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Tourism Development in Okinawa: Spatial and Temporal Patterns

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Tourism Development in Okinawa: Spatial and Temporal Patterns TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN OKINAWA: SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PATTERNS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAIʻI AT M ĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF ARTS IN GEOGRAPHY MAY 2012 BY DAVID NGUYEN Thesis Committee: Mary McDonald, Chairperson Juanita Liu Joyce Chinen Lonnie Carlile Keywords: Okinawa, tourism, geography, development, resorts DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my parents and aunts, who have been patient and supportive during my undergraduate and graduate studies. I greatly valued their help as a source of motivation to succeed in my academic and professional endeavors. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Ippee Nifee Deebiru to the members of the Okinawan community who have helped direct me to the resources utilized in my research. I would also like to thank many of my colleagues from Japan for double-checking my English translations of Japanese texts, allowing me peace of mind over the accuracy of the translated texts. In particular I‟d like to thank the Center for Japanese Studies, the Center for Okinawan Studies, the East-West Center, and the Akisamiyo-! student club, which have allowed me to present my research to a wider audience and gain important feedback on my academic interests. I would also like to thank Dr. Guilherme Lohmann of the Southern Cross University in Australia, for introducing me to many important tourism and transportation resources throughout my graduate program. Working with “Gui” has been very enjoyable and I look forward to the time when we can work together again on another research project. I would also like to thank Dr. Matthew McGranaghan of our Department of Geography at the University of Hawaiʻi, Mānoa, for assisting me with my many questions related to ArcGIS as well as helping me progress through the graduate program. I also would like to thank the late Dr. Vincent Pollard who gave me many ideas on what to consider for a thesis topic, and who assisted me in research and writing techniques during the time I was an undergraduate student. I would also like to thank Dr. John Purves who was my teacher at the University of the Ryukyus. His dedication to the history of the Ryukyus and compilation of resources has helped me tremendously throughout my various researches relating to Okinawa. I also would like to thank Ms. Wakako Nagata for helping me assemble materials used in my research, proof-reading my translations, and for continuously providing me support during my graduate studies iii Last but certainly not least, I would like to thank my committee members, Lonny Carlile, Joyce Chinen, Juanita Liu, and my advisor, Mary McDonald for the time they have given me in guiding my thesis to completion. While the graduate division guide instructs students that they need not thank committee members, I nevertheless feel that they deserve mention for being patient with how long it took me to complete this thesis, and the advice, articles, and time they have given me. I hope that in the near future as I continue my scholarly endeavors we will remain in contact and I will be able to continue to learn and exchange ideas and perhaps even work together on a project of common interest. iv ABSTRACT Okinawa Prefecture maintains the distinction of being Japan‟s southernmost prefectural division. It is also the only prefecture that consists entirely of islands. Okinawa‟s multi-island geography presents problems for the promotion and analysis of tourism that this thesis seeks to address. The thesis first surveys Okinawa‟s economic and political changes within the last century, under different regimes, from Imperial Japanese to United States civilian administration, reverting to Japanese control in 1972. It then traces the prefecture‟s four ten-year development plans, and the fifth development plan to begin in 2012. These development plans emphasized the use of tourism development as a method to decrease the economic disparity between mainland Japan and Okinawa. This thesis presents a new evolutionary model of spatial and temporal changes in Okinawa Prefecture‟s tourism across its many islands since 1972. Specifically, the study examines the development of tourism infrastructure such as highways, bridges, airports, flight routes, and resorts across the islands of the prefecture. The thesis maps the spread of flights and resorts to more islands over time and space. This research considers the applicability of existing literature on tourism development, tourism life-cycle models, and tourism geography to a multi- island destination, and attempts to conceptualize a new approach in mapping tourism development across an archipelago. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... v TABLES ........................................................................................................................................ ix FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................ x ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER 1 OKINAWA: A MULTI-ISLAND GEOGRAPHY AS A TOURISM DESTINATION .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Geography of a Multi Island Prefecture ......................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Climate............................................................................................................................ 7 1.1.3 Okinawa‟s Historical Geography ................................................................................... 8 1.1.4 Reversion to Japan, Economic Development Plans, and Tourism ............................... 10 1.2 Examining Tourism in the Multi-Island Economic Geography of Okinawa ...................... 13 CHAPTER 2 SPATIAL THEORIES OF TOURISM GROWTH AND A PROPOSED MODEL OF TOURISM EXPANSION IN A MULTI-ISLAND DESTINATION .................................... 15 2.1 Literature Review ................................................................................................................ 15 2.1.1 Tourism Development in Peripheral Regions .............................................................. 15 2.1.2 Tourism Development in Japan and Okinawa .............................................................. 16 2.1.3 Economic Geography of Tourism Development .......................................................... 18 2.1.4 Theories on Tourism Production .................................................................................. 25 vi 2.2 A New Model of Archipelago Tourism Growth Based on Okinawa .................................. 27 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................. 33 3.1 Measuring Tourism Growth in a Multi-Island Destination ................................................. 33 3.1.1 Defining and Measuring Tourism Growth ................................................................... 33 3.1.2 Development Plans ....................................................................................................... 34 3.2 Timeline of Development Plans .......................................................................................... 36 3.2.1 Tourism Statistics ......................................................................................................... 36 3.2.2 Airline Flight Data ........................................................................................................ 36 3.2.3 Land Infrastructure ....................................................................................................... 37 3.2.4 Listings of Okinawa Resorts ......................................................................................... 38 3.2.5 Mapping and Analysis .................................................................................................. 39 3.2.6 Data Limitations ........................................................................................................... 39 3.2.7 Significance of This Research and its Contributions.................................................... 39 CHAPTER 4 TOURISM EXPANSION ACROSS A MULTI-ISLAND DESTINATION: AN ANALYSIS OF FOUR INDICATORS ........................................................................................ 41 4.1 Okinawa Promotion and Development Plans...................................................................... 41 4.1.1 Development Plan Analysis.......................................................................................... 45 4.2 Resort Law .......................................................................................................................... 51 4.3 Flight Routes ....................................................................................................................... 58 4.4 Road Infrastructure .............................................................................................................
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