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A Field Study of Fertilizer Distribution and Use in Senegal, 1984: Final Report

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A Field Study of Fertilizer Distribution and Use in Senegal, 1984: Final Report A Field Study of Fertilizer Distribution and Use in Senegal, 1984: Final Report by Eric Crawford, Curtis Jolly, Valerie Kelly, Philippe Lambrecht, Makhona Mbaye and Matar Gaye Reprint No. 11 1987 MSU INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PAPERS Carl K. Eicher, Carl Liedholm, and Michael T. Weber Editors The MSU International Development Paper series is designed to further the comparative analysis of international development activities in Africa, Latin America, Asia, and the Near East. The papers report research findings on historical, as well as contemporary, international development problems. The series includes papers on a wide range of topics, such as alternative rural development strategies; nonfarm employment and small scale industry; housing and construction; farming and marketing systems; food and nutrition policy analysis; economics of rice production in West Africa; technological change, employment, and income distribution; computer techniques for farm and marketing surveys; farming systems and food security research. The papers are aimed at teachers, researchers, policy makers, donor agencies, and international development practitioners. Selected papers will be translated into French, Spanish, or Arabic. Individuals and institutions in Third World countries may receive single copies free of charge. See inside back cover for a list of available papers and their prices. For more information, write to: MSU International Development Papers Department of Agricultural Economics Agriculture Hall Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1039 U.S.A. i SPECIAL NOTE FOR ISRA-MSU REPRINTS In 1982 the faculty and staff of the Department of Agricultural Economics at Michigan State University (MSU) began the first phase of a planned 10 to 15 year project to collaborate with the Senegal Agricultural Research Institute (ISRA, Institut Senegalais de Recherches Agricoles) in the reorganization and reorientation of its research programs. The Senegal Agricultural Research and Planning Project (Contract 685-0223­ C-00-I064-00), has been financed by the U.S. Agency for International Development, Dakar, Senegal. As part of this project MSU managed the Master's degree programs for 21 ISRA scientists at 10 U.S. universities in 10 different fields, including agricultural economics, agricultural engineering, soil science, animal science, rural sociology, biometrics and computer science. Ten MSU researchers, on long-term assignment with ISRA's Depart­ ment of Production Systems Research (PSR, Departement de Recherches sur les Systemes de Production et Ie Transfert de Technologies en Milieu Rural) or with the Macro-Economic Analysis Bureau (BAME, Bureau d'Analyses Macro-Economiques) have undertaken research in collaboration with ISRA scientists on !he distribution of agricul­ tural inputs, cereals marketing, food security, farm-level production strategies and agricultural research and extension. MSU faculty have also advised junior ISRA scientists on research in the areas of animal traction, livestock systems and farmer groups. Additional MSU faculty members from the Department of Agricultural Economics, Sociology, Animal Science and the College of Veterinary Medicine have served as short­ term consultants and professional advisors to severallSRA research programs. The project has organized several short-term, In-country training programs In farming systems research, agronomic research at the farm-level and field-level livestock research. Special training and assistance has also been provided to expand the use of micro-computers in agricultural research, to improve English language Skills, and to estapllsh a documentation and pUblications program for PSR Department and BAME researchers. iii Research publications from this collaborative project have been available only in French. Consequently, their distribution has been limited principally to West Africa. In order to make relevant information available to a broader international audience, MSU and ISRA agreed in 1986 to publish selected reports as joint ISRA-MSU International Development Paper Reprints. These reports provide data and insights on critical issues in agricultural development which are common throughout Africa and the Third World. Most of the reprints in this series have been professionally edited for clarity; maps, figures and tables have been redrawn according to a standard format. All reprints are available in both French and English. A list of available reprints is provided at the end of this report. Readers interested in topics covered in the reports are encouraged to submit comments directly to the respective authors, or to Dr. R. James Bingen, Associate Director, Senegal Agricultural Research and Planning Project, Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1039. Jacques Faye R. James Bingen Director Associate Director Department of Agrarian Senegal Agricultural Research Systems and Rural and Planning Project Economic Research Department of Agricultural Senegal Agricultural Research Economics Institute Michigan State University iv A FIELD STUDY OF FERTILIZER DISTRIBUTION AND USE IN SENEGAL, 1984: FINAL REPORT by Eric Crawford, Curtis Jolly, Valerie Kelly, Philippe Lambrecht, Makhona Mbaye, and Matar Caye 1987 This reprint originally appeared as Travaux et Documents No. I entitled "Enquete sur la Distribution et l'Utilisation de I'Engrais au Senegal, 198/f: Rapport Final," published by the Bureau of Macro-Economic Analysis, Senegal Agricultural Research Institute. This reprint is published by the Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University, under the Senegal Agricultural Research and Planning Project Contract 685-0223-C-OO-I06/f-OO at Michigan State University funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development, Dakar, Senegal. MSUis.n Affirm.tivtl Action/EqwlOpportunity Institution ISSN 0731-3438 @ All rights reserved by Michigan State University, 1987. Michigan State University agrees to and does hereby grant to the United States Government a royalty-free, nonexclusive and irrevocable license throughout the world to use, duplicate, disclose, or dispose of this pUblication in any manner and for any purpose and to permit others to do so. Published by the Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1039 U.S.A. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE LIST OF TABLES xi LIST OF FIGURES xv GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS xvii I. INTRODUCTION 1 A. Background 1 B. Organization of the Report 2 II. SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 3 A. Scope 3 B. Objectives 3 III. METHODOLOGY 4 A. Overview 4 B. Sampling 5 1. Overvi ew 5 2. Casamance 6 3. Sine-Saloum 7 4. Fl euve 10 C. Questionnaire Design and Testing 11 D. Recruitment and Training of Interviewers 12 I. Casamance 12 2. Sine-Saloum 13 3. Fleuve 13 E. Survey Supervision 14 I. Casamance 14 2. Sine-Saloum 14 3. Fleuve 14 F. Data Processing and Analysis 15 I. Casamance 15 2. Sine-Saloum 15 3. Fl euve 15 IV. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STUDY 16 V. SURVEY RESULTS--CASAMANCE REGION 17 A. Background 17 B. Participants, Resources, and Procedures 17 1. SONAR 17 2. Village sections 19 3. SOMIVAC 20 4. AJAC 21 C. The Distribution Campaign 21 1. Overvi ew 21 2. Region of Ziguinchor 22 3. Region of Kolda 22 4. Overall distribution performance 23 D. Fertilizer Use by Farmers 25 E. Problems and Constraints 26 F. Attitudes and Opinions 28 vii PAGE VI. SURVEY RESULTS--SINE-SALOUM REGION 3D A. Background 3D B. The Retenue System: Participants, Resources, and Operating Procedures 3D 1. SONAR resources 31 2. Vi 11 age section resources 32 3. Operat ing procedures 35 C. The Fertilizer Campaign 37 1. SONAR's role in the distribution campaign 37 2. Role of the village sections in the distribution campaign 47 D. Fertilizer Acquisition and Use by Farmers 55 E. Problems and Constraints 57 F. Attitudes and Opinions 59 1. Respondents' assessment of this year's distribution campaign 59 2. Attitudes toward the "retenue" system 61 3. Opinions about alternative input distribution systems 62 4. Farmers' attitudes toward cash sales of fertilizer 64 VII. SURVEY RESULTS--FLEUVE REGION 66 A. Structure, Participants, and Procedures 66 1. Structure and participants 66 2. Operational procedures 67 B. The Distribution Campaign 69 C. Problems and Constraints 71 D. Fertilizer Use by Farmers 72 E. Attitudes and Opinions 75 VIII. SUMMARY OF MAJOR FINDINGS 78 A. Late Delivery 78 B. Fertilizer Sales and Storage 78 C. Ratio of Fertilizer Received to Peanut Sales 78 D. Average Quantities Received 79 E. Non-Retenue Sources of Fertilizer 79 F. Fertilizer Utilization 79 G. Transport Costs Borne by Farmers 79 H. Fertilizer Losses 79 I. Inadequate Financing and Records 80 1. Financial constraints 80 2. Inadequate records for the "retenue" 80 J. Inadequate Planning of the Retenue System 81 K. Delays Observed at the Regional Level 81 L. Weaknesses in Regional Organization 81 M. Attitudes and Opinions 82 IX. POLICY IMPLICATIONS 84 A. Objectives and Policy Constraints 84 B. Organization of the Distribution System 85 C. The Retenue System 88 D. Cash Sales 89 E. Fertilizer Price 90 F. Timing 90 G. Summary of Major Recommendations 90 vi ii PAGE x. TOPICS FOR FURTHER STUDY 92 Annex Tables 93 ix LIST OF TABLES PAGE Table 1. Number of Seccos and Seasonal Employees of SONAR, 18a Casamance, 1984. Table 2. Summary of the Fertilizer Distribution Campaign, 21a Casamance, 1984. Table 3. Percentage Reception, Placement, and Distribution of 22a Fertilizer (6-20-10) for Ziguinchor and Kolda Regions,
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