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Perceptions of Forest Change in the Governmental Region of Kaffrine, Senegal

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Perceptions of Forest Change in the Governmental Region of Kaffrine, Senegal Michigan Technological University Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports 2019 Perceptions of Forest Change in the Governmental Region of Kaffrine, Senegal Rhiley E. Allbee Michigan Technological University, [email protected] Copyright 2019 Rhiley E. Allbee Recommended Citation Allbee, Rhiley E., "Perceptions of Forest Change in the Governmental Region of Kaffrine, Senegal", Open Access Master's Thesis, Michigan Technological University, 2019. https://doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.etdr/859 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr Part of the African Studies Commons, Environmental Studies Commons, Forest Management Commons, and the Spatial Science Commons PERCEPTIONS OF FOREST CHANGE IN THE GOVERNMENTAL REGION OF KAFFRINE, SÉNÉGAL By Rhiley E. Allbee A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In Forest Ecology and Management MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2019 © 2019 Rhiley E. Allbee This thesis has been approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Forest Ecology and Management. School of Forest Resources and Environmental Sciences Thesis Advisor: Audrey L. Mayer Committee Member: Kari B. Henquinet Committee Member: Blair D. Orr School Dean: Andrew Storer Table of Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... xi Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... xiv List of Abbreviations .........................................................................................................xv Abstract ............................................................................................................................ xvi 1 OBJECTIVES .............................................................................................................1 2 GENERAL BACKGROUND .....................................................................................2 3 SÉNÉGAL BACKGROUND .....................................................................................5 3.1 Description .......................................................................................................5 3.2 People ...............................................................................................................7 3.2.1 Population Statistics ............................................................................7 3.2.2 Education System................................................................................8 3.2.3 Ethnic Groups .....................................................................................9 3.2.4 Religion and Religious Education ....................................................11 3.3 Climate and Topography ................................................................................13 3.4 Forest Policy ...................................................................................................14 3.5 Land Use and Cover Change ..........................................................................15 4 KAFFRINE BACKGROUND ..................................................................................18 4.1 Description .....................................................................................................18 4.2 People .............................................................................................................19 4.3 Climate and Topography ................................................................................20 4.4 Forests ............................................................................................................20 4.4.1 Wildfires ...........................................................................................22 4.4.2 Reforestation Efforts .........................................................................22 4.5 Land Use and Cover Change ..........................................................................23 4.5.1 Ecoregions.........................................................................................24 5 LITERATURE REVIEW .........................................................................................28 6 METHODS ...............................................................................................................31 6.1 Study Sites ......................................................................................................31 iii 6.2 Interviews .......................................................................................................35 6.3 Analysis ..........................................................................................................37 6.3.1 Cluster Analysis ................................................................................37 6.3.2 Remote Sensing Data ........................................................................38 7 RESULTS .................................................................................................................39 7.1 General Perceptions of Forest Change ...........................................................39 7.1.1 Forest Changes ..................................................................................39 7.1.1.1 Perceptions of Forest Change 1987-2017 .......................39 7.1.1.2 Perceptions of Forest Change 2002-2017 .......................40 7.1.1.3 Estimation of Forest Change ...........................................41 7.1.1.4 Perceptions of Change in Amount of Shade ...................42 7.1.1.5 Perceptions of Changes in Distance to Collect Fuelwood 43 7.1.1.6 Perceptions of Change in Wildlife Abundance ...............44 7.1.1.7 Changes in Tree Species Abundance ..............................47 7.1.1.7.1 Decreasing Tree Species ............................47 7.1.1.7.2 All Tree Species .........................................48 7.1.1.7.3 Increasing Tree Species .............................49 7.1.2 Causation and Continuation of Forest Change .................................51 7.1.2.1 Causation of Forest Change ............................................51 7.1.2.1.1 Decreasing Forests .....................................51 7.1.2.1.2 Increasing Forests ......................................53 7.1.2.2 Continuation of Forest Change .......................................55 7.1.2.2.1 Continuation of Forest Decline ..................55 7.1.2.2.2 Continuation of Forest Increases ...............58 7.1.3 Effects of Forest Change on Community..........................................60 7.1.3.1 Community Discussion ...................................................60 7.1.3.2 Difficulty of Obtaining Forest Products .........................60 7.1.3.3 Utilization of Forest Products .........................................62 7.1.3.4 Perception of Forest Changes .........................................63 7.1.3.5 Group that will be Most Affected by Forest Changes ....65 7.1.4 Action ................................................................................................66 7.1.4.1 Actions to Prevent Forest Loss .......................................66 7.1.4.1.1 No Action Taken to Prevent Forest Loss 68 7.1.4.1.2 Action Taken to Prevent Forest Loss .........70 7.1.4.2 Tree Planting ...................................................................72 7.2 Key Informants ...............................................................................................74 7.2.1 Roles of Office ..................................................................................75 7.2.1.1 Tracking Forest Changes ................................................75 7.2.1.2 Working with Local Communities..................................76 7.2.2 Forest Changes ..................................................................................77 iv 7.2.2.1 Forest Changes from 1987-2017 and 2002-2017............77 7.2.2.2 Causes of Forest Changes ...............................................77 7.2.3 Impacts of Forest Change .................................................................78 7.2.3.1 Eaux et Forêts .................................................................78 7.2.3.2 Local Communities .........................................................79 7.2.4 Action ................................................................................................79 7.3 Cluster Analysis .............................................................................................80 7.3.1 Cluster 1: Key Informants .................................................................83 7.3.2 Cluster 2: Increasing forests, Efforts to prevent deforestation, Decreasing tree species ...................................................................................83 7.3.3 Cluster 3: Increasing forests, Water security, Increasing tree species 83 7.3.4 Cluster 4: Decreasing forests, Deforestation, Decreasing tree species 84 Cluster 5: Access to traditional medicine, Decreasing forests, Deforestation 84 7.3.5 Cluster 6: Decreasing forests, Deforestation, Food security, Decreasing tree species ...................................................................................85 7.3.6 Cluster 7: Decreasing forests, Decreasing tree species .....................85 7.3.7 Cluster 8: Decreasing forests, Community governance,
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