosophy for the care of places of cultural heritage significance. A review of existing publicly available information was undertaken to provide a description of historical use of the area. To gain an idea of existing cultural heritage values of the region, searches of the following databases were undertaken: . World Heritage List . National Heritage List . Commonwealth Heritage List . Department of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Partnerships (DATSIP) Cultural Heritage Database and Register . National Native Title Register . Queensland Heritage Register . Gold Coast Local Heritage Register The key findings of the review and searches were then used to identify potential sustainable cultural heritage options which could be undertaken in association with a potential future cableway. 1.3. LIMITATIONS This assessment takes into account cultural heritage values only. It is acknowledged that there are significant natural heritage values in the region as reflected by the World Heritage status of National Park areas and natural heritage values form part of the ecological assessment. All assessment has been desktop based, and no site inspections or consultation outside of City of Gold Coast has been undertaken. No review of previous cultural heritage assessment undertaken as part of previous cableway proposals has been undertaken.

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2. DESCRIPTION OF HISTORICAL USE This section provides a description of the historical (i.e. non-Indigenous) use of the region. It is noted that prior to European settlement, the Springbrook region was inhabited for thousands of years by members of the Yugambeh language group. 2.1. EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT The non Indigenous history of the area dates back to 1879 when Springbrook Plateau was declared a Timber Reserve (DERM 2011). Prior to this timber getters in the nearby Tweed and Currumbin Valleys did not venture into the area due to the difficult access and lack of ability to transport logs back down the mountain (Allom Lovell 2002). By 1905 it was recommended by the forest ranger, Gilbert Burnett, that the area be opened up for selection as the hardwood could not be worked profitably. The Springbrook Plateau was surveyed by Surveyor Burbank in August 1906, with 8,700 acres of land identified for development. However, 30% of this land was considered “rugged country, scrub and jungle forest, difficult to access” (Allom Lovell 2002). Under the 1905 amendments to the 1884 Crown Lands Act, provisions were made for conditional leases to be converted into conditional purchases, and at Springbrook land selection required five years personal residence by the selector and improvements to the property to be made within this time. Blocks were categorised into first and second class with selectors generally purchasing a first class block for a homestead and second class for less intensive use (Allom Lovell 2002). The first settlers mainly originated from the Bega area in New South Wales, arriving in December 1906, and were collectively known as the “Springwood Group,” until the area became commonly known as Springbrook c1907 following confusion with the town of Springwood in the Blue Mountains (Hall 1990: 26). At the stage of European settlement of the region, an access road was still under construction using prison labour from Boggo Road jail in Brisbane. A Progress Association was formed in 1907 urging Nerang Shire to look at the trees and landslips on the road between Numinbah junction and Springbrook (Longhurst 1988). Figure 2 Early Settlers in Springbrook Region, 1906

Source: Hall 1990

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Early settlers began clearing the area and establishing small dairy and produce farms, however poor access meant that any provisions had to be purchased at Nerang, transported via horse and cart to the corner of Pine Creek Road and Numinbah Valley Road and carried by hand from there. The first buildings at Springbrook comprised slab and bark huts constructed using timber split or pit sawn from properties. A sawmill was established in the area in 1923, and the name Neranwood is derived from the sawmill which was known as the Nerang Hardwood Company. A tramway was constructed from Neranwood to Mudgeeraba to transport the sawn timber to the railway at Mudgeeraba. The dairy industry also began to flourish in the 1920s and by 1929 up to 1200 gallons of cream was being produced weekly. The population continued to increase and by the 1920s Springbrook was also a recognised tourist destination. By the 1930s Springbrook was almost devoid of trees due to timber getting and pastoral pursuits in the region, however much of the area now classified as National Park remained largely untouched and was a popular bushwalking destination (see Figure 3 and Figure 4). Figure 3 Tourists at Rainbow Falls c1930s Figure 4 Bushwalkers on Twin Falls track 1938

Source: Gold Coast Local Study Library LS-LSP-CD025- Source: [Gold Coast Local Study Library #LS-LSP-CD025- IMG0034 IMG0035

2.2. CONSTRUCTION OF SPRINGBROOK ROAD Prior to European settlement of the region, the only access to Springbrook was via an Indigenous pathway on the western side which terminated in the Numinbah Valley. Early settlers petitioned the Government for a grant of money to construct a road from Springbrook to Mudgeeraba (Brisbane Courier, 4 November 1908, p4), and cut a track along the ridge separating the east and west branches of Little Nerang Creek, and skirting around the flanks of Mount Nimmel (Hall 1990). By 1914 this pack track had been upgraded to allow horse drawn transport between Mudgeeraba and Springbrook. However this track had 27 creek crossings to negotiate and the 24 kilometre journey between Mudgeeraba and Springbrook could take five to six hours. In wet weather the poor conditions worsened considerably, and buckboards were known to slide their way to the bottom (Hall 1990).

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Figure 5 Tourism operator on the original 1914 track from Mudgeeraba to Springbrook c1920s

Source: Gold Coast Local Study Library #LS-LSP-CD027-IMG009 In 1920 local residents agreed to pay £600 a year for thirty years to the Main Roads Board to fund the construction of a road from Mudgeeraba Railway Station to the settlement at Springbrook (The Brisbane Courier, 12 September 1923, p10). As the gradient of the proposed road was 1 in 12 and 1 in 10 in parts an engineer from Switzerland was employed due to his experience in mountainous terrain (Hall 1990: 60). Jurtz conducted the initial survey and graded eight miles of road over a period of eight months in 1922-1923. In June 1924 tenders were called for the construction of five sections of road and four bridges for the proposed Mudgeeraba-Springbrook Road (The Brisbane Courier 5 August 1924, p13). Original cost estimates indicated that the road could be completed for £10,000-£15,000, however the June 1924 tender found that approximately half the cost of the road amounted to about £37,750, with a total estimated cost of £75,0000 to complete the entire length. The high cost saw the proposal come to a standstill until the Main Roads Board decided to recommend to Nerang Shire Council that the construction proceed in accordance with the plans (The Brisbane Courier, 5 September 1924), and half of the cost was to be met by a Commonwealth Government Main Roads grant, with the other half funded by Springbrook residents (The Brisbane Courier, 12 August 1925, p19). Work commenced at Rathbone’s crossing in March 1925, and continued over the Tallai Range, reaching the eastern bank of Little Nerang Creek by February 1926 (Hall 1990). Commencing in September 1925, the section of road between Neranwood and Wunburra proved to be the most difficult and took more than three years to complete. Construction workers on this section of the road had a camp on the ridge running between Watertrough and Big Gully on the Wunburra Range, and lived here during the week, returning to their family on weekends if the family had not been brought along (Hall 1990). Single men were entitled to a 6x8ft tent, married men 8x10ft and 10x12ft if accompanied by their family. The steep terrain required workers to dig toeholds into hillsides when carrying survey equipment to the next point (DERM 2011). Initially scoops were pulled by bullocks, but these were soon replaced with horses as they were more suited to the steep terrain. Although horse drawn scoops and rollers were used, the majority of work was done by hand, and the difficult terrain and access made it nearly impossible to construct a road wide enough for two lanes of traffic.

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The new road was officially gazetted a one way road and opened to traffic on 20 February 1928. A sign with timetable (see Figure 6) was constructed at the toll gates at the base of Wunburra Range, advising times that the road could be traversed and a speed limit of twelve miles per hour. A toll was introduced in 1935 (The Courier Mail 30 October 1935, p17) and was nine pence each way (Hall 1990), and was collected for ten years until it was abolished in 1945 (Morning Bulletin, 1 October 1945, p3). Figure 6 Early Springbrook Road Sign

Source: Gold Coast Local Study Library # LS-LSP-CD087-IMG0031

2.3. POST WAR YEARS The post war years saw a decline in dairying in the region and farmers were subdividing and selling off portions of their land to survive. Despite a new township being laid out and new residential subdivisions in the 1950s and 1960s, by the late 1960s the population of Springbrook had declined to just fifty people (Allom Lovell 2002). During this time plans were subsequently made by Albert Shire for the widening and sealing of Springbrook Road from Rathbone’s Crossing up to the one way section at the top of the range. The two way section was officially opened on 30 June 1964, and while the population of Springbrook declined during the 1960s, the opening of the two way road was expected to increase tourism. The following decades saw an influx of people to the region with the expansion of National Parks and establishment of accommodation and restaurants along Springbrook Road and near the lookouts (see Figure 7 and Figure 8)

Figure 7 Tulip Farm Café and Restaurant c1950s Figure 8 Sunnybrooke Guesthouse c1940s

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Source: Gold Coast Local Study Library LS-LSP-CD057- Source: Gold Coast Local Study Library LS-LSP-CD190- IMG0098 IMG0009

North of Springbrook, construction of Little Nerang Dam was completed in 1962 and comprised a catchment area of approximately 35 square kilometres, including Springbrook Plateau (Figure 9). It is located upstream from Hinze Dam which was constructed in 1976, with major upgrades in 1989 and 2011 (Figure 10). Figure 9 Little Nerang Dam, 1960s Figure 10 Hinze Dam c1970s

Source: Gold Coast Local Study Library LS- Source: Gold Coast Local Study Library LS-LSP-CD368-IMG0010 LSP-CD1261-IMG0115

In the 1980s, decline in dairying saw much of the cleared land in the region begin to revegetate, and a growing awareness of the natural heritage attributes of the area. In addition, further improvements in road access saw an increase in ecotourism and an alternative, environmentally conscious lifestyle for residents. By 1984 the population had increased to necessitate the construction of a new school and by 2002 the permanent population of Springbrook was approximately 600 with an estimated 350,000 annual visitors (Allom Lovell 2002: 62). In December 1994, the UNESCO World Heritage Committee officially extended the area now known as the Gondwana Rainforests of Australia World Heritage Area over the Scenic Rim, including local areas of Main Range, Lamington and Springbrook National Parks and Goomburra Forest Reserve. This World Heritage

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Listing is now known as the Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves (Australia), and is a results of the outstanding natural heritage values of the region. The cultural heritage values do not form part of this listing. In 1999 the Springbrook Road was entered in the Queensland Heritage Register, satisfying five of the eight cultural heritage criteria. In 2003 the entry was expanded to include Wunburra Lookout which had been a landmark viewing point since 1928 (DERM 2011). The Queensland Government began purchasing properties in the region in 2005, aiming to restore critical habitat to world heritage status and eventually expand the Springbrook National Park. In recent years, tourism at Springbrook continues to flourish, with the National Parks and associated lookouts and bushwalks being the primary attraction.

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3. IDENTIFICATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE VALUES 3.1. INDIGENOUS CULTURAL HERITAGE VALUES The indigenous cultural heritage values are promoted throughout the National Park areas at Springbrook, with signage indicating the presence of areas of cultural value, and identifying Aboriginal names and meanings for features found in the National Park areas. Figure 11 Interpretive Signage at QPWS Office Figure 12 Interpretive Signage within Springbrook National Park1

Source: Urbis 2020 Source: Urbis 2020 The Gold Coast region comprises a number of distinct clan groups, who spoke different dialects of the Yugambeh language. The Springbrook region was home to the Wangerriburra, which translates to “Pretty- faced Wallaby People.” While it is difficult to identify specific locations of groups due to movement of both families and individuals, the clan groups as mapped in 1913 are shown at Figure 13. The Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Act 2003 identifies Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander parties who should be involved in the assessment and management of cultural heritage. In July 2020 there are two registered Aboriginal Parties for the region: . Gold Coast Native Title Group; and . Danggan Balun (Five Rivers) People. Figure 1 shows the boundaries of the two Aboriginal Parties.

Five Rivers The western portion of the Springbrook Area forma part of the Fiver Rivers claim area which encompasses five Local Government Areas, with a number of smaller pockets to the east also forming part of this claim area.

Gold Coast Native Title Group The Gold Coast Native Title Group is the Aboriginal Party for freehold property to the east of the region, extending all the way to the coast. Jabree Ltd acts as the registered Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Body for the Gold Coast Native Title Group.

1 It is noted that Aboriginal names on the board are not from the Yugambeh Language Region

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Figure 13 Location of Wangerriburra (shaded) and surrounding groups

Source: Kombumerri Corporation for Culture 2001

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Figure 14 Aboriginal Parties in Springbrook Region

Source: Urbis 2020

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3.1.1. Tangible Values A search of the Department of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Partnerships (DATSIP) Cultural Heritage Database and Register has revealed that a number of studies have been undertaken in the region which has resulted in sited being recorded in the database. Recorded sites in the region (see Figure 15) include artefacts and artefact scatters, landscape features, scarred/carved trees, quarries, stone arrangements, dwellings and other cultural sites. The full results are at Appendix A. Figure 15 Registered Aboriginal Sites in the Springbrook Region

Source: Urbis 2020

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3.1.2. Intangible Values Existing dreamtime stories on the Gold Coast talk about the creation of mountains, rivers and caves, and these encompass Springbrook National Park and the nearby Nerang River. The environmental context and presence of physical objects and places of significance indicates a high likelihood for the presence of intangible cultural heritage values, including Song Lines, dreaming stories and ceremonies passed from generation to generation. Details on these values, where able to be shared, will only be identified through further consultation. 3.2. NON-INDIGENOUS CULTURAL HERITAGE VALUES 3.2.1. State Heritage Places There are three places in the Springbrook region entered in the Queensland Heritage Register (QHR): . Springbrook Road and Associated Infrastructure . Numinbah School of Arts . Former Springbrook State School (QPWS Information Centre) The locations are shown at Figure 16.

Springbrook Road and Associated Infrastructure The heritage register boundary for the Springbrook Road and Associated Infrastructure encompasses the existing road reserve which includes the road carriageway, footpaths and verges. The heritage register boundary extends either side of the road to varying lengths and also incorporates Wunburra Lookout. The heritage listed area incorporates many historic heritage features include the original historical alignment, early cuttings, timber bridges, stone culverts, springboard trees, plaques and significant views and vistas.

Numinbah School of Arts The School of Arts building is located along Nerang - Murwillumbah Road at Numinbah Valley, and the heritage listing is confined to the lot on which the building is located.

Former Springbrook State School (QPWS Information Centre) The former Springbrook State School is located along Springbrook Road and is now used as the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service’s Information Centre. Built in 1911, the place is historically significant in demonstrating the settlement of the Gold Coast Hinterland mountain plateau, which did not occur until after 1906 due to difficult mountain access. The Information Centre has been renamed Gauriemabah in recent years, meaning Place of Stories, and contains signage interpreting both the history and cultural values of the region. The listing for the former school encompasses a small portion of the National Park (Lot 495 on NPW918).

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Figure 16 Location of QHR places

Source: Urbis 2020

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3.2.2. Local Heritage Places There are five local heritage places in the Springbrook area, three of which are also State listed: . Springbrook Road and Associated Infrastructure . Numinbah Valley School of Arts . Banana Packing Shed . Springbrook Community Hall . Former Springbrook State School (QPWS Information Centre) The locations of these are shown at Figure 17.

Banana Packing Shed The banana packing shed, erected around 1962, is historically significant as an example of the type of expedient, timber structure built on banana plantations to provide packing facilities for growers. Banana growing was a major industry in the Numinbah Valley from the 1920s until the 1980s and important in the economic development of the area. The listing for the Banana Packing Shed encompasses the building and surrounding property including four drains, three retaining walls and moveable heritage items associated with the structure’s former use.

Springbrook Community Hall Built in 1947, the Springbrook Community Hall, demonstrates a function as a community building that has been important in the development of the Springbrook community. The heritage listing encompasses the entire lot the building is located on.

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Figure 17 Location of QHR places in Springbrook Region

Source: Urbis 2020

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4. IDENTIFICATION OF SUSTAINABLE CULTURAL HERITAGE OPTIONS A cableway in the region would provide a number of opportunities to promote the significant Indigenous and non-indigenous cultural heritage values of the region. Understanding the nature and extent of cultural heritage values early in the design process allows infrastructure to be designed so as to avoid physical impacts as much as possible, but also allows for significant places and features to be promoted and enhanced through the design. 4.1. HERITAGE TRAIL The cableway could form a heritage trail telling stories of the pre-historic and historic land use of the area along its journey. These could take the form of static interpretive signage, audio guides, multimedia displays in the cable car, or interpretive media accessed through devices. Consultation with traditional owners also offers the opportunity to identify significant songlines or dreamtime stories which could be used to help inform the route of the cableway. 4.2. CULTURAL HERITAGE TOURS There are options for the establishment of guided tours undertaken by the Aboriginal party/ies to communicate the significant Indigenous cultural heritage values. Walking tours at either end of the cableway may also follow songlines or dreamtimes paths, identify bush tucker, and talk about traditional hunting practices. 4.3. INTERPRETIVE CENTRE Opportunities exist at either end of the cableway for the establishment of an interpretive centre which could be run by the Aboriginal Party/ies and used to interpret the cultural heritage values of the region. There’s further opportunities for restaurants/cafes to form part of the centre with Indigenous food experiences and using food native to the area. 4.4. INTERPRETIVE MEDIA Interpretive media options include augmented reality, iBeacon and QR codes to promote the cultural heritage values of the region, while limiting the physical impact 4.4.1. Augmented reality Augmented Reality (AR) uses digital technology to capture a real life environment or item, then enhances or alters it through use of another image or other digital information. The prevalence of smart phones and digital technology in contemporary society suggests the use of AR is an attractive option for the heritage trail. This technology could be employed along the cableway route to view the landscape during different time periods which would interpret both the natural and cultural heritage values of the region in a low impact manner e.g. prior to Indigenous occupation of the land, during Indigenous occupation, and early European settlement of the area. An alternative application of this technology could be the use of marker-based AR. This enables smart phone users to point their device’s camera at a given image or marker, to reveal three-dimensional imagery. 4.4.2. iBeacon, or Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Devices BLE utilises small wireless devices that can be placed in a discreet location in a given space, to send information alerts to Bluetooth-enabled smart devices (mobile phones or tablets) that information about a place or object is available, when that smart device is within a given proximity to the BLE device. In the context of a heritage trail, these BLE devices could be located in association with wayfinding objects, enabling interested visitors to access digital information beyond what is available on the wayfinder.

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4.5. SUSTAINABLE ACCESS The heritage listed Springbrook Road contains significant cuttings and early timber bridges which would need substantial improvements to enable increased traffic to Springbrook if tourism in the area continues to flourish. Improvements to the road and bridges would likely impact on the cultural heritage values of the road, and the provision of access via cableway would minimise traffic on this historical road, and therefore minimise impacts. Further to this, carparking is currently an issue at Springbrook and is potentially indirectly impacting on heritage values as cars are parked in undesignated areas. It is considered likely that cableway access would reduce the number of vehicles, and minimising these indirect impacts.

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5. RECOMMENDATIONS Based on an assessment of historical land use, and identification of known cultural heritage values of the region, the following recommendations are made: . It is strongly recommended that consultation with Aboriginal Parties commences early on in the process and ongoing throughout design and construction, and that these parties are involved in all decisions relating to cultural heritage. This includes potential options identified at Section 4 and content of any potential interpretive media.

. Consultation with local history groups should also be undertaken to obtain stories of European settlement and occupation which should be communicated to ensure these stories continued to be passed through generations and a local connection is maintained.

. Increased vehicular traffic to Springbrook would significantly impact on the State listed road, and this should be considered in design and construction.

. While the region contains registered Indigenous and non-Indigenous heritage places, this is not an exhaustive list of all cultural heritage values within the region. Prior to a route being determined, a comprehensive predictive model and heritage survey should be undertaken and the key findings should help to inform a potential future route.

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REFERENCES Allom Lovell 2002 Springbrook: A Heritage and Character Study. Brisbane Courier 1908 Springbrook Settlers. 4 November 1908, p4. Brisbane Courier 1923 A Springbrook Grievance. 12 September 1923, p10 Brisbane Courier 1924 Main Roads Board and Tenders: Mudgeeraba Springbrook Road. 5 August 1924, p13 Brisbane Courier 1924 A Council’s Difficulties. 5 September 1924, p Brisbane Courier 1925 Springbrook. 12 August 1925, p19 Courier Mail 1938 Isolated by Landslide: families Face a Lonely Month.5 February 1938, p13. Courier Mail 1935 Toll to be Levied: Mudgeeraba- Springbrook Road.. 30 October 1935, p17. DERM 2011 Springbrook Road and Associated Infrastructure. Queensland Heritage Register Entry #602140. Gold Coast Bulletin 1963 The One way Road Becomes an Open Highway. 30 June 1963. Gold Coast Bulletin 1963 Widening of One Way to Springbrook. 2 October 1963. Gold Coast Bulletin 1964 Will be Tourist Bonanza: Opening of Two way Road Springbrook. 3 July 1964, p14. Gold Coast Bulletin 1995 Bridge Cracks. 8-9 June 1995, p5. Gold Coast Bulletin 2004 Crazy Rule Denies Access to Property. 19 May 2004. Gold Coast News 2009 Springbrook Road re-opened. Retrieved 9 September 2011 from http://www.goldcoast.com.au/article/2009/06/01/84221_gold-coast-news.html Gold Coast Sun 2003 Locals Have Say in Bridge Design. 15 October 2003, p46. Gold Coast Sun 2003 Axe the Trees Call on Deadly Avenue. 31 December 2003. Hall Pamela 1990 Springbrook Where the Clouds Touch the Earth: A History of the Plateau. Watson Ferguson and Co, Brisbane. Herald Sun 1995 Accident Sparks Calls for Added Safety Measures. 27 July 1995. Kombumerri Aboriginal Corporation for Culture, 2001 The language of the Wangerriburra and neighbouring groups in the Yugambeh region, Beenleigh. Longhurst, Robert. 1988 Nerang Shire: a History to 1949. Nerang, Nerang Shire Council. MacDonald, A. 2009 Miracle Escape for Coast Family, April 5th 2009 retrieved 9 September 2011 from http://www.goldcoast.com.au/article/2009/04/05/66461_gold-coast-lead-story.html Marquis Kyle, P and Walker, M. 2004 The Illustrated Burra Charter, Canberra Australia ICOMOS. Morning Bulletin 1945 Queensland Road Tolls to Go. 1 October 1945, p3 Queensland Parks and Wildlife 2008 Springbrook Fire Strategy: Springbrook, Numinbah, Austinville, Draft, April 2009. South Coast Bulletin 1959 Springbrook Pioneers Went Back to the Mountain. 21 October 1959. Springbrook Information Centre ND History: A brief history of the Springbrook area.

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DISCLAIMER This report is dated 27 August 2020 and incorporates information and events up to that date only and excludes any information arising, or event occurring, after that date which may affect the validity of Urbis Pty Ltd (Urbis) opinion in this report. Urbis prepared this report on the instructions, and for the benefit only, of CoGG (Instructing Party) for the purpose of Heritage advice (Purpose) and not for any other purpose or use. To the extent permitted by applicable law, Urbis expressly disclaims all liability, whether direct or indirect, to the Instructing Party which relies or purports to rely on this report for any purpose other than the Purpose, and to any other person which relies or purports to rely on this report for any purpose whatsoever (including the Purpose). In preparing this report, Urbis was required to make judgements which may be affected by unforeseen future events, the likelihood and effects of which are not capable of precise assessment. All surveys, forecasts, projections and recommendations contained in or associated with this report are made in good faith and on the basis of information supplied to Urbis at the date of this report, and upon which Urbis relied. Achievement of the projections and budgets set out in this report will depend, among other things, on the actions of others over which Urbis has no control. In preparing this report, Urbis may rely on or refer to documents in a language other than English, which Urbis may arrange to be translated. Urbis is not responsible for the accuracy or completeness of such translations and disclaims any liability for any statement or opinion made in this report being inaccurate or incomplete arising from such translations. Whilst Urbis has made all reasonable inquiries it believes necessary in preparing this report, it is not responsible for determining the completeness or accuracy of information provided to it. Urbis (including its officers and personnel) is not liable for any errors or omissions, including in information provided by the Instructing Party or another person or upon which Urbis relies, provided that such errors or omissions are not made by Urbis recklessly or in bad faith. This report has been prepared with due care and diligence by Urbis and the statements and opinions given by Urbis in this report are given in good faith and in the reasonable belief that they are correct and not misleading, subject to the limitations above.

URBIS SPRINGBROOK CABLEWAY PRELIMINARY CH ASSESSMENT 27082020.DOCX DISCLAIMER 21 APPENDIX A DATSIP RESULTS

URBIS 22 DATSIP RESULTS SPRINGBROOK CABLEWAY PRELIMINARY CH ASSESSMENT 27082020.DOCX Lot on Plan Search

Reference Number: 72079 Lot: 3 Plan: RP126278 LGA: Gold Coast City Buffer Distance: 15000 metres

Cultural heritage site points for the area are: Site ID Latitude Longitude Record Date Attribute Party LA:A11 -28.24807 153.236937 Jan 1, 1979 Cultural Site Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A11 -28.24807 153.236937 Jan 1, 1979 Dwelling(s) Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A11 -28.24807 153.236937 Jan 1, 1979 Landscape Feature Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A11 -28.24807 153.236937 Jan 1, 1980 Cultural Site Gold Coast Native Title Group

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Cultural heritage site points for the area are: Site ID Latitude Longitude Record Date Attribute Party LA:A11 -28.24807 153.236937 Jan 1, 1980 Dwelling(s) Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A11 -28.24807 153.236937 Jan 1, 1980 Landscape Feature Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A11 -28.24807 153.236937 Jan 1, 1981 Cultural Site Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A11 -28.24807 153.236937 Jan 1, 1981 Dwelling(s) Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A11 -28.24807 153.236937 Jan 1, 1981 Landscape Feature Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A11 -28.24807 153.236937 Feb 3, 1982 Cultural Site Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A11 -28.24807 153.236937 Feb 3, 1982 Dwelling(s) Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A11 -28.24807 153.236937 Feb 3, 1982 Landscape Feature Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A12 -28.185924 153.174276 Jan 1, 1987 Burial(s) Danggan Balun (Five Rivers) People LA:A17 -28.213029 153.153938 Mar 19, 1980 Quarry(s) Danggan Balun (Five Rivers) People LA:A18 -28.140743 153.206791 Aug 21, 1980 Artefact Scatter Danggan Balun (Five Rivers) People LA:A18 -28.140743 153.206791 Aug 21, 1980 Burial(s) Danggan Balun (Five Rivers) People LA:A19 -28.208441 153.209977 Nov 25, 1980 Artefact Scatter Danggan Balun (Five Rivers) People LA:A19 -28.208441 153.209977 Nov 25, 1980 Burial(s) Danggan Balun (Five Rivers) People LA:A19 -28.208441 153.209977 Nov 25, 1980 Landscape Feature Danggan Balun (Five Rivers) People LA:A20 -28.208441 153.209977 Mar 19, 1980 Artefact Scatter Danggan Balun (Five Rivers) People LA:A22 -28.208449 153.204882 Mar 19, 1980 Landscape Feature Danggan Balun (Five Rivers) People 24 Jun 2020 15:49 Lot on Plan Search

Cultural heritage site points for the area are: Site ID Latitude Longitude Record Date Attribute Party LA:A29 -28.083632 153.39494 Jun 28, 1977 Scarred/Carved Gold Coast Native Tree Title Group LA:A30 -28.079329 153.390741 Jun 28, 1977 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A31 -28.071663 153.388494 Jun 28, 1977 Scarred/Carved Gold Coast Native Tree Title Group LA:A60 -28.045083 153.188293 Jul 1, 1990 Artefact Scatter Danggan Balun (Five Rivers) People LA:A61 -28.055012 153.189327 Jul 1, 1990 Artefact Scatter Danggan Balun (Five Rivers) People LA:A61 -28.055012 153.189327 Jul 1, 1990 Stone Danggan Balun Arrangement(s) (Five Rivers) People LA:A63 -28.073548 153.388837 Mar 21, 1985 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A65 -28.14482 153.403352 Jan 25, 1995 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A66 -28.114131 153.402219 Jan 25, 1995 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A69 -28.117716 153.410907 Jan 25, 1995 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A70 -28.117265 153.410885 Jan 25, 1995 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A72 -28.113061 153.388134 Feb 1, 1995 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A73 -28.110244 153.388409 Feb 1, 1995 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A74 -28.110537 153.390171 Feb 1, 1995 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A75 -28.11068 153.393918 Feb 1, 1995 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A76 -28.109359 153.407383 Feb 1, 1995 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A77 -28.110197 153.407804 Feb 1, 1995 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A78 -28.11146 153.408104 Feb 1, 1995 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A79 -28.113989 153.407523 Feb 1, 1995 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group

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Cultural heritage site points for the area are: Site ID Latitude Longitude Record Date Attribute Party LA:A80 -28.11646 153.405455 Feb 1, 1995 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A81 -28.118598 153.411867 Feb 1, 1995 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A88 -28.123142 153.404767 Feb 1, 1995 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A89 -28.124926 153.405843 Feb 1, 1995 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A90 -28.126078 153.407029 Feb 1, 1995 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A91 -28.127592 153.407991 Feb 1, 1995 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A92 -28.129486 153.408528 Feb 1, 1995 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A93 -28.123798 153.411704 Feb 1, 1995 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A94 -28.124536 153.412419 Feb 1, 1995 Scarred/Carved Gold Coast Native Tree Title Group LA:A96 -28.115671 153.38791 Feb 1, 1995 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A97 -28.121031 153.388581 Feb 1, 1995 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A98 -28.114553 153.393597 Feb 1, 1995 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:A99 -28.129589 153.41031 Feb 1, 1995 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:B00 -28.126648 153.391086 Feb 1, 1995 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:B02 -28.131338 153.382936 Jul 12, 1991 Burial(s) Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:B03 -28.094635 153.401485 Nov 1, 1984 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:B03 -28.094635 153.401485 Nov 1, 1984 Scarred/Carved Gold Coast Native Tree Title Group LA:B09 -28.193361 153.230122 Nov 1, 1992 Scarred/Carved Danggan Balun Tree (Five Rivers) People LA:B10 -28.172117 153.221245 Nov 1, 1992 Artefact Scatter Danggan Balun (Five Rivers) People LA:B36 -28.087374 153.367003 Apr 1, 1996 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group

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Cultural heritage site points for the area are: Site ID Latitude Longitude Record Date Attribute Party LA:B78 -28.090664 153.401113 Feb 7, 2000 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:B81 -28.098783 153.40318 Feb 8, 2000 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:C25 -28.053012 153.179403 May 1, 1995 Artefact Scatter Danggan Balun (Five Rivers) People LA:C29 -28.026413 153.305005 Jan 1, 1963 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:C29 -28.026413 153.305005 Jan 1, 1963 Scarred/Carved Gold Coast Native Tree Title Group LA:C33 -28.179258 153.202942 Jan 1, 1970 Artefact Scatter Danggan Balun (Five Rivers) People LA:C34 -28.247879 153.243267 Jan 1, 1970 Artefact Scatter Danggan Balun (Five Rivers) People LA:C44 -28.176857 153.202785 Apr 4, 1970 Burial(s) Danggan Balun (Five Rivers) People LA:C45 -28.247212 153.237577 Aug 31, 2000 Burial(s) Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:C46 -28.247212 153.237577 Aug 31, 2000 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:C47 -28.248114 153.237579 Aug 31, 2000 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:C48 -28.163306 153.20989 Aug 31, 2000 Artefact Scatter Danggan Balun (Five Rivers) People LA:C49 -28.229154 153.239576 Aug 31, 2000 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:C50 -28.247246 153.21719 Aug 31, 2000 Artefact Scatter Danggan Balun (Five Rivers) People LA:C51 -28.220135 153.235479 Aug 31, 2000 Isolated Find Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:C56 -28.227345 153.231611 Jul 28, 1999 Artefact Scatter Danggan Balun (Five Rivers) People LA:C56 -28.227345 153.231611 Jul 28, 1999 Scarred/Carved Danggan Balun Tree (Five Rivers) People

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Cultural heritage site points for the area are: Site ID Latitude Longitude Record Date Attribute Party LA:C56 -28.224711 153.23021 Jul 28, 1999 Artefact Scatter Danggan Balun (Five Rivers) People LA:C56 -28.224711 153.23021 Jul 28, 1999 Scarred/Carved Danggan Balun Tree (Five Rivers) People LA:C65 -28.197146 153.217088 Jan 1, 1987 Artefact Scatter Danggan Balun (Five Rivers) People LA:C65 -28.197146 153.217088 Jan 1, 1987 Burial(s) Danggan Balun (Five Rivers) People LA:C78 -28.058387 153.271073 Jul 22, 2004 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:C87 -28.069987 153.260006 Aug 16, 2004 Shell Midden(s) Gold Coast Native Title Group LA:D06 -28.094315 153.32865 Sep 13, 2005 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000001 -28.11514 153.232143 Jun 21, 2013 Scarred/Carved Gold Coast Native Tree Title Group LA00000059 -28.034157 153.320146 May 20, 2011 Isolated Find Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000060 -28.038877 153.320546 May 20, 2011 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000061 -28.027367 153.342066 May 20, 2011 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000062 -28.025137 153.338336 May 20, 2011 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000063 -28.051407 153.323066 Apr 6, 2011 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000064 -28.051127 153.322556 Apr 6, 2011 Isolated Find Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000065 -28.051117 153.322826 Apr 6, 2011 Isolated Find Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000066 -28.050677 153.322306 Apr 6, 2011 Isolated Find Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000067 -28.050217 153.322056 Apr 6, 2011 Isolated Find Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000068 -28.050097 153.322046 Apr 6, 2011 Isolated Find Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000069 -28.050287 153.321966 Apr 6, 2011 Isolated Find Gold Coast Native Title Group

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Cultural heritage site points for the area are: Site ID Latitude Longitude Record Date Attribute Party LA00000070 -28.050327 153.322006 Apr 6, 2011 Isolated Find Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000071 -28.051087 153.322656 Apr 6, 2011 Isolated Find Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000072 -28.051067 153.322616 Apr 14, 2011 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000073 -28.124687 153.411386 Nov 16, 2012 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000081 -28.123697 153.411616 Nov 16, 2012 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000082 -28.129247 153.408666 Nov 16, 2012 Isolated Find Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000083 -28.128957 153.408296 Nov 16, 2012 Isolated Find Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000084 -28.130137 153.408166 Nov 16, 2012 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000085 -28.130107 153.408546 Nov 16, 2012 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000086 -28.130177 153.408396 Nov 16, 2012 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000087 -28.130367 153.408396 Nov 16, 2012 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000088 -28.130297 153.408376 Nov 16, 2012 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000089 -28.130237 153.408236 Nov 16, 2012 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000090 -28.130217 153.408376 Nov 16, 2012 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000091 -28.130217 153.408206 Nov 16, 2012 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000092 -28.130157 153.408116 Nov 16, 2012 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000093 -28.130217 153.408226 Nov 16, 2012 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000094 -28.130017 153.408666 Nov 16, 2012 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000095 -28.130227 153.408266 Nov 16, 2012 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000096 -28.130227 153.408366 Nov 16, 2012 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000097 -28.130247 153.408556 Nov 16, 2012 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group 24 Jun 2020 15:49 Lot on Plan Search

Cultural heritage site points for the area are: Site ID Latitude Longitude Record Date Attribute Party LA00000098 -28.156737 153.340356 Nov 1, 2013 Scarred/Carved Gold Coast Native Tree Title Group LA00000099 -28.090587 153.232676 Nov 25, 2013 Isolated Find Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000100 -28.090687 153.232806 Nov 25, 2013 Isolated Find Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000101 -28.090687 153.232706 Nov 25, 2013 Isolated Find Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000102 -28.091187 153.233666 Nov 25, 2013 Isolated Find Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000103 -28.092487 153.234806 Nov 25, 2013 Isolated Find Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000104 -28.091087 153.233306 Nov 25, 2013 Scarred/Carved Gold Coast Native Tree Title Group LA00000105 -28.108847 153.263426 Dec 3, 2013 Isolated Find Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000106 -28.108327 153.262926 Dec 3, 2013 Isolated Find Gold Coast Native Title Group LA00000107 -28.111197 153.267506 Dec 3, 2013 Scarred/Carved Danggan Balun Tree (Five Rivers) People LA00000111 -28.065937 153.313536 Dec 2, 2014 Scarred/Carved Gold Coast Native Tree Title Group LA00000112 -28.066077 153.313526 Dec 2, 2014 Isolated Find Gold Coast Native Title Group LB:A57 -28.068383 153.181068 Nov 8, 1978 Landscape Feature Danggan Balun (Five Rivers) People

Cultural heritage site polygons for the area are: Site ID Latitude Longitude Record Date Attribute Party LA-0002-1 -28.05225 153.379658 Feb 12, 2018 Aboriginal Gold Coast Native Intangible Place Title Group LA-0002-2 -28.05225 153.379658 Feb 12, 2018 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group LA-0003-1 -28.021901 153.30999 Apr 18, 2019 Artefact Scatter Gold Coast Native Title Group Warning: In some cases site polygon areas may overlap multiple Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander Parties. If your search area includes a site polygon area with multiple parties please contact the Cultural Heritage Unit on 1300 378 401 to confirm the custodian of these sites.

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Cultural heritage party for the area is: QC Ref Number QUD Ref Number Party Name Contact Details QC2006/010 PRC QUD346/06 Gold Coast Native Title Gold Coast Native Title Group Group c/- Jabree Limited PO Box 1103 SOUTHPORT BC QLD 4215

Phone: 1300 558 923 Mobile: 0402 003 721 Email: [email protected] QC2017/007 QUD331/2017 Danggan Balun (Five Rivers) Danggan Balun (Five Rivers) People Queensland South Native Title Services PO Box 10832 BRISBANE QLD 4000

Freecall: 1800 663 693 Phone: (07) 3224 1200 Email: [email protected]

Cultural heritage body for the area is: Body Name Contact Details Jabree Limited Jabree Limited PO Box 1103 SOUTHPORT BC QLD 4215

Phone: 1300 558 923 Mobile: 0402 003 721 Email: [email protected]

Cultural Heritage Management Plans (CHMPs) for the area is: CHL Number Sponsor Party Approved CLH000530 Gold Coast City Council ENDORSED PARTY S35(7) Oct 30, 2008 CLH011025 Boral Resources (QLD) Pty Jabree Ltd Nov 13, 2012 Ltd

There are no Designated Landscape Areas (DLA) recorded in your specific search area.

There are no Registered Study Cultural Heritage Areas recorded in your specific search area.

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Regional Coordinator: Name Position Phone Mobile Email Andrew Rutch Cultural Heritage 07 3003 6446 0459 840 294 [email protected] Coordinator Southern Region

Disclaimer: Department of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Partnerships is the custodian of spatial data provided by various third parties for inclusion in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultural heritage online portal. This includes spatial data provided by the National Native Title Tribunal and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander parties. Department of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Partnerships is not responsible for the accuracy of information provided by third parties or any errors in this search report arising from such information. Map Datum: Geographic Latitude & Longitude (GDA2020)

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I refer to your submission in which you requested advice regarding Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander cultural heritage recorded at your nominated location.

The Cultural Heritage Database and Register have been searched in accordance with the location description provided, and the results are set out in the above report.

Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander cultural heritage which may exist within the search area is protected under the terms of the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Act 2003 and the Torres Strait Islander Cultural Heritage Act 2003, even if the Department of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Partnerships has no records relating to it.

Under the legislation a person carrying out an activity must take all reasonable and practicable measures to ensure the activity does not harm Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander cultural heritage. This applies whether or not such places are recorded in an official register and whether or not they are located on private land.

Please refer to our website https://www.datsip.qld.gov.au/people-communities/aboriginal-torres-strait-islander- cultural-heritage for a copy of the gazetted Cultural Heritage Duty of Care Guidelines, which set out reasonable and practicable measure for meeting the cultural heritage duty of care.

In order to meet your duty of care, any land-use activity within the vicinity of recorded cultural heritage should not proceed without the agreement of the Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander Party for the area, or by developing a Cultural Heritage Management Plan under Part 7 of the legislation.

If your proposed activity is deemed a Category 5 activity pursuant to the Duty of Care Guidelines, there is generally a high risk that it may harm cultural heritage. In these circumstances, the activity should not proceed without cultural heritage assessment.

Where a category 5 activity is proposed, it is necessary to notify the Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander Party and seek: a. Advice as to whether the area is culturally significant; b. If it is, agreement on how best the activity may be managed to avoid or minimise harm to any cultural heritage values.

The extent to which the person has complied with Cultural Heritage Duty of Care Guidelines and the extent the person consulted Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander Parties about carrying out the activity – and the results of the consultation – are factors a court may consider when determining if a land user has complied with the cultural heritage duty of care.

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Should you have any further queries, please do not hesitate to contact the Search Approval Officer on 1300 378 401.

Kind regards

The Director Cultural Heritage | Community Participation | Department of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Partnerships

24 Jun 2020 15:49 URBIS SPRINGBROOK CABLEWAY PRELIMINARY CH ASSESSMENT 27082020.DOCX DATSIP RESULTS 23