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The Dynamics of Land Use Changes in Kitendeni Wildlife Corridor and Their Impacts on Biodiversity

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The Dynamics of Land Use Changes in Kitendeni Wildlife Corridor and Their Impacts on Biodiversity LUCID’s Land Use Change Analysis as an Approach for Investigating Biodiversity Loss and Land Degradation Project The Dynamics of Land Use Changes and their Impacts on the Wildlife Corridor between Mt. Kilimanjaro and Amboseli National Park, Tanz ania LUCID Worki ng Paper Number: 31 By Christine Noe Department of Geography University of Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 35049 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania March 2003 Address Correspondence to: LUCID Project International Livestock Research Institute P.O. Box 30709 Nairobi, Kenya E-mail: [email protected] Tel. +254-20-630743 Fax. +254-20-631481/ 631499 The Dynamics of Land Use Changes and their Impacts on the Wildlife Corridor between Mt. Kilimanjaro and Amboseli National Park, Tanzania LUCID Working Paper Number: 31 By Christine Noe Department of Geography University of Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 35049 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania March 2003 Address Correspondence to: LUCID Project International Livestock Research Institute P.O. Box 30709 Nairobi, Kenya E-mail: [email protected] Tel. +254-20-630743 Fax. +254-20-631481/ 631499 Copyright © 2003 by the: University of Dar es Salaam, International Livestock Research Institute, and United Nations Environment Programme/Division of Global Environment Facility Coordination. All rights reserved. Reproduction of LUCID Working Papers for non-commercial purposes is encouraged. Working papers may be quoted or reproduced free of charge provided the source is acknowledged and cited. Cite working paper as follows: Author. Year. Title. Land Use Change Impacts and Dynamics (LUCID) Project Working Paper #. Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute. Working papers are available on www.lucideastafrica.org or by emailing [email protected]. LUCID Working Paper 31 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... v List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... v List of Maps.............................................................................................................................. v List of Boxes ........................................................................................................................... v ABSTRACT 1.0. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Objectives of the study .................................................................................................... 1 1.3. Research Hypotheses....................................................................................................... 2 1.4. Conceptual and Theoretical Framework.......................................................................... 2 2.0. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .................................................................................... 3 2.1. Types and sources of data................................................................................................4 2.2. Data collection techniques...............................................................................................4 2.2.1. Group discussions........................................................................................................... 4 2.2.3. Informal interviews ........................................................................................................ 4 2.2.3. Questionnaire interviews................................................................................................4 2.2.4. Participatory observation and transect walk................................................................... 5 2.2.5. Use of diagrams and pictures.......................................................................................... 5 2.2.6. Interpretation of aerial photographs and satellite imageries........................................... 5 2.3. Data analysis and presentation ........................................................................................ 5 3.0. LAND USE/COVER PATTERNS AND CHANGES .................................................... 6 3.1. Land use/cover patterns and change 1952-1982.............................................................. 6 3.2. Land use/cover patterns and change in 1982-2001.......................................................... 8 3.3. Changes between 1952 and 2001 .................................................................................. 13 4.0. CAUSES OF LAND USE CHANGES ......................................................................... 14 4.1. Immediate causes of land use changes .......................................................................... 15 4.1.1. Changes in Maasai livelihood strategies ...................................................................... 15 4.1.2. Expansion of settlements and agriculture..................................................................... 15 4.1.3. Encroachments ............................................................................................................. 15 4.2. Root causes of land use/cover changes.......................................................................... 15 4.2.1. Demographic factors .................................................................................................... 16 4.2.2. Government policies and legislation ............................................................................ 16 4.2.3. Environmental factors .................................................................................................. 19 4.2.4. Economic factors.......................................................................................................... 19 4.2.5. Availability of markets for agricultural products. ........................................................ 19 4.2.6. Institutional factors....................................................................................................... 20 4.2.6.1.Changes in resource management responsibilities ..................................................... 20 4.2.6.2.Top-down approach to resource management............................................................ 20 5.0. OTHER FACTORS INFLUENCING ANIMAL NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION ................................................................................................. 21 6.0. PEOPLE’S PERCEPTION ON FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR ANIMAL POPULATION DECLINE AND LOCAL EXTINCTION ................ 22 LUCID Working Paper 31 iv 7.0. IMPACTS OF LAND USE CHANGES ....................................................................... 23 7.1. Impacts on the size of the corridor and natural habitat..................................................23 7.2. Impacts on animal movements ...................................................................................... 23 7.3. Impacts on animal numbers and species diversity......................................................... 25 7.4. Human-wildlife conflicts............................................................................................... 27 8.0. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................... 29 8.1. Recommendations .........................................................................................................29 9.0 REFERENCES..............................................................................................................32 LUCID Working Paper 31 v LIST OF TABLES 1.1. Number of households interviewed in the study villages................................................ 4 1.2. Areal extent of land use/cover categories (in ha) in 1952 ............................................... 6 1.3. Areal extent of land use/cover types in 1982 .................................................................. 8 1.4. Areal extent of land use/cover types in 2000 .................................................................. 9 1.5. Extent of change in 1982-2000...................................................................................... 14 1.6. A comparison of areal coverage of land use/cover types 1952 and 2000......................15 1.7. Animal abundance index in twenty years interval 1960-2001 ......................................27 LIST OF FIGURES 1.1. Root causes of land use change and loss of biodiversity.................................................3 1.2. Land use/cover changes 1952-1982 .............................................................................. 12 1.3. Changes from livestock keeping to farming in 1970s and 2001 ...................................12 1.4. Bar chart of land use/cover in 1982 and 2000............................................................... 13 1.5 . Bar chart of land use/cover in land use/cover in 1952 and 2000...................................14 1.6. Timeframe for Kitendeni wildlife corridor.................................................................... 17 1.7. Factors for local extinction and reduction of animal numbers ...................................... 23 1.8. Human-wildlife conflicts in the study villages.............................................................. 28 LIST OF MAPS 1.1. The location of the Kilimanjaro-Amboseli wildlife corridor .......................................... 2 1.2. The 1952 land use cover/types in the Kitendeni corridor and adjacent areas..................6 1.3. The 1982 land use cover/types in the Kitendeni corridor and adjacent areas..................8 1.4. The 2000 land
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