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CRVA Report – Senegal

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CRVA Report – Senegal Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment SENEGAL OCTOBER 2017 ECOWAS COMMISSION COMMISSION DE LA CEDEAO COMMISSÃO DA CEDEAO Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment: Senegal | 1 DISCLAIMER: The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. Cover photo by Pshegubj, accessed via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fishing_boats_in_Dakar.jpg). Reproduced under Creative Commons CC BY-SA 4.0. Table of Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations .....................................................................................................................................5 Message from the President of the ECOWAS Commission ........................................................................................7 Statement from the Vice President of the ECOWAS Commission .............................................................................8 Preface ........................................................................................................................................................................9 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 10 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. 12 Research Process ................................................................................................................................................. 12 Terminology and Conceptual Definitions ............................................................................................................ 14 Literature Review ................................................................................................................................................ 15 Research Questions ............................................................................................................................................. 16 Description of the Sample ................................................................................................................................... 17 Data Analysis ....................................................................................................................................................... 17 Scope and Limitations of the Study ..................................................................................................................... 19 National-Level Vulnerabilities, Risks and Resiliencies ............................................................................................. 23 Rule of Law (Most Vulnerable Pillar) ................................................................................................................... 27 Population and Demographics (Second Most Vulnerable Pillar) ........................................................................ 29 Economics and Resources (Third Most Vulnerable Pillar) ................................................................................... 32 Security (Fourth Most Vulnerable Pillar) ............................................................................................................. 35 Politics and Governance (Least Vulnerable Pillar) ............................................................................................... 38 External Factors ................................................................................................................................................... 40 Gender Considerations ........................................................................................................................................ 41 Sub-National Level Vulnerabilities, Risks and Resilience Factors: Observations by Region .................................... 44 Dakar Region ...................................................................................................................................................... 44 Diourbel Region ................................................................................................................................................... 48 Kaolack Region..................................................................................................................................................... 52 Kolda, Sédhiou, Kédougu and Tambacounda Regions ........................................................................................ 57 Saint-Louis Region ............................................................................................................................................... 63 Ziguinchor Region ................................................................................................................................................ 69 Conclusion and Recommendations ......................................................................................................................... 77 Appendix A: Data Sample ........................................................................................................................................ 79 Appendix B: Vulnerability Index .............................................................................................................................. 83 Appendix C: Additional References ......................................................................................................................... 85 Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment: Senegal | 3 Appendix D: Matrix of Vulnerabilities, Risks, Resilience Factors, and Recommendations by Human Security Pillar ................................................................................................................................................................................. 86 Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment: Senegal | 4 Acronyms and Abbreviations ACLED Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project AEMO Action Educative en Milieu Ouvert (Open Educational Action) AfDB African Development Bank ANID African Network for Integrated Development AU African Union AVEC Association Villageoise d’Epargne et de Crédit (Village Association of Savings and Credit) CAURIE-MF Coopérative Autonome pour le Renforcement des Initiatives Economiques par la Microfinance (Autonomous Cooperative for the Strengthening of Economic Initiatives through Microfinance) CAVE Cellules d’alerte contre les violences (Violence Alert Cells) COPI Construire La Paix (Construct Peace) COSPAC La coordination sous régionale des organisations de la société civile pour la paix en Casamance (Coordination of Sub-regional Organizations for Peace in Casamance) CPIA Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CRA Conflict Risk Assessment CRVA Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment CSO Civil Society Organization DEA Diplôme d’études approfondies (Diploma of Advanced Studies) DIC Criminal Investigation Department DPA ECOWAS Directorate of Political Affairs DPKRS ECOWAS Directorate of Peacekeeping & Regional Security ECOWARN ECOWAS Early Warning and Response Network ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ECPF ECOWAS Conflict Prevention Framework EITI Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative ENDA Environmental Action and Development in the Third World EWD ECOWAS Directorate of Early Warning FAP Futur Au Présent FDI Foreign Direct Investment FGD Focus Group Discussion FGM/C Female genital mutilation/cutting GIABA Inter-Governmental Action Group Against Money Laundering in West Africa GBV Gender-based violence GIE Groupements d’Intérêt Economique (Economic Interest Groups) GIS Geographic Information System IFIs International financial institutions KII Key Informant Interview MFDC Mouvement des Forces Démocratiques de la Casamance (Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance) NGO Non-Governmental Organization Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment: Senegal | 5 OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OFNAC/CENTIF National Office for the Fight Against Fraud and Corruption PUDC Programme d'Urgence de Développement Communautaire PUMA Programme d’Urgence de Modernisation des Axes et Territoires Frontaliers (Emergency Program for the Modernization of Roads and Border Areas) REWARD Reacting to Early Warning and Response Data in West Africa SALW Small Arms and Light Weapons SitReps ECOWARN Situation Reports SNA Stakeholder Network Analysis UN United Nations USAID United States Agency for International Development Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment: Senegal | 6 Message from the President of the ECOWAS Commission The 15 Member-States of the ECOWAS Community represent a thriving region of the world, with a population of approximately 366 million and a rich human and topographical diversity. From the coastline to the mountain peaks of Fouta Djallon, across the Sahara and the mangroves of the Niger Delta, ECOWAS is home to diverse families, communities, and nations. Over the last decade, the region has witnessed significant progress in lifting the standard of living for millions. However, along with the richness of natural resources, human capital and great opportunity, there are also challenges to contend with such as natural disasters, pandemics, ethno-sectarian tensions, and security threats caused by extremism and terrorism. Global developments and changes such as advances in technology, human migration and climate change, have added new levels of complexity,
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