Mammals from Archaeological Sites of the Jomon Period in Kagoshima Prefecture

J. Mamm, Soc, Japan 19 (1) : 57-66 June 1994

Hayao NISHINAKAGAWA, Mitsuharu MATSUMOTO Jun-ichi OTSUKA and Sadanori KAWAGUCHI* Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Ag~icultzlre,Kagoshima Unive~sity,21 -24 Kom'moto I, Kagoslzima 890, Japan * Kagoshima- ken Archaeological Society, 49 - 6 Uea~ata2, Kagoshima 890, Japan (Accepted 29 March 1994)

Abstract. Mammalian remains from 24 Jomon Period sites in Kagoshima Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan, were taxonomically and quantitatively analyzed. Twenty five mammal forms belonging to 10 orders were identified : Mogera wogzwa, Pteropus dasy mallus, Macaca filscata, Lepus brachy u rus, Pen talagzls furnessi, Petaurista leucogenys, Muridae gen. et sp. indet., Cetacea fam. gen. et sp. indet., Delphinidae gen. et sp. indet., Selenarctos thibetanus, Canis lupus, Canis familiaris, Nyctereutes procyonoides, Meles meles, Lutra lutra, Martes melampus, Mustela sibirica, Lynx lynx, Zalophus sp., Dugonidae gen. et sp. indet., Equus caballus, Sus scrofa, Cervus nippon, Capricornis crispus and Bos taurzls. Of these, Canis lupus, Selenarctos tibetanus, Lynx lynx and Lutra lutra were extremely rare at Jomon sites in Kyushu. Szls scrofa and Cervus nippon were dominant, contributing 92% of the total bone fragments. In the Amami Shoto Islands, eight mammal forms, fewer than in mainland Kagoshima, were detected. It is assumed that by the Jomon Period (ca. 2500-300 BC), the faunas in north and south of the Tokara Strait (Watase's line) in Kagoshima Prefecture had already differentiated.

Key words : Mammals, Excavated bones, Jomon archaeological sites, Kago- shima Prefecture

Remains excavated from archaeological sites, such as shell mounds (s. m.) and cave sites (c. s.), provide important information concerning fauna and in particular the game animals of a given period. Since Hasebe (1921) first reported eight mammalian species (including Sus scl~ofa, Cervus nippon, Canis lupus, Canis familiaris, and Nyctereutes procyonoides) from the Izumi s. in. in Kago- shima Prefecture, Kyushu, many researchers, such as Naora (1973), Kaneko (1976, 1978) and Nishimoto (1983) have reported faunal remains from various sites around Japan. Nishinakagawa et al. (1983, 1987, 1992) have previously reported on mammal remains from Jomon and Yayoi sites in Kagoshima Prefecture. In this study, in order to clarify the mammalian fauna and game animals of southern Kyushu, since the Jomon Period (ca. 2500-300 BC), we have alalyzed, taxonomically and quantitatively, the faunal remains from archaeological sites of the Jomon Period. We have followed Uchida's (1972) terminol- ogy for animal species. Nishinakawa, Matsumoto, Otsuka and Kawaguchi

Materials and Methods

Taxonomic studies of mammalian remains were carried out at 24 Jomon Period sites. Thirteen of these sites were on mainland Kagoshima ; one was in the Osumi Shoto, and 10 were in the Amami Shoto. The name and location of each site is shown in Fig. 1 and Table 1. These sites are the: Ata s. m.

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Fig. 1. Geographic distribution of Jomon Period sites in Kagoshima Prefecture yielding mammalian remains. : Jomon sites. Mammals from Jomon Sites in Kagoshima 59

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Results

Mammals Excavated from A rchaeological Sites The following 25 mammalian forms, belonging 10 orders, were detected from Jomon Period archaeological sites in Kagoshima Prefecture : Insectivora Mogera wogura (Temminck) Chiroptera Pteropus dasymallus Temminck Primates Macaca fuscata (Bryth) Lagomorpha Lepus brachyurw Temminck, and Pentalagus furnessi (Stone) Rodentia Petaurista leucogenys (Temminck), and Muridae, gen. et sp. indet. Cetacea Cetacea, fam., gen. et sp. indet., and Delphinidae, gen. et sp. indet. Carnivora Selenarctos thibetanus (G. Cuvier), Canis lupus Linnaeus, Canis familiaris Linnaeus, Nyctereutes procyonoides (Gray), Meles meles (Linnaeus), Lutra lutra (Linnaeus), Martes melampus Wagner, Mustela sibirica Pallas, Lynx lynx Linnaeus, and Zalophus sp. Sirenia Dugongidae, gen. et sp. indet. Perissodactyla Equus caballus Linnaeus Artiodactyla Sus scrofa Linnaeus, Cervus nippon Temminck, Capricornis crispus (Temminck), and Bos taurus Linnaeus. Mammals from Jomon Sites in Kagoshima 6 1 Their presence, or absence, at excavated sites is shown in Table 1. The Muginoura s. m. yielded the widest range forms (19 forms in 6 orders), followed by the Kusano s. m. (16 forms in 6 orders), and the Ichiki s. m., and Kurokawa c. s. Very few mammalian remains were found at sites in the Amami Shoto. Remains of Sus scrofa were found at all the sites, suggesting that this species inhabited the entire area of Kagoshima Prefecture during the Jomon Period. It should be noted, however, that the bones of Sus scrofa from the Amami Shoto were small and similar in size to those of extant Sus scrofa riukiuanus, whereas those from mainland Kagoshima Prefecture were much larger. Remains of Cervus nippon were excavated from mainland sites and from Tanegashima Island, but not from those in the Amami Shoto. Since Cervus nippon does not occur in the Amami Shoto at the present time, this species may have been absent from this area since before the Jomon Period. Canis familiaris remains were excavated from 12 sites from the late to latest J omon Period. Macaca fuscata, Lepus brachyurus, Petaurista leucogenys, Nycter- eutes procyonoides, Meles meles, Martes melampus and Mustela sibirica were excavated from the sites on the Kagoshima mainland, but not from the Amami Shoto. As with Cervus nippon, these species were presumably absent from these islands during the Jomon Period. Muridae remains were more common- ly found at the sites on the Amami Shoto than on the Kagoshima mainland, and their bones were similar in size to those of the extant, but rare endemic Rattus legata. Canis lupus was found at five sites including the Kurokawa c. s. (Fig. 2, 1-3). Lynx lynx was excavated from the Ichiki s. m. (Fig. 2, 4), which was the first record of this species in Kyushu. Selenarctos thibetanus and Lutra lutra were also found to be rare in Kyushu (Fig. 2, 5-10). Pentalagus furnessi and Dugongidae were found from the sites in Tokunoshima and Yoron Islands, respectively (Fig. 2, 13-15). Domesticated mammals such as Bos taurus and Equus caballus were excavated from four sites, however, it seems doubtful that their remains, which were excavated from disturbed layers, were contempora- neous with the other mammalian remains.

Amounts of Bone Fragments at Archaeological Sites Mammal species were identified and the amounts of bone excavated were measured for 20 of the 24 sites (Table 2). Bone fragments were most abundant at the Kusano s. m. (16,323 bone fragments : 51% of total bone fragments), followed by the Muginoura s. m. (12%), and the Ichiki s. m. (11%). Bones of Sus scrofa were excavated from all the sites and were most dominant (21,562 fragments, 68% of all bone fragments), being followed by Cervus nippon (7,638 fragments, 24 %), Muridae, Meles meles, Macaca fuscata, Canis familiaris, and Nyctereutes procyonoides. Bone fragments of Sus scrofa were most abundant at the Kusano s. m. (11,590 fragments, 200 or more individuals were estimated from the number of mandibles and humerus), being followed by the sites in the Satsuma Peninsula such as the Ichiki and Muginoura s. m. Bone fragments of Cervus nippon were most abundant at the Kusano s. m. (4,155 fragments, with 62 Nishinakagawa, Matsumoto, Otsuka and Kawaguchi

Fig. 2. Representative mammal remains from archaeological sites in Kagoshima Prefecture. 1-3 : Canis lupus, 4 : Lynx lynx, 5-7 : Selenarctos thibetanus, 8-10 : Lutra lutra, 11, 12 : Capricornis crispus, 13, 14 : Pentalagus furnessi, and 15 : Dugongidae. 1 : left mandible from Ichiki, 2 and 3 : left and right mandibles from Kurokawa, 4 : left radius from Ichiki, 5 : left canine from Muginoura, 6 : left pelvis from Kurokawa, 7 : left calcaneus from Kuroltawa, 8 and 9 : left and right mandibules from Muginoura, 10 : right pelvis from Muginoura, 11 : skull fragment from Kurokawa, 12 : right calcaneus from Ichiki, 13 : left humerus from Inutabu, 14 : left tibia from Inutabu,and 15 : left rib from Uwaigusuku. Mammals from Jomon Sites in Kagoshima

00-m wmmmON mw OwrlmbmwN b al!s y~eale w 0NNov)m b 2zm %Z%%2E Z% N rlrl mwm b sa~a!dauoq 30 Jaqurnu IeJoL mmw N rl rl

0) drl rl *mwnv~sog 00 snQsQsu3s.tu~03.uQv3 64 Nishinakagawa, Matsumoto, Otszika and Kawaguchi 170 or more individuals estimated from the numbers of femurs and tibias), and Muginoura s. m. (1,310 fragments, 30 or more individuals estimated from the numbers of femurs and tibias). Both Sus scrofa and Cervus nippon were frequently observed at sites from the late, to the latest stages of the Jomon Period. Bone fragments of Muridae sp. amounted to 601 and were found frequently at sites in the Amami Shoto, such as the Kamino s. m., but were rare on mainland Kagoshima. These results indicated that Sus scrofa and Cervus nippon were most abundant at sites on mainland Kagoshima, though unlike Sus scrofa, Cervus nippon was abscent from sites in the Amami Shoto.

Discussion

When Hasebe (1921) investigated the faunal remains from the Izumi s. m. in Kagoshima Prefecture, he was able to report eight mammalian species. Our investigations at 24 archaeological sites in Kagoshima Prefecture have revealed the remains of 25 mammalian forms, belonging to ten orders and at least 20 or more, wild land mammals inhabited the region during the Jomon Period. Remains of Sus scrofa were obtained from all the sites and accounted for 68% of all the excavated bones. This suggests that Sus scrofa inhabited the entire area of Kagoshima Prefecture during the Jomon Period. However, bones of Sus scrofa from the Amami Shoto differed from those from mainland Kagoshima in being smaller and resembling those of Sus scrofa riukiuanus. As is shown in Table 1, neither Cervus nippon nor Macaca fuscata, Nyctereutes procyonoides, Meles meles and Martes melampus were found in the Amami Shoto, and none of these species currently occur there. These findings confirm that the mammalian fauna of the islands had already become isolated from that of mainland Kagoshima by the Jomon Period, and that the border between these two areas can be drawn through the Tokara Strait (Watase's line). Canis lupus and Lynx lynx, which have become extinct in the Japanese archipelago, were also obtained. Shibata (1969) reported that the bones of Canis lupus had been excavated from two sites in Kyushu, including the Nishibira s. m. in Kumamoto Prefecture. We have added records of its occurrence at five more sites, in Kagoshima Prefecture, in this study. Lynx lynx had previously been recorded from ten sites in Japan (Kaneko 1978). Recently its remains have been excavated from the Ichiki s. m. (late Jomon Period), which was the first record of Lynx lynx in Kyushu (Nishinakagawa 1991). In addi- tion, Pentalagus furnessi, a relict extant species on Amami-oshima, and Dugon- gidae, gen. et sp. indet. were also excavated from sites in the Amami Shoto. In particular, the occurrence of Dugongidae is consistent with the fact that Amami-oshima was the recent northern limit of its habitat as indicated by Uchida (1963). Canis familiaris is considered to have been kept as a hunting dog since the early stage of the Jomon Period, and Esaka (1970) reported buried dogs from Mammals fiom Jomon Sites in Kagoshima 65 the Kamikuroiwa rock shelter site in Ehime Prefecture, Shikoku, but no records of buried dogs are known from the archaeological sites in Kagoshima Prefec- ture, Kyushu. Most of the bones of the domesticated Bos taurus and Equus caballus, which were once considered to be from the Jomon Period, have been conclusively demonstrated to belong to the period after the Kofun Era, based on recent dating methods using radio-carbon and fluorine analysis (Kondo et al. 1991). During the Jomon Period, people seem to have lived mainly by hunting, fishing, and gathering. On the Kagoshima mainland sites yielding mammalian remains were more numerous in the Satsuma Peninsula than in the Osumi Peninsula, suggesting that the Satsuma Peninsula provided a more appropriate environment for the people of the Jomon Period. Many archaeological sites have been found in the Amami Shoto though the number of mammalian species was few there. Fish and shellfish were more abundant than land malnmals in this area (Nishinakagawa and Sato 1990). This study has shown the remains of Sus scrofa and Cervus nz'ppon to be the,most abundant. They are presumed to have served an important role as game animals during the Jomon Period on the mainland of Kagoshima Prefecture. It is hoped that the faunal analyses in this study may prove useful in helping to clarify zoological and zoogeographical changes during the Jomon Period in southern Kyushu.

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank the members of the Kagoshima Prefectural Archaeological Center for their cordial cooporation during this examination.

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