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Report of a Mass Mortality of Euastacus Valentulus (Decapoda

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Report of a Mass Mortality of Euastacus Valentulus (Decapoda Report of a mass mortality of Euastacus valentulus (Decapoda: Parastacidae) in southeast Queensland, Australia, with a discussion of the potential impacts of climate change induced severe weather events on freshwater crayfish species Author Furse, James, Coughran, Jason, Wild, Clyde Published 2012 Journal Title Crustacean Research Copyright Statement © 2012 The Carcinological Society of Japan. The attached file is reproduced here in accordance with the copyright policy of the publisher. Please refer to the journal's website for access to the definitive, published version. Downloaded from http://hdl.handle.net/10072/50569 Link to published version http://rose.hucc.hokudai.ac.jp/~s16828/cr/e-site/Top_page.html Griffith Research Online https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au CRUSTACEAN RESEARCH, SPECIAL NUMBER 7: 15–24, 2012 Report of a mass mortality of Euastacus valentulus (Decapoda: Parastacidae) in southeast Queensland, Australia, with a discussion of the potential impacts of climate change induced severe weather events on freshwater crayfish species James M. Furse, Jason Coughran and Clyde H. Wild Abstract.—In addition to predicted changes Leckie, 2007) including in “vast” numbers in climate, more frequent and intense severe (Viosca, 1939; Olszewski, 1980). Mass weather events (e.g. tropical cyclones, severe emersions and mortalities have also been storms and droughts) have been identified as recorded in marine crayfish in hypoxic serious and emerging threats to the World’s conditions (Jasus lalandii H. Milne Edwards) freshwater crayfish. This paper documents a (Cockroft, 2001). It is also known that some single, high intensity rainfall event (in an area freshwater crayfish species are particularly known for phenomenal rainfall events) that led sensitive to severe flooding events (Parkyn & to a flash flood and mass mortality of Euastacus Collier, 2004; Meyer et al., 2007) and mass valentulus in the Numinbah Valley of southeast emersions/strandings have been reported in Queensland in 2008. Several hundred crayfish recent years (including in the UK, Lewis & died after evidently being swept away and Morris, 2008). entrapped in vegetation or buried in alluvium during this single extremely high flow event. In light of our observations, it is clear that severe Predicted Environmental Changes and weather events have the capacity to substantially Threats to Freshwater Crayfish impact/deplete freshwater crayfish populations. Predicted changes to climate include This emerging climate–driven threat is seen as overall reduced rainfall in some areas particularly significant for freshwater crayfish and increased rainfall in others (Chiew & species that occupy single localities with highly McMahon, 2002; Hughes, 2003). Anticipated restricted ranges. Clarification of geographic changes to weather patterns include more ranges would allow a priority list of the most “at frequent and increasingly severe weather risk” populations, which could prove useful in a events (SWEs), including tropical cyclones, management response to severe weather events, droughts, and severe storms with resultant which are predicted to be more frequent in future. flooding (Hughes, 2003; IPCC, 2007; Specht, 2008). INTRODUCTION Recent assessments of the World’s freshwater crayfish for the IUCN Red List Emersions, Strandings and Terrestrial Move- of Threatened Species identified changing ments climates and increased incidence and Freshwater crayfish are well known severity of SWEs as new and emerging for emersing from the water in response to threats to many species (Coughran & Furse, poor water quality (“black water events” 2010; IUCN, 2011). In particular, these are e.g. McKinnon, 1995) during or after heavy very serious threats to many of the highly rainfalls (Wygoda, 1981; Furse & Wild, restricted–range species in the Australian genus Euastacus–of which 12 species have 2002; Furse et al., 2004), and for periodically 2 moving overland (Riek, 1951; Coughran & total distributions of <10 km (Coughran NEW THREaT To FRESHWaTER CRayFISH; SEvERE WEaTHER EvENTS 17 16 16 ET AL. & Furse, 2010; Furse & Coughran, J.2011; M. Fur secrayfish (i.e. Euastacus sp.) along a section Coughran & Furse, 2012). The 50 species in of the Nerang River in the Numinbah Valley, the genus Euastacus are the most endangered southeast Queensland. These reports were of the World’s crayfish with 40 of the from herpetologist colleagues who maintain 50 species “Endangered” or “Critically long–term ecological monitoring sites in Endangered” (see Coughran & McCormack, the Numinbah Valley, and are familiar with 2011; Furse & Coughran, 2011; IUCN, 2011). the Euastacus of the area (Malone, 2008; The genus includes a number of exceptionally Simpkins 2008, personal communications). rare species, such as the 11 species that are Descriptions of the “kill” included large only known to inhabit single localities, and numbers of dead crayfish, including crayfish have highly restricted distributions (i.e. <10 lodged some distance above ground level km2). These species are already endangered in trees and riparian vegetation. A single by a well known and common suite of threats expedition was conducted to the Numinbah to invertebrates, first highlighted in the IUCN Valley late on the afternoon of the 10th of Invertebrate Red Data Book by Wells et al. January 2008 to investigate the reported (1983): i.e. destruction of habitat, pollution, crayfish mortality. exotic species, and human exploitation (see Coughran & Furse, 2012). Meteorological Conditions Leading to Flood However, we consider that the increased There had been significant rainfalls frequency and severity of SWEs is a over the southeast corner of Queensland potentially serious emerging threat for those (ca. 153°E, 28°S) in the 7 days prior to the flooding. The highest rainfall recorded in the highly restricted–range species that occur in th areas prone to large–scale SWEs (i.e. tropical 7 days to 0900 on the 5 January was 973 cyclones, floods) but also where episodic, mm, at Springbrook, ~2.5 km east of the localised but extremely high rainfall events Numinbah Valley. Higher falls were reported occur. It is conceivable that a single localised to have occurred 10 km further upstream in SWE could extirpate a restricted–range the Numinbah Valley, but reliable records species such as any of the aforementioned are not available. Heavy rain had fallen in Euastacus. late December and early January (270 mm in The objective of this paper is to report 48 hours) and rain continued over the next 2 and document a mass mortality of Euastacus days (a further 140 mm), before heavy rain set in on 3rd January (250 mm in 24 hours to valentulus Riek resulting from a single th th localised SWE in 2008. In addition, we 0900 4 January) and intensified on the 4 January (310 mm in the 24 hours to 0900 on will discuss the broader implications of th increased incidences of SWEs to the World’s the 5 January). The heaviest falls occurred on the freshwater crayfish, and provide suggestions th on possible responses to such events for land evening of 4 January with 192 mm of managers in areas known to be inhabited by rainfall in the 3 hours to midnight, leading these animals. to the flash flooding in the upper Nerang River, the Coomera and Logan Rivers (to the North), and the Albert River to the northwest ReSUlTS (Australian Bureau of Meteorology data On the evening of the 4th–5th January 2008 (BOM), 2008). (Southern Hemisphere Summer, the local Description of Locality wet season) a single, localised and severe The location of the observed mass crayfish storm event resulted in a rapid and dramatic mortality was along a 3rd order section (stream increase in height of local waterways, and order, Horton, 1932) of the headwaters of the extensive but temporary localised flash Nerang River, located on private property (a flooding of waterways (i.e. flooding only former farm, managed for conservation) in Fig. 1. Southeast corner of Queensland showing the City of the Gold Coast and Gold Coast Hinterland. Numbered lasting a few hours). Five days later on the the Numinbah Valley, southeast Queensland points denote, 1) The upper extent of the Hinze Dam Impoundment, 2) Environmental Education Facility, 3) 10th of January, the authors received two Numinbah valley Gage Station, 4) Site Inspected for Crayfish Mortality, 5)a uthor’s weather station, and 6) Head (coordinates 28°10'32.90"S 153°13'32.08"E, of the Numinbah Valley. Medium-grey shading denotes residential or light industrial areas. Note the considerable anecdotal reports of “numerous” dead spiny altitude ~170 m above sea level (a.s.l.) distance downstream from the site inspected by the authors to the Environmental Education Facility (where crayfish mortalities were also recorded). NEW THREaT To FRESHWaTER CRayFISH; SEvERE WEaTHER EvENTS 17 16 ET AL. 17 & Furse, 2010; Furse & Coughran, J.2011; M. Fur secrayfish (i.e. Euastacus sp.) along a section Coughran & Furse, 2012). The 50 species in of the Nerang River in the Numinbah Valley, the genus Euastacus are the most endangered southeast Queensland. These reports were of the World’s crayfish with 40 of the from herpetologist colleagues who maintain 50 species “Endangered” or “Critically long–term ecological monitoring sites in Endangered” (see Coughran & McCormack, the Numinbah Valley, and are familiar with 2011; Furse & Coughran, 2011; IUCN, 2011). the Euastacus of the area (Malone, 2008; The genus includes a number of exceptionally Simpkins 2008, personal communications). rare species, such as the 11 species that are Descriptions of the “kill” included large only known to inhabit single localities, and numbers of dead crayfish, including crayfish have highly restricted distributions (i.e. <10 lodged some distance above ground level km2). These species are already endangered in trees and riparian vegetation. A single by a well known and common suite of threats expedition was conducted to the Numinbah to invertebrates, first highlighted in the IUCN Valley late on the afternoon of the 10th of Invertebrate Red Data Book by Wells et al. January 2008 to investigate the reported (1983): i.e.
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