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The Multiple Land Use Model of Ngorongoro Conservation Area: Achievements and Lessons Learnt, Challenges and Options for the Future

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The Multiple Land Use Model of Ngorongoro Conservation Area: Achievements and Lessons Learnt, Challenges and Options for the Future UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA THE MULTIPLE LAND USE MODEL OF NGORONGORO CONSERVATION AREA: ACHIEVEMENTS AND LESSONS LEARNT, CHALLENGES AND OPTIONS FOR THE FUTURE FINAL REPORT ! ! ! Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism Dodoma October, 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The Team of Experts wish to extend appreciation to the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (MNRT) for appointment to undertake review of !i Ngorongoro Conservation Area’s Multiple Land use Model. Our thanks are extended to institutions for granting permission. Thanks are also extended to the Board of Directors and Management of Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority (NCAA) for facilitating the Team in terms of logistics and guidance. The Team further acknowledges inputs and discussion with the National Land Use Planning Commission, which is reviewing General Management Plan (GMP) of Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) and appreciates the valuable inputs from the United Nations-Education, Science and Culture Organization (UNESCO) Commission-Tanzania Office, Tanzania Tourist Board, tourism stakeholders and Non-Governmental Organizations operating in Ngorongoro district and NCA in particular. The Team is grateful to the District Commissioner for Ngorongoro Dr. Rashid Mfaume Taka, Council Management Teams for Karatu, Ngorongoro, Longido, Monduli and Meatu districts, and the Office of the Arusha Regional Commissioner as well as the Administrative Secretary for sharing information and knowledge on the current and future situation of NCA. Wildlife and natural resources management authorities, research and higher learning institutions and the National Museum of Tanzania- are thanked for fruitful discussions and inputs. Thanks are in addition extended to political and religious leaders from Ngorongoro District who provided invaluable contributions. The Team is as well indebted to the elders and members of Ngorongoro Pastoral Council (NPC) who were instrumental in sharing their experience on issues pertaining to NCA. The Team is specifically appreciative to the Member of Parliament for Ngorongoro Constituency, Hon. William Ole Nasha (MB), for setting aside his time to discuss issues related to conservation and community development in NCA. Last but not least, the Team thanks representatives from 25 villages of NCA and Jema Village in Sale Division where 159 households from NCA were resettled between 2007 and 2010. !ii Members of the Review Team S/N NAME POSITION INSTITUTION 1. Dr. Iddi M. Mfunda Chairperson Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism 2. Dr. Victor A. Runyoro Vice Chairperson of Pangani River Basin Board & Chairperson Environmental Consultant 3. Dr. Maurus Msuha Secretary NCAA/Wildlife Division 4. Dr. Robert Fyumagwa Member Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute 5. Prof. Jafari Kideghesho Member College of African Wildlife Management-Mweka 6. Dr. Ladislaus Batinoluho Member Open University of Tanzania 7. Mr. Joseph Ngaire Member Tumaini University Makumira Campus 8. Mr. Willy Chamburo Member Tanzania Association of Tour Operators 9. Mr. Burton Mwasomola Member Ministry of Constitution and Legal Affairs 10. Dr. Harriet Mtae Co-opted Open University of Tanzania Member Coordinator 11 Dr. Freddy Manongi Conservation Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority Commissioner Secretariat 12 Mr. Elibariki Bajuta Secretariat Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority 13 Mr. Deogratius Maige Secretariat Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority !iii TABLE OF CONTENTS !iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ...............................................................................................................iv LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................vii CHAPTER ONE ..............................................................................................................................i BACKGROUND INFORMATION .................................................................................................i 1. Historical background ..................................................................................................................i 2. Justification for the Review ........................................................................................................ii 3. The Objectives ............................................................................................................................iv 4. The Conceptual Framework...................................................................................................... iv CHAPTER TWO ...........................................................................................................................vii AN OVERVIEW OF THE MULTIPLE LAND USE MODEL .........................................................vii 1. Preamble .....................................................................................................................................vii 2. NCA in the context of the Serengeti – Mara Ecosystem ........................................................vii 3. NCA and adjacent land uses ......................................................................................................ix 4. Conservation of Natural Resources ...........................................................................................x 5. Archaeological, Paleontological and Cultural Heritage.......................................................... xi 6. Conservation status ...................................................................................................................xii 7. Community Development .........................................................................................................xii 8. Tourism Development ..............................................................................................................xiv 9. Cross-cutting issues ...................................................................................................................xv CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................xviii METHODOLOGY .....................................................................................................................xviii 1. Data Collection Techniques ...................................................................................................xviii 2. Data analysis .............................................................................................................................xix 3. Limitation of the Study .............................................................................................................xx CHAPTER FOUR .......................................................................................................................xxi POLICIES, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS............................................... xxi 1. Preamble ....................................................................................................................................xxi 2. The Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania (1977) ...............................................xxi 3. National Policies ......................................................................................................................xxii 4. International Conventions and Agreements ........................................................................xxix 5. Strategies and Guidelines ....................................................................................................xxxiv 6. Legislation ............................................................................................................................xxxvii 7. Institutional Framework .........................................................................................................xlvi KEY FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................................l 1. Preamble ........................................................................................................................................l !v CHAPTER SIX .............................................................................................................................93 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS................................................... 93 1. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................93 2. Future Management Options ...................................................................................................96 3. Strategies for the Future .........................................................................................................102 ANNEXES................................................................................................................................... 109 Annex 1 110 !vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Human and livestock population change in the past 60 years of the model ......................3 Table 2: Mean body measures of pastoral mothers in LGCA and NCA ..........................................6 Table 3: Outcome and Goals of National Strategy for Growth and Poverty Reduction (2005) ....33 Table 4: Land cover changes (1975 to 2000)................................................................................. 53 Table 5: Proportions of land use and land cover change (2008 and 2018) ....................................54 Table 6: Population estimates for large herbivore in NCA in
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