J. Mamm, Soc, Japan 19 (1) : 57-66 June 1994 Mammals from Archaeological Sites of the Jomon Period in Kagoshima Prefecture Hayao NISHINAKAGAWA, Mitsuharu MATSUMOTO Jun-ichi OTSUKA and Sadanori KAWAGUCHI* Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Ag~icultzlre,Kagoshima Unive~sity,21 -24 Kom'moto I, Kagoslzima 890, Japan * Kagoshima- ken Archaeological Society, 49 - 6 Uea~ata2, Kagoshima 890, Japan (Accepted 29 March 1994) Abstract. Mammalian remains from 24 Jomon Period sites in Kagoshima Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan, were taxonomically and quantitatively analyzed. Twenty five mammal forms belonging to 10 orders were identified : Mogera wogzwa, Pteropus dasy mallus, Macaca filscata, Lepus brachy u rus, Pen talagzls furnessi, Petaurista leucogenys, Muridae gen. et sp. indet., Cetacea fam. gen. et sp. indet., Delphinidae gen. et sp. indet., Selenarctos thibetanus, Canis lupus, Canis familiaris, Nyctereutes procyonoides, Meles meles, Lutra lutra, Martes melampus, Mustela sibirica, Lynx lynx, Zalophus sp., Dugonidae gen. et sp. indet., Equus caballus, Sus scrofa, Cervus nippon, Capricornis crispus and Bos taurzls. Of these, Canis lupus, Selenarctos tibetanus, Lynx lynx and Lutra lutra were extremely rare at Jomon sites in Kyushu. Szls scrofa and Cervus nippon were dominant, contributing 92% of the total bone fragments. In the Amami Shoto Islands, eight mammal forms, fewer than in mainland Kagoshima, were detect- ed. It is assumed that by the Jomon Period (ca. 2500-300 BC), the faunas in north and south of the Tokara Strait (Watase's line) in Kagoshima Prefecture had already differentiated. Key words : Mammals, Excavated bones, Jomon archaeological sites, Kago- shima Prefecture Remains excavated from archaeological sites, such as shell mounds (s. m.) and cave sites (c. s.), provide important information concerning fauna and in partic- ular the game animals of a given period. Since Hasebe (1921) first reported eight mammalian species (including Sus scl~ofa, Cervus nippon, Canis lupus, Canis familiaris, and Nyctereutes procyonoides) from the Izumi s. in. in Kago- shima Prefecture, Kyushu, many researchers, such as Naora (1973), Kaneko (1976, 1978) and Nishimoto (1983) have reported faunal remains from various sites around Japan. Nishinakagawa et al. (1983, 1987, 1992) have previously reported on mammal remains from Jomon and Yayoi sites in Kagoshima Prefecture. In this study, in order to clarify the mammalian fauna and game animals of southern Kyushu, since the Jomon Period (ca. 2500-300 BC), we have alalyzed, taxonomically and quantitatively, the faunal remains from archaeo- logical sites of the Jomon Period. We have followed Uchida's (1972) terminol- ogy for animal species. Nishinakawa, Matsumoto, Otsuka and Kawaguchi Materials and Methods Taxonomic studies of mammalian remains were carried out at 24 Jomon Period sites. Thirteen of these sites were on mainland Kagoshima ; one was in the Osumi Shoto, and 10 were in the Amami Shoto. The name and location of each site is shown in Fig. 1 and Table 1. These sites are the: Ata s. m. Q 0 Tokara Isls. -. '-- Tokara Strait 0 Q~amasaka s. m. Nagahamakaneku 11 S. Inutabu s. m. Ok inoerabu makafu c. 5. Kamino s. m. Yoron suwaigusuku s. fOkinawa Fig. 1. Geographic distribution of Jomon Period sites in Kagoshima Prefecture yielding mammalian remains. : Jomon sites. Mammals from Jomon Sites in Kagoshima 59 smJoj ue!leruureru 30 JaqrunN hleem m mhl *S~1.41121]SO8 0 TJ' sn@u xzu~o3~.iQv2 -I' uodzu stznLa3 "* ~$0.43~SilS 0000 0 ," ,ml~vqv3 s)z?ibg TJ' .lapu! .ds ?a .uaK 'aep!KuoKna 0 " 'ds stiyQo1uz r( xuh-1 xuic7 4 v3y~q.2~vAa{sizjq m s)iQucv]aucsal~vjq LO v.q?z] 21.yn7 m a sap4 qajq co .2 a3 sap!ouoDo~Qsa??ia,ta~3~(~ w !l ~v~~~~v$'/ZUV2 002: 5 s)zQ?z1quv3 +I srzuv?aq.tzij sop,tvualas m CM -w .lapu! .ds la .uaK 'aep!u!qdlaa hl - 0 0002.,z (d .Iapu! .ds ]a .uaK 'aepyn~ 000 0 3 sl(ua803tiq 21]~1.4~V]~d b 3 5 zssau~t~s)@qv?uad 0" 2 3 t-- - al.i?~izpv.~qsrida7 2 v/v3s)I/v3v3vjq t- 5 a S)Z~~VU~~SU~~kIQ0,lald 00 hl .5! u+I aln8onz nia8ojq hl* .uQ)- cn uw E .zi 3 "5 vj 2.z --4E7 $ mu.2 E'zvj 330 8 -g%.E i?I; g .. ox E'Z 4 Emm3 OZZD E L 4s52a 22 -g % !ureruv E cn 60 Nishinakagawa, Matsumoto, Otsuka and Kazvaguchi (Kinpo-cho Board of Education 1978) ; Kamiyakita site (Kagoshima-ken Board of Education 1977) ; Syo s. m. (Izumi-shi Board of Education 1989) ; Izumi s. m. (Hasebe 1921) ; Euchi s. m. (Takaono-cho Board of Education 1992) ; Ichiki s. m. (Kawaguchi 1966) ; Muginoura s. m. (Sendai-shi Tochikaihatsu Kosha, 1987) ; Kusano s. m. (Kagoshima-shi Board of Education 1988) ; Narik- awa site (Kagoshima-ken Board of Education, 1983) ; Haruhanada site (Hayato-cho Board of Education, unpublished) ; Katano c. s. (Kawaguchi 1967) ; Kurokawa c. s. (Kawaguchi 1967) ; Nakadake c. s. (Sueyoshi-cho Board of Education 1980) ; Ichijin-nagasakibana s. m. (Kagoshima-ken Board of Edu- cation, unpublished) ; Hamasaka s. m. (Hayashida, unpublished) and also Ushu- ku s. m. (Kasari-cho Board of Education 1979) ; Keji site (Kagoshima-ken Board of Education 1986) ; Nagahamakaneku I1 site (Kagoshima-ken Board of Education 1988) ; Omonawa I and I1 s. m. (Isen-cho Board of Education 1983) ; Nakafu c. s. (Kawaguchi et al. 1983) ; Kamino s. m. (Takamiya 1984) ; Uwaigusuku site (Yoron-cho Board of Education 1990) ; and Inutabu s. m. (Isen-cho Board of Education 1984). Bone fragments excavated from twenty of these sites were identified and counted. The amount of bone was expressed as the number of bone fragments. Bones which were largely intact were measured using slide calipers following the method of Driesch (1976) and the excavated bones were compared with those of recent mammals stored in our laboratory. Results Mammals Excavated from A rchaeological Sites The following 25 mammalian forms, belonging 10 orders, were detected from Jomon Period archaeological sites in Kagoshima Prefecture : Insectivora Mogera wogura (Temminck) Chiroptera Pteropus dasymallus Temminck Primates Macaca fuscata (Bryth) Lagomorpha Lepus brachyurw Temminck, and Pentalagus furnessi (Stone) Rodentia Petaurista leucogenys (Temminck), and Muridae, gen. et sp. indet. Cetacea Cetacea, fam., gen. et sp. indet., and Delphinidae, gen. et sp. indet. Carnivora Selenarctos thibetanus (G. Cuvier), Canis lupus Linnaeus, Canis familiaris Linnaeus, Nyctereutes procyonoides (Gray), Meles meles (Linnaeus), Lutra lutra (Linnaeus), Martes melampus Wagner, Mustela sibirica Pallas, Lynx lynx Linnaeus, and Zalophus sp. Sirenia Dugongidae, gen. et sp. indet. Perissodactyla Equus caballus Linnaeus Artiodactyla Sus scrofa Linnaeus, Cervus nippon Temminck, Capricornis crispus (Temminck), and Bos taurus Linnaeus. Mammals from Jomon Sites in Kagoshima 6 1 Their presence, or absence, at excavated sites is shown in Table 1. The Muginoura s. m. yielded the widest range forms (19 forms in 6 orders), followed by the Kusano s. m. (16 forms in 6 orders), and the Ichiki s. m., and Kurokawa c. s. Very few mammalian remains were found at sites in the Amami Shoto. Remains of Sus scrofa were found at all the sites, suggesting that this species inhabited the entire area of Kagoshima Prefecture during the Jomon Period. It should be noted, however, that the bones of Sus scrofa from the Amami Shoto were small and similar in size to those of extant Sus scrofa riukiuanus, whereas those from mainland Kagoshima Prefecture were much larger. Remains of Cervus nippon were excavated from mainland sites and from Tanegashima Island, but not from those in the Amami Shoto. Since Cervus nippon does not occur in the Amami Shoto at the present time, this species may have been absent from this area since before the Jomon Period. Canis familiaris remains were excavated from 12 sites from the late to latest J omon Period. Macaca fuscata, Lepus brachyurus, Petaurista leucogenys, Nycter- eutes procyonoides, Meles meles, Martes melampus and Mustela sibirica were excavated from the sites on the Kagoshima mainland, but not from the Amami Shoto. As with Cervus nippon, these species were presumably absent from these islands during the Jomon Period. Muridae remains were more common- ly found at the sites on the Amami Shoto than on the Kagoshima mainland, and their bones were similar in size to those of the extant, but rare endemic Rattus legata. Canis lupus was found at five sites including the Kurokawa c. s. (Fig. 2, 1-3). Lynx lynx was excavated from the Ichiki s. m. (Fig. 2, 4), which was the first record of this species in Kyushu. Selenarctos thibetanus and Lutra lutra were also found to be rare in Kyushu (Fig. 2, 5-10). Pentalagus furnessi and Dugongidae were found from the sites in Tokunoshima and Yoron Islands, respectively (Fig. 2, 13-15). Domesticated mammals such as Bos taurus and Equus caballus were excavated from four sites, however, it seems doubtful that their remains, which were excavated from disturbed layers, were contempora- neous with the other mammalian remains. Amounts of Bone Fragments at Archaeological Sites Mammal species were identified and the amounts of bone excavated were measured for 20 of the 24 sites (Table 2). Bone fragments were most abundant at the Kusano s. m. (16,323 bone fragments : 51% of total bone fragments), followed by the Muginoura s. m. (12%), and the Ichiki s. m. (11%). Bones of Sus scrofa were excavated from all the sites and were most dominant (21,562 fragments, 68% of all bone fragments), being followed by Cervus nippon (7,638 fragments, 24 %), Muridae, Meles meles, Macaca fuscata, Canis familiaris, and Nyctereutes procyonoides. Bone fragments of Sus scrofa were most abundant at the Kusano s. m. (11,590 fragments, 200 or more individuals were estimated from the number of mandibles and humerus), being followed by the sites in the Satsuma Peninsula such as the Ichiki and Muginoura s.