Odessa: Clandestine Mail Surveillance, 1920-1940
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+1. Introduction 2. Cyrillic Letter Rumanian Yn
MAIN.HTM 10/13/2006 06:42 PM +1. INTRODUCTION These are comments to "Additional Cyrillic Characters In Unicode: A Preliminary Proposal". I'm examining each section of that document, as well as adding some extra notes (marked "+" in titles). Below I use standard Russian Cyrillic characters; please be sure that you have appropriate fonts installed. If everything is OK, the following two lines must look similarly (encoding CP-1251): (sample Cyrillic letters) АабВЕеЗКкМНОопРрСсТуХхЧЬ (Latin letters and digits) Aa6BEe3KkMHOonPpCcTyXx4b 2. CYRILLIC LETTER RUMANIAN YN In the late Cyrillic semi-uncial Rumanian/Moldavian editions, the shape of YN was very similar to inverted PSI, see the following sample from the Ноул Тестамент (New Testament) of 1818, Neamt/Нямец, folio 542 v.: file:///Users/everson/Documents/Eudora%20Folder/Attachments%20Folder/Addons/MAIN.HTM Page 1 of 28 MAIN.HTM 10/13/2006 06:42 PM Here you can see YN and PSI in both upper- and lowercase forms. Note that the upper part of YN is not a sharp arrowhead, but something horizontally cut even with kind of serif (in the uppercase form). Thus, the shape of the letter in modern-style fonts (like Times or Arial) may look somewhat similar to Cyrillic "Л"/"л" with the central vertical stem looking like in lowercase "ф" drawn from the middle of upper horizontal line downwards, with regular serif at the bottom (horizontal, not slanted): Compare also with the proposed shape of PSI (Section 36). 3. CYRILLIC LETTER IOTIFIED A file:///Users/everson/Documents/Eudora%20Folder/Attachments%20Folder/Addons/MAIN.HTM Page 2 of 28 MAIN.HTM 10/13/2006 06:42 PM I support the idea that "IA" must be separated from "Я". -
Old Cyrillic in Unicode*
Old Cyrillic in Unicode* Ivan A Derzhanski Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences [email protected] The current version of the Unicode Standard acknowledges the existence of a pre- modern version of the Cyrillic script, but its support thereof is limited to assigning code points to several obsolete letters. Meanwhile mediæval Cyrillic manuscripts and some early printed books feature a plethora of letter shapes, ligatures, diacritic and punctuation marks that want proper representation. (In addition, contemporary editions of mediæval texts employ a variety of annotation signs.) As generally with scripts that predate printing, an obvious problem is the abundance of functional, chronological, regional and decorative variant shapes, the precise details of whose distribution are often unknown. The present contents of the block will need to be interpreted with Old Cyrillic in mind, and decisions to be made as to which remaining characters should be implemented via Unicode’s mechanism of variation selection, as ligatures in the typeface, or as code points in the Private space or the standard Cyrillic block. I discuss the initial stage of this work. The Unicode Standard (Unicode 4.0.1) makes a controversial statement: The historical form of the Cyrillic alphabet is treated as a font style variation of modern Cyrillic because the historical forms are relatively close to the modern appearance, and because some of them are still in modern use in languages other than Russian (for example, U+0406 “I” CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER I is used in modern Ukrainian and Byelorussian). Some of the letters in this range were used in modern typefaces in Russian and Bulgarian. -
Seize the Ъ: Linguistic and Social Change in Russian Orthographic Reform Eugenia Sokolskaya
Seize the Ъ: Linguistic and Social Change in Russian Orthographic Reform Eugenia Sokolskaya It would be convenient for linguists and language students if the written form of any language were a neutral and direct representation of the sounds emitted during speech. Instead, writing systems tend to lag behind linguistic change, retaining old spellings or morphological features instead of faithfully representing a language's phonetics. For better or worse, sometimes the writing can even cause a feedback loop, causing speakers to hypercorrect in imitation of an archaic spelling. The written and spoken forms of a language exist in a complex and fluid relationship, influenced to a large extent by history, accident, misconception, and even politics.1 While in many language communities these two forms – if writing exists – are allowed to develop and influence each other in relative freedom, with some informal commentary, in some cases a willful political leader or group may step in to attempt to intentionally reform the writing system. Such reforms are a risky venture, liable to anger proponents of historic accuracy and adherence to tradition, as well as to render most if not all of the population temporarily illiterate. With such high stakes, it is no wonder that orthographic reforms are not often attempted in the course of a language's history. The Russian language has undergone two sharply defined orthographic reforms, formulated as official government policy. The first, which we will from here on call the Petrine reform, was initiated in 1710 by Peter the Great. It defined a print alphabet for secular use, distancing the writing from the Church with its South Slavic lithurgical language. -
1 Symbols (2286)
1 Symbols (2286) USV Symbol Macro(s) Description 0009 \textHT <control> 000A \textLF <control> 000D \textCR <control> 0022 ” \textquotedbl QUOTATION MARK 0023 # \texthash NUMBER SIGN \textnumbersign 0024 $ \textdollar DOLLAR SIGN 0025 % \textpercent PERCENT SIGN 0026 & \textampersand AMPERSAND 0027 ’ \textquotesingle APOSTROPHE 0028 ( \textparenleft LEFT PARENTHESIS 0029 ) \textparenright RIGHT PARENTHESIS 002A * \textasteriskcentered ASTERISK 002B + \textMVPlus PLUS SIGN 002C , \textMVComma COMMA 002D - \textMVMinus HYPHEN-MINUS 002E . \textMVPeriod FULL STOP 002F / \textMVDivision SOLIDUS 0030 0 \textMVZero DIGIT ZERO 0031 1 \textMVOne DIGIT ONE 0032 2 \textMVTwo DIGIT TWO 0033 3 \textMVThree DIGIT THREE 0034 4 \textMVFour DIGIT FOUR 0035 5 \textMVFive DIGIT FIVE 0036 6 \textMVSix DIGIT SIX 0037 7 \textMVSeven DIGIT SEVEN 0038 8 \textMVEight DIGIT EIGHT 0039 9 \textMVNine DIGIT NINE 003C < \textless LESS-THAN SIGN 003D = \textequals EQUALS SIGN 003E > \textgreater GREATER-THAN SIGN 0040 @ \textMVAt COMMERCIAL AT 005C \ \textbackslash REVERSE SOLIDUS 005E ^ \textasciicircum CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT 005F _ \textunderscore LOW LINE 0060 ‘ \textasciigrave GRAVE ACCENT 0067 g \textg LATIN SMALL LETTER G 007B { \textbraceleft LEFT CURLY BRACKET 007C | \textbar VERTICAL LINE 007D } \textbraceright RIGHT CURLY BRACKET 007E ~ \textasciitilde TILDE 00A0 \nobreakspace NO-BREAK SPACE 00A1 ¡ \textexclamdown INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK 00A2 ¢ \textcent CENT SIGN 00A3 £ \textsterling POUND SIGN 00A4 ¤ \textcurrency CURRENCY SIGN 00A5 ¥ \textyen YEN SIGN 00A6 -
Multilingualism, the Needs of the Institutions of the European Community
COMMISSION Bruxelles le, 30 juillet 1992 DES COMMUNAUTÉS VERSION 4 EUROPÉENNES SERVICE DE TRADUCTION Informatique SdT-02 (92) D/466 M U L T I L I N G U A L I S M The needs of the Institutions of the European Community Adresse provisoire: rue de la Loi 200 - B-1049 Bruxelles, BELGIQUE Téléphone: ligne directe 295.00.94; standard 299.11.11; Telex: COMEU B21877 - Adresse télégraphique COMEUR Bruxelles - Télécopieur 295.89.33 Author: P. Alevantis, Revisor: Dorothy Senez, Document: D:\ALE\DOC\MUL9206.wp, Produced with WORDPERFECT for WINDOWS v. 5.1 Multilingualism V.4 - page 2 this page is left blanc Multilingualism V.4 - page 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 0. INTRODUCTION 1. LANGUAGES 2. CHARACTER RÉPERTOIRE 3. ORDERING 4. CODING 5. KEYBOARDS ANNEXES 0. DEFINITIONS 1. LANGUAGES 2. CHARACTER RÉPERTOIRE 3. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CONCERNING ORDERING 4. LIST OF KEYBOARDS REFERENCES Multilingualism V.4 - page 4 this page is left blanc Multilingualism V.4 - page 5 0. INTRODUCTION The Institutions of the European Community produce documents in all 9 official languages of the Community (French, English, German, Italian, Dutch, Danish, Greek, Spanish and Portuguese). The need to handle all these languages at the same time is a political obligation which stems from the Treaties and cannot be questionned. The creation of the European Economic Space which links the European Economic Community with the countries of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) together with the continuing improvement in collaboration with the countries of Central and Eastern Europe oblige the European Institutions to plan for the regular production of documents in European languages other than the 9 official ones on a medium-term basis (i.e. -
Cyrillic # Version Number
############################################################### # # TLD: xn--j1aef # Script: Cyrillic # Version Number: 1.0 # Effective Date: July 1st, 2011 # Registry: Verisign, Inc. # Address: 12061 Bluemont Way, Reston VA 20190, USA # Telephone: +1 (703) 925-6999 # Email: [email protected] # URL: http://www.verisigninc.com # ############################################################### ############################################################### # # Codepoints allowed from the Cyrillic script. # ############################################################### U+0430 # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A U+0431 # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BE U+0432 # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER VE U+0433 # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GE U+0434 # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DE U+0435 # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IE U+0436 # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZHE U+0437 # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZE U+0438 # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER II U+0439 # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHORT II U+043A # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER KA U+043B # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EL U+043C # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EM U+043D # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EN U+043E # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER O U+043F # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER PE U+0440 # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ER U+0441 # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ES U+0442 # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TE U+0443 # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER U U+0444 # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EF U+0445 # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER KHA U+0446 # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TSE U+0447 # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER CHE U+0448 # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHA U+0449 # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHCHA U+044A # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HARD SIGN U+044B # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YERI U+044C # CYRILLIC -
Church Slavonic Fonts
Church Slavonic Fonts Aleksandr Andreev∗ Nikita Simmons September 6, 2020 version 2.2 (pdf file generated on September 6, 2020) Contents 1 Introduction 2 1.1 License ................................ 3 1.2 Description .............................. 3 1.3 Installation and Usage ........................ 3 1.3.1 Font Formats ........................ 4 1.4 Source Packages ........................... 4 1.5 System Requirements ........................ 4 1.5.1 Microsoft Windows ..................... 5 1.5.2 GNU/Linux ......................... 5 1.5.3 OS X ............................. 5 1.6 Private Use Area ........................... 5 2 OpenType Tenology 6 2.1 On Microsoft Windows ....................... 6 2.2 On GNU/Linux ............................ 7 2.3 OpenType Features ......................... 7 2.3.1 Combining Mark Positioning ............... 7 2.3.2 Glyph Composition and Decomposition ......... 8 2.3.3 Language-based Features ................. 8 2.3.4 Stylistic Alternatives and Stylistic Sets .......... 9 2.4 SIL Graphite Technology ...................... 9 2.5 Support of Advanced Features in LibreOffice ........... 10 ∗ Comments may be directed to [email protected]. 1 3 Fonts for Synodal Slavonic 10 3.1 Ponomar Unicode .......................... 10 3.1.1 Advanced Features of the Font .............. 13 4 Fonts for Pre-Nikonian Printed Slavonic 15 4.1 Fedorovsk Unicode ......................... 15 4.1.1 Advanced Features of the Font .............. 16 5 Fonts for Working with Ancient Manuscripts 18 5.1 Menaion Unicode .......................... 18 5.1.1 Advanced Features of the Font .............. 18 6 Fonts for Academic Work 18 6.1 Monomakh Unicode ......................... 18 6.1.1 Advanced Features of the Font .............. 22 6.2 Shafarik ............................... 24 7 Decorative Fonts 24 7.1 Indiction Unicode .......................... 24 7.2 Vertograd Unicode .......................... 25 7.3 Cathisma Unicode ......................... -
MSR-4: Annotated Repertoire Tables, Non-CJK
Maximal Starting Repertoire - MSR-4 Annotated Repertoire Tables, Non-CJK Integration Panel Date: 2019-01-25 How to read this file: This file shows all non-CJK characters that are included in the MSR-4 with a yellow background. The set of these code points matches the repertoire specified in the XML format of the MSR. Where present, annotations on individual code points indicate some or all of the languages a code point is used for. This file lists only those Unicode blocks containing non-CJK code points included in the MSR. Code points listed in this document, which are PVALID in IDNA2008 but excluded from the MSR for various reasons are shown with pinkish annotations indicating the primary rationale for excluding the code points, together with other information about usage background, where present. Code points shown with a white background are not PVALID in IDNA2008. Repertoire corresponding to the CJK Unified Ideographs: Main (4E00-9FFF), Extension-A (3400-4DBF), Extension B (20000- 2A6DF), and Hangul Syllables (AC00-D7A3) are included in separate files. For links to these files see "Maximal Starting Repertoire - MSR-4: Overview and Rationale". How the repertoire was chosen: This file only provides a brief categorization of code points that are PVALID in IDNA2008 but excluded from the MSR. For a complete discussion of the principles and guidelines followed by the Integration Panel in creating the MSR, as well as links to the other files, please see “Maximal Starting Repertoire - MSR-4: Overview and Rationale”. Brief description of exclusion -
Proposal to Encode Combining Glagolitic Letters in Unicode
Ponomar Project Slavonic Computing Initiative Proposal to Encode Combining Glagolitic Letters in Unicode Aleksandr Andreev*, Heinz Miklas, Yuri S$ardt Section 1. Introduction Glagolitic, also kno%n as “Glagolitsa', is an alp$abetic writing s(stem used to record C$urc$ Slavonic and other Slavic languages) Originating in t$e 9t$ centur(, it is t$e earliest kno%n Slavonic alp$abet. ,$e creation o- the alp$abet is attributed to t$e younger o- the teac$ers o- the Slavs, St. C(ril) Glagolitic writing may be found in medi.val manuscripts and in printed liturgical books, mostl( o- a Croatian origin. In Bulgaria, Glagolitic was graduall( replaced b( t$e C(rillic alp$abet, and this C(rillic alp$abet was subse0uentl( used also b( other Slavs) For its part, the Glagolitic script has been preserved b( some communities in Croatia even up to t$e present) E2tant Glagolitic te2ts are o- enormous value to linguists, pal.ograp$ers, and sc$olars o- liturg() Support for Glagolitic in the Unicode standard is re0uired -or t%o purposes) 1irst, contemporar( specialists need to be able to typograp$icall( represent medi.val te2ts written in the Glagolitic script, both in printed matter 3suc$ as academic publications4 and in an electronic format (-or use %it$ computer anal(sis, suc$ as string comparison, %ordlist generation and searc$ing4) ,o this end, computer fonts that contain the repertoire o- Glagolitic c$aracters must be created) Second, o%ing to t$e close relations$ip bet%een the C(rillic and Glagolitic writing s(stems, sc$olars have traditionall( represented Glagolitic te2ts also in C(rillic transcription. -
000018 European Ordering Rul 03
SC22/WG20 N681(part 2) The glyphs on the first page are incorrect, we do not have the correct font got printing that. Greek Section 0. These are the correct shapes of obsolete Greek characters (note that small and capital forms differentiate cardinal resp. ordinal numerals): 0.1. Digamma [DÀgamma] (narrow sense) = Fau, Vau, Wau [VaÒ]: Vv 'V8 "V9 0.2. Stigma [{Àgma]: {[ 0.3. Koppa, Qoppa [|Ëppa]: |\ 0.4. Sampi [}ampÂ] = San [}‚n]: }] Fau and Stigma are both Digammas (wide sense); the «doubled» element is clearly visible in capital forms. Sampi means «San like Pi» or «Pi sounding San». Cyrillic Section Too a great many of modifications are to be done in what concerns the Cyrillic part of the document discussed, so I have grouped them in several levels (steps) that may be taken into con- sideration in an independent way. 0. Here the current proposal is repeated (with correction of obvious errata marked red) in somewhat summarizing form: !"#$%#&'#()#*+#,-#./#01#23#45#67#89#:;#<=#>?#@A BC#(, DE)#FG#HI#JK#LM#NO#PQ#RS#TU#VW#XY#Z[#\] ^_#`a#bc#de#fg#hi#jk#lm#no#pq#rs#tu#vw#xy#z{#|} ~•#€•#‚ƒ#„…#†‡#ˆ‰#Š‹#Œ•#Ž•#•‘#’“#”•#–—#˜™#š› œ•#žŸ# ¡#¢£#¤¥#¦§#¨©#ª«#¬• ®¯#°±#²³#´µ#¶·#¸¹#º»#¼½ ¾¿#ÀÁ#ÂÃ#ÄÅ#ÆÇ#ÈÉ#ÊË#ÌÍ#ÎÏ#ÐÑ#ÒÓ#ÔÕ#Ö×#ØÙ#ÚÛ#Ü 4 1.0. First of all I believe necessary to restitute ÝÞ, ßà and áâ, for nowadays these try to be extensively used, mostly for editing and advertizing purposes. Ý <cyr_yat> <U0463> CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YAT Þ <cyr_yat> <U0462> CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER YAT ß <cyr_fita> <U0473> CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER FITA à <cyr_fita> <U0472> CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER FITA á <cyr_izhitsa> <U0475> CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IZHITSA â <cyr_izhitsa> <U0474> CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER IZHITSA 1.1. -
Cyrillic Range: 0400–04FF
Cyrillic Range: 0400–04FF This file contains an excerpt from the character code tables and list of character names for The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 This file may be changed at any time without notice to reflect errata or other updates to the Unicode Standard. See https://www.unicode.org/errata/ for an up-to-date list of errata. See https://www.unicode.org/charts/ for access to a complete list of the latest character code charts. See https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-14.0/ for charts showing only the characters added in Unicode 14.0. See https://www.unicode.org/Public/14.0.0/charts/ for a complete archived file of character code charts for Unicode 14.0. Disclaimer These charts are provided as the online reference to the character contents of the Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 but do not provide all the information needed to fully support individual scripts using the Unicode Standard. For a complete understanding of the use of the characters contained in this file, please consult the appropriate sections of The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0, online at https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode14.0.0/, as well as Unicode Standard Annexes #9, #11, #14, #15, #24, #29, #31, #34, #38, #41, #42, #44, #45, and #50, the other Unicode Technical Reports and Standards, and the Unicode Character Database, which are available online. See https://www.unicode.org/ucd/ and https://www.unicode.org/reports/ A thorough understanding of the information contained in these additional sources is required for a successful implementation. -
Church Slavonic Typography in the Unicode Standard
Chur Slavonic Typography in Unicode Unicode Technical Note #41 Aleksandr Andreev¹ Yuri Shardt Nikita Simmons Table of Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What is Church Slavonic? ..................................... 1 1.2 e Unicode Standard ....................................... 7 1.3 Guidelines of is Technical Note ................................ 9 2 Repertoire Identification 10 2.1 Church Slavonic Leers ...................................... 10 2.2 Numerical Symbols ........................................ 19 2.3 Punctuation ............................................ 20 2.4 Diacritical Marks ......................................... 21 2.5 Combining Leers ......................................... 23 2.6 Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs ............................. 25 2.7 Ecphonetic Notation ........................................ 28 3 Implementation 29 3.1 Combining Diacritical and Enclosing Marks .......................... 29 3.2 Combining Marks in Isolation .................................. 29 3.3 Multiple Combining Marks .................................... 30 3.4 Combining Marks over Multiple Base Characters ........................ 33 3.5 Palatalization ............................................ 34 3.6 Spacing and Hyphenation ..................................... 35 3.7 Glyph Variants ........................................... 38 3.8 Ligatures .............................................. 41 4 Font Design and Development 43 4.1 Font Design and Distribution ................................... 43 4.2 Character Repertoire