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Universite Cheikh Anta Diop De Dakar Ecole UNIVERSITE CHEIKH ANTA DIOP DE DAKAR ECOLE DOCTORALE: SCIENCES DE LA VIE DE LA SANTE ET DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT (ED-SEV) ECOLE INTER ETATS DES SCIENCES ET MEDECINE VETERINAIRES (EISMV) Année: 2013 N° d’ordre : 65 GESTION DES LIGNEUX FOURRAGERS DANS UN AXE DE TRANSHUMANCE DE SAISON SECHE AU SENEGAL (Cas de la région de Kaffrine) Mémoire présenté et soutenu publiquement Samedi 21 Décembre 2013 pour obtenir le DOCTORAT en Biologie, Productions et Pathologies Animales Spécialité: PASTORALISME Option : Ecologie pastorale par: M. Oumar SARR Président : M. Sawadogo Jérôme Germain, Professeur titulaire, EISMV/UCAD Rapporteurs : M. Paul Marie Ndiaye, Chargé d’enseignements, FLSH/UCAD M. Mathieu Gueye, Maître de recherche, IFAN-CHAD/UCAD M. Léonard Elie AKPO, Professeur titulaire, UCAD Examinateur : M. Amadou Tamsir Diop, Directeur de recherche, LNERV/ISRA M. Yaya Thiongane, Directeur de recherche, LNERV/ISRA Directeur de thèse : M. Léonard Elie AKPO, Professeur titulaire, UCAD DEDICACES Qu’il me soit permis tout d’abord de rendre grâce à DIEU, le Bienfaiteur, le Miséricordieux. Guérissez nous dans le monde ici bas et préservez nous ensuite de la peur et de la tristesse dans la vie future. A mes grands parents, particulièrement à Mame Awa Cissé, Mère Anta, Mère Khady et mon défunt grand père Aliou Sarr, que la terre de Touba lui soit légère. A mes parents : mon père Mamadou, ma mère Noel Diop, ma tante Ndaye Dior et tous mes frères et sœurs. A mes tatas, Mariama Sarr et Adja Absa Sarr, vous êtes merveilleuses. A tous mes collègues de labo et mes promotionnaires. A tous mes amis, pour leur amitié sincère, mention spéciale à Abdallah Diallo, Djibril Cissé, Ibrahima Ndiaye, Nafi Dieng et Ababacar Diagne pour leur soutien durant toute la durée de ma thèse. A toutes les personnes qui me sont chères, je dédie ce modeste travail. i REMERCIEMENTS Au fur et à mesure que je tentais de me remémorer tous les gens à qui je désirais exprimer ma gratitude pour leur appui, leurs suggestions et tous les efforts qu’ils avaient déployés pour permettre à ce mémoire de voir le jour, la liste ne cessait de s’allonger. Je voudrais tout d’abord remercier mon encadreur, le professeur Léonard Elie Akpo pour la tâche remarquable accomplie concurremment pour remettre en forme mes idées à diverses étapes de l’évolution de ce travail, vous avez su m’imposer beaucoup de rigueur dans le travail et je vous en suis très reconnaissant. Mes remerciements vont aussi à Monsieur Paul Ndiaye et Monsieur Mathieu Gueye, vos remarques, votre disponibilité et votre humilité m’ont le plus frappé. Je ne saurais assez vous dire merci. Je remercie Monsieur Jérôme Germain Sawadogo d’avoir accepté de présider ce jury et Messieurs Amadou Tamsir Diop et Yaya Thiongane de bien vouloir juger ce travail malgré leur calendrier chargé. Je dois aussi remercier l’Etat du Sénégal pour m’avoir accompagné depuis mes premiers pas à l’école, à la fondation Mitsubishi pour m’avoir accordé une bourse durant deux années de recherches. Je ne saurais ne pas citer Charles Bakhoum et son épouse qui m’ont beaucoup facilité mes missions de terrain, de même que Taybou Ba du CSE pour son soutien. Merci. Et, je voue une gratitude particulière à, Saliou Ba, Souleymane Sarr, Ablaye Ndiaye et à leurs familles respectives de m’avoir accueilli chez eux durant tous mes séjours de terrain et pour m’avoir servi de guide et interprète malgré les dures conditions de travail. Sans vous, mon intégration serait plus pénible. ii TABLE DES MATIERES LISTE DES SIGLES ET ACCRONYMES ............................................................................................ 4 LISTE DES FIGURES ........................................................................................................................... 4 LISTE DES PLANCHES ........................................................................................................................ 5 LISTE DES TABLEAUX ....................................................................................................................... 5 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................ 7 INTRODUCTION GENERALE ............................................................................................................. 8 CHAPITRE 1 : LE CADRE DE L’ETUDE : LA REGION DE KAFFRINE ....................................... 10 1-1. CARACTERISTIQUES GENERALES ........................................................................................ 10 1-1-1. Historique ..................................................................................................................................... 10 1-1-2. Situation géographique et administrative ..................................................................................... 10 1-1-3. Aspects biophysiques ................................................................................................................... 11 1-1-3-1. Le Climat ................................................................................................................................. 11 1-1-3-2. Le relief et les sols ................................................................................................................... 13 1-1-3-2-1. Le relief ................................................................................................................................ 13 1-1-3-2-2. Les sols ................................................................................................................................ 13 1-1-4. Le réseau hydrographique ............................................................................................................ 15 1-1-5. La végétation ................................................................................................................................ 15 1-1-6. Les hommes et leurs activités ...................................................................................................... 16 1-1-6-1. La population et les mouvements migratoires ......................................................................... 16 1-1-6-2. Les activités ............................................................................................................................. 17 1-1-6-2-1.Les activités agricoles ........................................................................................................... 17 1-1-6-2-2. L’élevage ............................................................................................................................. 18 1-1-6-2-3. Artisanat et commerce ......................................................................................................... 19 1-1-6-2-4. Le Tourisme ......................................................................................................................... 20 1-1-7. L’occupation des sols ................................................................................................................. 20 1-1-7-1. Les forêts ................................................................................................................................. 20 1-1-7-2. Les champs .............................................................................................................................. 20 1-1-7-3. Les jachères ............................................................................................................................. 20 CHAPITRE 2 : LA VEGETATION LIGNEUSE DANS LES PARCOURS ....................................... 22 RESUME .............................................................................................................................................. 22 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 22 2-1. MATERIEL ET METHODES ....................................................................................................... 22 2-1-1. Matériel ........................................................................................................................................ 22 2-1-2. Méthodes ...................................................................................................................................... 23 2-1-2-1. Echantillonnage ....................................................................................................................... 23 2-1-2-2. Relevé de végétation ............................................................................................................... 23 2-1-3. Traitement des données ................................................................................................................ 23 2-2. RESULTATS ................................................................................................................................. 25 2-2-1. Etat actuel du peuplement ............................................................................................................ 25 2-2-1-1. Le cortège floristique ............................................................................................................... 25 2-2-1-3. Les caractéristiques du peuplement ......................................................................................... 27 2-2-1-3-1. La diversité spécifique ......................................................................................................... 27 2-2-1-3-2. Le niveau d’organisation .....................................................................................................
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