The GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. 7, No. 1 Spring 1974 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST

~ubiishedby the Michigan Entomological Society Volume 7 1974 No. 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Ovacarus peelei, a New Species of Mite (Acarina: Podapolipidae) Associated with the Carabid elongatus Robert W. Husband ...... 1

Freezing for Temporary Storage Ronald S. Wilkinson ...... 8

The Life Cycle Relative to Temperature of Protaphorura arrnatus (Tullberg) (Collembola: Onychiuridae), a Parthenogenetic Species Renate M. Snider ...... 9

The Genesis of A. R. Grote's "Collecting by Lake Erie" Ronald S. Wilkinson ...... 16

The Minnesota Species of Aeshna with Notes on Their Habits and Distribution (Odonata: Aeshnidae) Marilee S. Boole, Charles L. Hamum, and Myron A. Anderson ...... 19

Introduction of Parasites of the Larch Sawfly in Minnesota H. M. Kulman, L. C. Thompson, and J. A. Witter ...... 23

A Flexible Computer Program for the Production of Labels Carl W. Albrecht and Russell V. Skavaril ...... 27

Similarities in Evasive Behavior of Wolf Spiders (Araneae: Lywsidae), American Toads (Anura: Bufonidae) and Ground (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Lauren E. Brown and James H. Thrall ...... 30

The Etymology of the Names Pipunculus Latreille and Dorilas Meigen (Diptera: Pipunculidae) H.D.Cameron ...... 31 BookReview ...... 25 $ I I I COVER ILLUSTRATION

Venter of the male of Ovacarus peelei, n. sp. (Acarina: Podapolipidae). THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

1973-1974 OFFICERS

President Richard C. Fleming President-Elec t Robert W. Husband Executive Secretary M. C. Nielsen Editor Irving J. Cantrall

The Michigan Entomological Society traces its origins to the old Detroit Entomological Society and was organized on 4 November 1954 to ". . . promote the science of entomology in all its branches and by all feasible means, and to advance cooperation and good fellowship among persons interested in entomology." The Society attempts to facilitate the exchange of ideas and information in both amateur and professional circles, and encourages the study of by youth. Membership in the Society, which serves the North Central States and adjacent Canada, is open to all persons interested in entomology. There are three paying classes of membership:

Student (including those currently enrolled in college or graduate programs) - annual dues $2.00 Active - annual dues $4.00 Institutional - annual dues $6.00 Sustaining - annual contribution 625.00 or more

Dues are paid on a calendar year basis (Jan. I - Dec. 3 1).

Memberships accepted before July I shall begin on the preceding January I ; memberships accepted at a later date shall begin the following January 1 unless the earlier date is requested and the required dues are paid. All members in good standing receive the Newsletter of the Society, published quarterly. All Active and Sustaining Members may vote in Society affairs. All dues and contributions to the Society are deductible for Federal income tax purposes.

SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION

Institutions and organizations, as well as individuals not desiring the benefits of membership,may subscribe to The Greathkes Entomologist at the rate of $6.00 per volume. The journal is published quarterly; subscriptions are accepted only on a volume (4 issue) basis. Singlecopiesof TheGreat Lakes Entomologistare available at $1.75 each, with a 20 per cent discount for 25 or more copies sent to a single address. MICROFILM EDITION: Positive microfilm copies of the current volume of The Great Lakes Entomologist will be available at nominal cost, to members and bona fide subscribers of the paper edition only, at the end of each volume year. Please address all orders and inquiries to University Microfilms, Inc., 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106, USA. Inquiries about back numbers, subscriptions and Society business should be directed to the Executive Secretary, Michigan Entomological Society, Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, USA. Manuscripts and related correspondence should be directed to the Editor (see inside back cover).

Copyright @ 1974, The Michigan Entomologist Society THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST

OVACARUS PEELLEI, A NEW SPECIES OF MITE (ACARINA: PODAPOLIPIDAE) ASSOCIATED WITH THE CARABID PASIMACHUS ELONGATUS

Robert W. Husband Biology Ljepartment, Adrian College, Adrian, Michigan 49221

Recently, a new and species of rnite was discovered in association with the vaginal membrane or aedeagus of Clivina impressifrons, a pest which damages corn seed and seedlings in the midwest (Stannard and Vaishampyan 1971). This mite, Ovacarus clivinae, was described as a monotypic species of the genus Ovacams. In the process of examining another midwestern carabid , Pasimachus elongatus LeConte, an unde- scribed species of Ovacarus was discovered. Larviform females were found near the external genitalia. All stages were found associated with oviducts and vaginal membranes, in a manner similar to that described by Stannard and Vaishampayan (1971). The new mite is here described as Ovacarus peellei.

METHODS Beetles from which mites are to be removed are placed in individual beakers containing distilled water at 60°C for approximately 112 hour. The beetle is removed from the water and excess water is removed with tissue paper. The elytra are lifted, hind wings are moved aside and the beetle is visually inspected for mites. Seventy percent alcohol is forcefully sprayed on the beetle from a 112 pint squeeze bottle. This is done over a petri dish two inches in diameter. A second visual inspection of the beetle is made. The beetle is dried again with tissuc paper and the wings are returned to the original position. The contents of the petri dish are examined under a dissecting microscope at 10 to 30 magnifications. Podapolipid mites such as those found in this study are usually small, white and possess three pairs of legs. Males and larvifor~nfemales vary from 100-200 microns in length. Adult females are larger, 300-2400 microns, may be round or oval and may have from zero to three pairs of legs. Relatively few setae are found on all stages of these ~nites. Pyemotidae, Tarsonemidae and acarid deutonymphs are approximately the same size but have four pairs of legs. Acarid deutonymphs (hypopi) are very common. A ventral posterior cluster of suction discs characterize this stage. Remaining groups of mites are larger and usually more heavily sclerotized than podapolipid mites. Once found, mites are placed in vials containing 70% alcohol or placed directly on slides. Mites to be mounted directly are picked up with fine tip forceps, excess alcohol is carefully blotted away and mites are placed on slides in Iloyer's mounting medium. After the coverslips arc placed in position, slides are placed on a warming tray (40'-45°C) at least overnight. The next day, slides are labeled completely and edges of coverslips are ringed with lacquer (nail polish). All measurements and drawings are made with the aid of a Wild microscope drawing appar;l tus.

0 V,4 CA K US PEEL I. El. n. sp. 0. peellei is distinguished from 0. clivinae by the following characteristics: larviform female with length of setae verticales internae nearly as long as setae verticales externae and setae scapulares externae, setac vertic;~les esternae nearly 112 the distance between setae verticales internae and setar scapulares externae; male with fourth pair of legs more developed and more lateral in position than the fourth pair of legs of the male of 0. clivinac; one pair of propodosornal setae in contrast to three pairs in 0. clivinae; no coxal setae apparent in contrast to four pairs in 0. clivinae; spicules at apex of aedeagus longer than corresponding spicules in 0. clivinae. Table I gives ranges and means of rneasure- ments of the adult female, larviform female, male and cgg. 2 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST VoI. 7, No. 1

Table 1. Measurements (in p) of 0. peellei

Character Range Mean

Adult Fernale (n = 10) Idiosoma length 884-1 712 Idioso~nawidth 640-24 12 Gnathasonla length 46-60 Gnathosoma width 51-78 Chelicera length 21-34 Male (n = 10) Idiosoma length 190-270 Idiosoma width 125-167 Gnathosoma length 28-37 Gnathosoma width 28-46 Chelicera length 15-22 Aedeagus length 24-40 Aedeagus width 35-50 Leg I 5 6-9 3 Leg I1 85-1 07 Leg 111 90-130 Larviforrn Female (n = 10) Idiosoma length 124-215 Idiosoma width 154-191 Gnathosoma length 35-45 Gnathosoma width 39-50 Chelicera length 18-29 Opisthosonial setae 1 3-26 Leg 1 76-1 06 Leg I1 101-127 Leg 111 109-116 Setae verticales internae 5-6 Egg (n = 10) Length 192-280 Width 130-225

finzale. As reproductive organs of female develop, the shape progresses from egg-shaped to spherical and genital opening anterior to opisthosomal setae elongates. Chelicerae and gnathosomas of adult females of Archipolipus canthoni develop inside exoskeletons of larviform fernales of (his species. Lack of this phenomenon in 0. peellei and nearly equal size of chelicerae in both mature and immature females indicate Iieotenous development in 0. peellei. Male. (1:igs. 1, 2). Gnathosoma. Width about 114 that of idiosoma; wider than long, ventral microsetae, dorsal setac inconspicuous. Pedipalps reduced, rounded; length of cheliccrae ca. 112 width of gnathosoma. Propodosoma. Propodosomal plate hemicircular, with one pair of setae. Mctapodosoma. Plates I and I1 fused. Setae humcralcs internae and setae dorsales short but conspicuous, setae humeralcs cxternae short, less conspicuous. No plate discernable in association with fourth pair of legs, posteriorly directed aedeagus with thrce pairs of sclcrotized spicules. Sternum. Coxal platcs I and I1 fused mesally, separated from 111 by an area of non-sclerotizcd integument. Coxae 111 separated from each other by non-sclerotized integument. No setae apparent on coxae. Legs. Shorter than width of idiosoma; cliaetotaxy as in Table 2. Two anterior spines and one posterior spine on tibia 1, thrce spines on each of tibiae I1 and 111. Tarsus I with 1974 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST

Fig. 1. Ovacarus peellei. n. sp. Dorsum of male. Setae: S.SC.E., scapulares externae; S.H.I., humerales internae: S.H.E., humerales externae; S.D., dorsales.

a stout claw, tarsi I1 and 111 with two stout terminal spines, ambulaera much reduced. Tarsus IV with a mesally directed, needle-like spine. Larviform Female (1;igs. 3, 4). Gnathosoma. About 114 width of idiosoma; ventral microsetae, dorsal setae inconspicuous. Pedipalps .reduced, rounded. Chelicerae smooth, more than 112 width of gnathosoma. Propodosoma. Rectangular, three pairs of setae; setae verticales internae ca. equal in length to other propodosomal setae; setae verticalcs cxternae nearly equidistant between setae verticales internae and setae scapulares ex ternac. Metapodosoma. Plates I and 11 fused, three pairs of thick setae. Opisthosoma. Plate I subquadrate to oval, with a pair of slender setae. Plate I1 ventral, bearing a pair of slender setae and a genital opening. Sternum. Coxal plates I and 11 fused mesally, separated from I11 by an area of non-sclerotized integument. Coxae 111 scparatcd from each other by non-selerotized integument. Each of coxal plates I and I1 with a short thick seta, each of coxal plates 111, with two short thick setae. Legs. Three pairs, shorter than width of idiosoma; chaetotaxy as in Table 2. Stout ventral rpine on femur I, three spines on tibiae I, I1 and 111; tarsi I1 and 111 with two THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 7, No. 1

Fig. 2. Ovacarus peellei, n. sp. Venter of male.

Table 2. Leg chaetotaxy of male and larviform female of 0. peellei.

I;em ur Genu Tibia Tarsus 1 2 2 0-0 0 2-1 2-1 1 1 i 1 I 0 0 1-1 1 --1 1 1 1 1 --I 1 1 IV (6only) 0-0 0 1974 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST

v. I.. V. E.

Fig. 3. O~~acaruspeellei, n. sp. Dorsum of larviform female. Setae: S.V.I., verticales internae; S.V.E., verticales externae; S.SA., sacrales.

terminal spines. Solenidion on tibia I ca. 114 width of tibia I, solenidia on tarsus I ca. 113 as long as solenidion on tibia I. Claw on leg I with a single spine; two claws on each of legs I1 and 111, often retracted into sucker like empodium. Egg. One to nine oval eggs found within the bodies of the largest females. Type data. Holotype, d; 25 9, 31) d and 30 larviform female paratypes in sacs associated with the oviducts of Pasimachus elongatus LeConte; Valley City, North Dakota, 28 August 1917; collector P. W. Fattig. The holotype is deposited in the Acarology Collection of thc University of Georgia. Paratypes are to be distributed to each of the following: Adrian College, Adrian, Mich.; Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii; British Museum (Natural History), London, England; Canadian National Collection, Entomology Research Institute, Ottawa; University of Georgia, Athens; Acarology Laboratory of the Ohio State University, Columbus; L'lnstitute Royal des Sciences Naturelles, Bruxelles. Belgium; Hebrew Uni- versity, Jerusalem; Israel; Le Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 1:rance; Institute of Zoological Research, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Research Station, Canada Department of Agriculture, Winnipeg; Snow Entomological Museum, Lawrence, Kansas; South Australian Museum, Adelaide, Australia; National Muscum of Natural History, THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 7, No. I

Fig. 4. Ovacarlts peellei, n. sp. Venter of larviform female. Setae: OP.S., opisthosomal. Washington, D. C.; Universtetes Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark; Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences, Leningrad, USSR; Zoologisches lnstitute der Universitat Freiburg, Germany; Institute Sperimentale per la Zoologia Agraria, Firenze, Italy; Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana, Illinois. The species is named for Milcs L. Peelle, Professor Emeritus of Adrian College. who for 34 years inspircd young biologists at Adrian College.

DlSCUSSION Ovacarus, Dorsipes and Elctarsopolipus are three genera of podapolipid mites associ- ated with Carabidae. Dorsipes and Elctarsopolipus are discussed by Regenfuss (1968). Keys to all stages of the genera are provided (Husband 1972). Males of Eurarsopolipus have three pairs of legs in contrast to four pairs of legs in Ovacarus ahd Dorsipes. In addition, the acdeagus of the Ovacarus differs in structure and orientation from the acdcagus of Dorsipes. Larviform females of Ovacarus, with two pairs of coxae I11 setae, most closely resemble larviform females of Eutarsopolipus and Dorsiprs. However, the development of tibia1 spines in this stage is unique to the family. Most setae of Ovacarus are shorter than setae in Dorsipes and Eutarsopolipus. In general, male podapolipid mites are smaller than larviform female mites, chelicerae of lnales arc less than 112 the length of the chelicerae of larviform females, males may 1974 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 7 not feed and males may not leave the host insect. In contrast, males of Ovacarus are larger than larviform females, chelicerae are not reduced, and it is likely that male Owcarus both feed and migrate to other hosts. Stannard and Vaishampayan (1971) present evidence for venereal transmission but suggest that this might not be sufficient for survival of the mites. It is not known how mites get from one generation to the next as eg masses, larvae and pupae have not been examined for mites. Cress and Lawson (1971) in discussing the biology of P. elongatus in Wyoming do not mention parasites. They note that P. elongatus is associated with moist habitats. It is possible that some mites may transfer from one host to another in such confined habitats as that found beneath cow chips.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Preston Hunter and W. T. Atyeo for the use of facilities at the University of Georgia and the opportunity to examine beetles in the P. W. Fattig collection, Lewis J. Stannard for the opportunity to examine Ovacarus clivinae and Patricia S. Husband for typing the manuscript and patience through several drafts.

LITERATURE CITED Cress, Donald C. and Fred A. Lawson. 1971. Life history of Pasimachus elongatus. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 44:304-313. Husband, Robert W. 1972. A new genus and species of mite (Acarina: Podapolipidae) associated with the coccinelIid Cycloneda sanguinea. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 65: 1099-1 104. Regenfuss, H. 1968. Untersuchungen zur Morphologie, Systematik and Okologie der Podapolipidae (Acarina, Tarsonemini). Z. Wiss. Zool. 177(3/4): 182-282. Stannard, L. J. and S. M. Vaishampayan. 1971. Ovacarus clivinae, New genus and species (Acarina: Podapolipidae), an endoparasite of the Slender Seedcorn Beetle. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 64:887-890. THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 7, No. 1

FREEZING LEPIDOPTERA FOR TENIPORARY STORAGE

Ronald S. Wilkinson The Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540

Frequently the lepidopterist is faced with the problem of mounting an inordinately larze number of specimens taken on a field trip. Most butterflies and larger may of course be pinned or papered and relaxed at leisure for mounting, but this method does not work well with smaller moths, which even if pinned immediately should be mounted quickly before drying occurs. Even a specimen as large as an average-sized Noctuid is not really a satisfactory subject for spreading after drying and relaxing. The recent republi- cation of Tindale's 1962 observations on the ability of chlorocresoI to retard drying (Tindalc, 1973) has again called attention to this very useful method, but all investigators do not have ready access to chlorocresol. Another method of retarding the drying of specimens during storage is that of freezing. The procedure is relatively simple. Specimens which will receive identical locality labels can be packed together after collection in wide-mouthed screw top bottles or cylindrical cardboard cartons with snugly fitting tops. Larger insects should be carefully layered between loosely fitting discs of absorbent cotton (cotton wool) or similar material, and ideally should not touch each other. Pertinent data should be written on or affixed to the containers, and if some time will occur before freezing, chlorocresol crystals may be introduced temporarily. Very small specimens should not be layered, and chlorocresoi is hardly necessary if the insects will be frozen promptly upon returning from a day's or evening's collecting. The containers may be stored in a freezer or the freezing compartment of a refrigerator. Cardboard cartons can be wrapped in aluminum foil to maximize retention of moisture. The writer has kept Noctuidae frozen for several months according to this method, and is now collecting data for a study of the effect of varying periods of freezing. Upon opening the containers, the specimens thawed very quickly, were perfectly relaxed, and appeared as .fresh as when killed. The practice is ideal for entomologists who have little time for mounting, as the cartons may be removed from the freezer individually and their contcnts thawed as occasion permits. Even the collector who captures relatively few specimens at a time will find the method useful if he does not wish to attend to mounting the next day, and students of certain other orders may well want to adapt freezing to their own needs.

LITERATURE CITED Tindale, N. B. 1962. The chlorocresol mcthod for field collecting. I. Lepid. Soc. 15:195-197. . 1973. The chlorocresol mcthod for field collecting. Newsletter Mich. Entomol. Soc. 18:6-7. 1974 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 9

THE LIFE CYCLE RELATIVE TO 'TEMPERATURE OF PROTAPHORURA ARMATUS (TULLBERG) (COLLEMBOLA: ONYCHIURIDAE), A PARTHENOGENETIC SPECIES1

Renate M. Snider Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich. 48823

Apparent parthenogenetic reproduction in Collembola has sometimes been attributed to accidental transfer of spermatophores with the food material from one culture to another (Schaller, 1953; Mayer, 1957). Conclusive evidence of parthenogenesis has only in recent years been accumulated for a number of species of Collembola, of which some were found in field populations consisting entirely of females (Choudhuri, 1958; Huther, 1961; Marshall and Kevan, 1962; Petersen, 1965; 1971 ; Snider, 1973). In Onychiuridae, parthenogenesis is apparently quitc common. Onychiurus parthenogeneticus Choudhuri and Tlrllbergia krausbaueri (Bomer) undoubtedly reproduce in the absence of males (Choudhuri, 1958; Hale, 1966; Petersen, 1971); so does Tullbergia granulata Mills, where individuals reared in isolation from the time of hatching invariably lay viable eggs (unpublished observations). Lage females of Onychiurus procampatus Gisin 1956 breed through a form of thelytokous parthenogenesis (Hale, 1964). The size groupings found in 0. procarnpatus (two sizes of females and only small males) were also observed in 0. firnatus Gisin 1952 and 0. quadriocellatus Gisin 1947 and may indicate the existence of both parthenogenetic and sexually reproducing forms in these species (Hale, 1964). Recent laboratory observations on Protaphorura armatus (Tullberg) revealed that this species too reproduces parthenogenetically. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of temperature on the biology of the species.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Clear plastic jars (3.5 X 2.5 cm) were used as culture containers. They were filled to a depth of 1 cm with a plaster-charcoal substrate. Brewer's yeast was provided as food. Distilled water was addcd when required in order to maintain a humidity of closc to 100 percent. Whenever regular scraping of the substrate surface did not suffice to kecp the jars free of mold, the were transferred to a new container. From Protaphorrrra arnlatus stock cultures, single eggs were transferred to each of a number of containers and incubated at 15"; 21"; and 26°C. Upon emergence of the juveniles, observations were made at 24 hour intervals throughout the life of the animals. Exuvia were recorded and removed from the containers. Deaths were recorded and the specimens preserved in alcohol. All eggs laid were left in the jars and allowed to hatch. At each temperature, the progeny of 15 parent individuals were reared to maturity and preserved for later sex determination.

MORTALITY, LONGEVITY, INSTAR DURATION Figure 1 illustrates the survival pattern of P. arnuztus at 15', 21° and 26°C. While juvenile mortality was highest at 26'C, the over-all survival patterns at 26O and 21°C were cIosely similar. At 15"C, 50% survival was reached in 345 days. Average longevity was 320 days at 15'C, but only 139 and 129 days at 2 1" and 26°C respectively. Table 1 summarizes the data on duration of the stadia at the three test temperatures. At all temperatures the first instar stadium was of shorter duration than any of the subsequent stadia. At 15°C the duration of the stadia was considerably longer than at 21°C or 26"C, while differences between the length of the stadia at 2l0and 26°C were only slight. At all temperatures the number of days between moults gradually increased with progressing age. The mean number of instars in a life time was 23 at 15'C and 20 at both 21" and 26°C. - '~ichi~anAgricultural Experiment Station Journal Article Number 6426. 10 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 7, No. 1 I PROTAPHORURA ARMATUS

TIME IN DAYS Fig. 1. Survival of Protaphorura urntatus (Tullberg) at three temperatures.

The moulting process in juveniles and young adults was normally completed within a period of 24 hours. However, from the 10th or 12th instar on, ecdysis often lasted from 2 to 5 days, during which the anjinals remained in one place and took no food. A drop of water placed on or beside them usually released the exuvia without injury to the . In sevcral very old indlv~dualsecdysis lasted from 5 to 10 days and sometimes resulted in death of the animal.

Table 1. Average duration of selected stadia of Protaphorura armatus at three temperatures.

15°C 21°C 26" C Instar Mean Range No. repl. Mean Range No. repl. Mean Range No. repl. 1974 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 11

This extended duration of the moulting process was observed at all temperatures. At 26°C itoccurred first in a 55 day old individual (10th instar), at 21°C in a 63 day old animal (12th instar), and at 15'C in a 136 day old individual (12th instar).

EGG PRODUCTlON All observed individuals of P. arnmtus originated from isolated eggs and, with few exceptions, laid viable eggs at least once during their adult life. Microscopical examiflation of the specimens after death revealed that even the non-laying individuals were all females. At least in the laboratory, evidence of parthenogenesis in P. arrnatus was conclusive. Specimens collected from Michigan agricultural and forest soils have so far also been all female. However, sampling has not been extensive; the existence of entirely female populations of P. arrnatus in the field has yet to be established. As in several other species of Collembola (Hale, 1965; Waldorf, 1971a; Snider, 1973) a close relationship between moulting and oviposition was found in P. armatus. The time interval elapsing between ecdysis and oviposition however varied with the temperature. At 26°C oviposition generally occurred within 1-2 days of ecdysis, while at 15OC the interval was commonly 2-4 days. In cases where the moulting process lasted for several days, oviposition was delayed accordingly, although a few females laid eggs while the exuvia was still attached to the dorsal end of the abdomen. P. arrnatus lays clumps of smooth white eggs, often in holes or against the container wall. The earliest that eggs were laid was at the beginning of the 5th instar, but initiation of egg production varied with the individual. There appeared to be no pattern in the sequence of ovipositions. Many individuals laid eggs in each of 8 to 12 successive instars; others produced eggs at variable intervals, with 1 to 5 and rarely more than 6 nonproductive instars intervening. The total number of ovipositions by one female ranged from 1 to 22, with a maximum of 20 ovipositions at 15°C and 22 at 21°C and 26°C. On the average, a female oviposited 9 times at 15°C; 9.5 times at 2I0C; and 11.5 times at 26OC. Eggs produced during one oviposition were invariably laid in one single clump. At all temperatures the number of eggs per laying period (and clump) increased gradually up to the 6th ovipositlon and remained fairly constant over the next 7 or 8 ovipositions. Although the mean number of laying periods was lowest at 15'C, the average number of eggs per oviposition per laying female was highest at that temperature (Fig. 2). The total number of eggs laid by one female in a life time varied from 1 to 298. Average egg production per female as well as clump size were highest at 15'C and lowest at 26°C (Table 2). Taking into consideration the total number of females alive at a given time, the effect of temperature on the reproductive rate was revealed in an unexpected way. In a given instar, a smaller proportion of females was reproducing at 15' than at 21° or 26'C (Table 3). Accordingly, fecundity averages were sometimes lowcst at 1 S°C. Cumulation of

OVlPOSlTlOll PERIODS

Fig. 2. Average egg production per oviposition and female of Protaphorura armatus (Tullberg) at three temperatures. 12 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 7, No. 1

Table 2. Total egg production and clump size per female of Protaphorura armatus at three temperatures.

Total no. of eggs (average/female) 123.8 102.6 98.1 ' Range 7-289 1-298 13-262 Max. no. of eggs per clump 30 24 22 * Average clump size 13.7 10.8 , 8.6 fecundity means per instar demonstrates the interaction between clump size and percentage of laying females (Fig. 3). A temperature of 26"C, although inducing egg production in a high number of females, also reduces the number of eggs laid (136.4 total). At 21°C the number of eggs laid is higher, combined with a high percentage of productive females (150.7 eggs total). At lS°C the low number of egg laying females at fust reduces fecundity below the 21" level; but the large size of the clumps finally balances average fecundity to a point where it reaches the 21" values (147.8 total). Of the original 150 individuals of P. armatus used in this study, 131 reached maturity. Over 1200 of their progeny, taken from cultures at all experimental temperatures, were reared to maturity and preserved. Microscopical examination revealed that all individuals of this second generation were again females.

EGG CANNIBALISM Egg cannibalism has been observed in several species of Collembola. Green (1964) showed that in Folsomia candida (Willem) cannibalism was independent of population density. Vail (1965) observed that faulty eggs were more prone to consumption than normal eggs in cultures of Hypogastrura i?ianuhrialis Tullberg. Recently, Waldorf (1971b) demonstrated for Sinella curviseta Brook a pronounced selectivity in egg cannibalism:

Table 3. Average fecundity per instar and female of Protaphorura arnzatus at three temperatures, up to the 20th instar.

15°C 21°C 26°C Ave. No. fem. 7% fem. Ave. No. fem. %fern. Ave. No. fem. %fern. lnstar eggs alive laying eggs alive laying eggs alive laying THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST

Fig. 3. Cun~ulativeaverage fecundity of Protuphoturu armatus (Tullberg) at three tern- peratures. young, smooth eggs were preferred to rough eggs in advanced stages of development. In P. armatus cannibalism occurred frequently. As in S. curviseta, only young eggs with intact chorion were ingested. Once the chorion had ruptured the eggs were no longer subject to cannibalistic attack. Owing to 24 hour intervals between observations, consumption of eggs immediately after oviposition could not be accurately determined. Where eggs were only partially ingested, the visible remains of egg shells were included in the egg counts. Possible consumption of whole eggs or entire clumps in those first 24 hours and resulting errors in fecundity and cannibalism .data had to be disregarded. Egg cannibalism proved to be considerable at all temperatures. At 15' and 26"C, 11 percent of all observed eggs were eaten. At 21°C cannibalism was slightly less with only 7 percent of all eggs consumed. The age of the parent did not influence the rate of ingestion. Eggs were subjcct to predation at any time from the first to the last oviposition in the life of a female. In most egg clumps there were one to a few eggs that never developed, although at first they could not be distinguished from the rest of the clump. P. armatus also laid eggs that were distinctly faulty at first glance: they assumed neither the spherical shape nor the opaque white appearance of freshly laid eggs and were often deposited in amorphous masses. The females seemed unable to discriminate between such faulty eggs and healthy young eggs, since both were ingested. On the other hand, both types of eggs often remained untouched until they either hatched or deteriorated. Thus egg cannibalism affected only young eggs, but was otherwise erratic and indiscriminate. Lack of a required nutritional component in thc diet may have been the cause for both the cannibalistic behaviour and the production of faulty eggs in P. armatus. However, no food substances other than yeast were used in the investigation.

EGG VIABILITY Aside from cannibalistic attack by the fcmales, eggs of P. arrmtus were also found to be susceptible to excessive fungal and bacterial contamination. Fungal growth was particulaly heavy at 26"C, in spite of constant efforts to keep the jars clean. Many egg clunlps were therefore not suited for precise counts of egg viability, including those which had been only partially ingested or were partly overgrown by fungi. At each temperature over-all data on hatching success were finally derived from egg clumps which showed no fungal infection and had not been attacked by the parent. Eggs laid at 15°C had a higher percentage of viability than those laid at 21' and 26°C (Table 14 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 7, No. 1

Table 4. Viability of egs of l+otaphorura armatus at three temperatures.

No. of eggs 1216 1062 8 84 No. hatched 949 719 567 Percent 78.0 67.7 64.1

4). At least under laboratory conditions, large clump size and high egg viability may possibly compensate for the low percentage of females reproducing at lS°C. The over-all viability figures given in Table 4 are probably an overestimate, since data on faulty eggs were treated separately. At 26"C, 4.5Y of all eggs laid were faulty and clearly non-viable, as compared to 3.1% at 21°C and 3.5% at 15°C.

SUMMARY Laboratory observations on Protaphorura armatus (Tullberg) disclosed parthenogenetic reproduction in the species. Males have as yet not been found in either the stock cultures or among specimens collected from Michigan soil samples. Isolated individuals of P. armatus were reared at 15', 21' and 26°C. Longevity and survival were greatly extended at lS°C, at which temperature the duration of the stadia was longest. Eggs were laid in clumps within a few days of ecdysis. The largest clumps were recorded at ISo, but at that temperature a lower percentage of females laid eggs than at 21' or 26°C. Eggcannibalism occurred frequently and affected both healthy and faulty young eggs.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am indebted to Dr. Richard J. Snider for criticism and encouragement, and to Dr. James W. Butcher for providing the necessary facilities for this study, which was carried out under the Department of Entomology Soil Biology Program at Michigan State University.

LITERATURE CITED Choudhuri, D. K. 1958. On two new species of Onychiurus Gervais (Collembola: Onychiuridae) froin the British Isles. Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. London (B) 27:155-159. Green, C. D. 1964. The effect of crowding upon the fecundity of Folsonlia candida (William) var. distincta (Bagnall) (Collembola). Entomol. Exp. et Appl. 7:62-70. Hale, W. G. 1964. Experimental studies on the taxonomic status of some members of the Onychiurus armatus species group. Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol 1(3):501-510. Hale, W. G. 1965. Observations on the breeding biology of Collembola. Pedobiologia 5:146-152, 161-177. Hale, W. G. 1966. The Collembola of the Moore House National Nature Reserve, Westmoreland: a moorland habitat. Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol 3(1):97-122. Huther, W. 1961. Oekologische Untersuchungen uber die 1:auna ppdlzischer Wein- bergsboden. Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 89:243-368. Marshall, V. G. and Kevan, D. K. McE. 1962. Preliminary observations on the biology of Folsomia candida Willem, 1902 (Collembola: Isotomidae). Can. Entomol. 94575-586. Mayer, H. 1957. Zur Biologie und Ethologie einheimischcr Collembolen. Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 85:501-570. Petersen, H. 1965. The Collembola of the Hansted Reserve, Thy, North Jutland. , Ecology. Entomol. Medd. 30: 3 13-395. Petersen, H. 1971. Parthenogenesis in two common species of Collembola: Tullhrrgia krausbaueri (Borner) and Isotoma rzotabilis Schaffer. Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol 8(1):133-138. Schaller, 1:. 1953. Untersuchungen zur Fortpflanzungsbiologje Arthropleoner Col- lembolen. Z. Morph. Oekol. Tiere. 41:265-277. 1974 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 15

Snider, R. M. 1973. Laboratory observatior~s on the biology of Folsornia ca~zdida (Willem) (Collembola: Isotomidae). Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol 10(1):103-124. Vail, P. V. 1965. Colonization of Hypogastrura rnarzubrialis (Collembola: Poduridae) with notes on its biology. Ann. Entornol. Soc. Amcr. 58(4):555-561. Waldorf, E. S. 1971a. The reproductive biology of Sinella curviseta (Collembola: Entomobryidae) in laboratory culture. Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol 8(3):451-463. Waldorf, E. S. 1971b. Selective egg cannibalism in Sinella curvlseta (Collernbola: Entomobryidae). Ecology 52(4):673-675. THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 7, No. 1

THE GENESIS OF A. R. GROTE'S "COLLECTING NOCTUIDAE BY LAKE ERIE"

Ronald S. Wilkinson The Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540

Since its serial publication in The Entomologist's Record during 1895, Augustus Radcliffe Grote's "Collecting Noctuidae by Lake Erie" has become a minor classic of entomological literature. This brief but compelling reminiscence of two and a half months under canvas has long been considered one of the finest of the many accounts which have been written about the pursuit of Lepidoptera, and it is especially treasured by those collectors who, like Grote at Lake Erie, have used the method of 'sugaring' to capture moths. Surely much of the essay's appeal is due to Grote's facile and unusually colorful literary style; as P. B. M. Allan (1948) has observed, "it is given to but few of us to paint like that." Although Grote's account was not published until 1895, his spring sojourn near Lake Erie dated from almost two decades earlier. He did not mention the year in his essay, but evidence in several of his other papers indicates that it was 1877. Grote was then director of the museum of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences (Wilkinson, 1971), and in his spare time was collecting widely in the Buffalo area to add to the museum's holdings and augment his own collection of Lepidoptera, then on deposit at the Society. The local list of his friend E. P. Van Duzee (1891) gives some idea of the scope of Grote's efforts near Buffalo, although the Grote collection had gone to the British Museum long before Van Duzee's paper, and its data were not available to him. Toward the end of April, 1877, Grote made his way from Buffalo southwest through Erie County to Evans Township, where upon "the inner of the two over-lapping, high and wooded, sandy ridges which run parallel with the south shore of Lake Erie," he pitched his tent "before the new green had fully clothed the trees" (Grote, 1895). Although Grote did not indicate the exact locality of his camp, references to the nearby town of Angola and the presence of a creek enable identification of the approximate area on a map (Fig. 1). We may suppose from the evidence he gives that his routine was fairly regular; each evening he chose a succession of trees and 'sugared' them with a mixture of beer and molasses, afterwards making his rounds with a bull's-eye lantern, net and wide-mouthed collecting bottles with corks, periodically emptying his captures into a larger cyanide-charged store jar and, after the late nineteenth-century fashion, fully mounting his moths in camp the next day. The bare scientific chronology of his activities gives little indication of the flavor of the essay which he eventually wrote. Grote's first captures were from such early genera as Lithophane and Eupsilia, and on the first of May he took his first Habrosyne scripta (Gosse) (Thyatiridae), "a tiny three-cornered bit of fluffy pinkness"; it was followed by another Thyatirid, Pseudothyatira cjwzatophoroides (Guende), of which he captured a good series. As the early spring Noctuids gave way to those of May, Apatela, Agrotis, Mamestra, Xylena and other genera appeared, and he became much more particular as his spreading-boards filled. On June 8 Grote, who could not long withhold information from his favorite journals, sent a brief communication from his lakeshore locality to The Canadian Entornologist, announcing that "Entomology can be pursued with great success when camping out," and listing fifteen species of Lepidoptera which he had recently taken at bait, including four Sphingids. Grote was especially charmed by (Harris), of which he took one and saw another, quoting Marcus Aurelius to characterize the : "that which is beautiful is beautiful in itself; the praise of man adds nothing to it" (Grote, 1877a). In June Septis ligrlicolora (Guende) and S. arctica (Boisduval) were especially common, the latter becoming "a decided nuisance" (Grote, 1895), and they were soon joined by a number of Deltoids, which especially interested Grote. Of these he took a Zarzclognatha which at first appeared to be a new species, but he later decided it to be an extraordinary variety of his own laevigata. Like many American collectors after him, 1974 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 17

Fig. 1. The approximate location of A. R. Grote's 1877 camp near Lake Erie. From a nineteenth-century map of the Buffalo, N.Y. region, in the collections of the Library of Congress.

Grote was amused by the antics of flying squirrels at his bait, and he captured several with his net and kept them in a box-cage for several days. The genus Catocala, an old favorite of Grote's, began to appear in late June, and in July the underwings "swarmed like bats" about his camp. Beginning with clintoni Grote, he took eighteen species of Catocala in his restricted locality, over half the number reported by Van Duzee (1891) for the greater Buffalo region. As a happy finale to his expedition, Grote captured at the light of his tent some Noetuids, thcn rare in collections, which did not come to his bait; he considered the best to be Panthra acronyctoides (Walker), Ortcocnernis riparia Morrison and Plusia thyatyroides Guende. In mid-July he had to return to Buffalo with his specimens and notes, and the first of a half-dozen of his captures to be described as new species was 18 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 7, No. 1

reported to The Canadian Entomologist in October; it was Pallachira (now Hormisa) bivittata (Grote, 1877b). In the same month he revisited the site near Angola, and later described the scene in a passage which well illustrates the style of "Collecting Noctuidae by Lake Erie": "It was a lovely late October day, the leaves all ripely floating to the ground amid a stillness broken only by the noise of dropping chestnut burrs. The air itself was saturated with hazy light, the memory of summer days. Some autumn Spanner moths were lazily fluttering about, coloured like the yellow leaves. . . ." (Grote, 1895). The vivid language of "Collecting Noctuidae by Lake Erie" might suggest that Grote's essay was written soon after the event, but this was not the case, for in it he quoted passages from an unidentified work, the "latest. . .on the British Musuem 'types'," in reality John B. Smith's Catalogue. . .of the. . .lepidopterous superfamily Noctuidae, found in boreal America (Washington, 1893), continuing his protracted disagreement with Smith over Francis Walker's types and his own names. He attacked the new catalogue for "the animus which has guided the whole enquiry, and which has resulted in cutting down the nearly 800 species of North American Noctuidae, originally described by me, to about 650." Grote, who had left the United States in 1884, was residing in Bremen, Germany when Smith's catalogue was published (Wilkinson, 1971), and he first referred to it in print in his "Notes on nocturnal Lepidoptera," in the March, 1894 Canadian Ento- mologist. Grote's censure of Smith in "Collecting Noctuidae by Lake Erie" indicates that the essay was written in 1894 or early 1895. Grote's mood during his German years often turned to reverie, and at times he recalled his happier American experiences as would a man in exile; the word itself even appeared in his publications (e.g. Grote, 18861, although the decision to emigrate was his own. As early as 1886 he had recalled his old camp, and written that '%y the Lake at Buffalo, Time, winged with happiness passed by and, feigning that he would be thus everywhere, lured me away.. . .the ridge by the Lake side where, of a June evening, I caught the rare 'Particolored Hawk' (Ampelophaga versicolor) I would also have remembered out of my own experiences, the Canada shore in the distance and all about me the lovely scenery of Western New York" (Grote, 1886). When he finally put his memories to paper, quite probably Grote had his 1877 notes at hand, as the specimens mentioned in the essay had long since left his possession, and even his unusual sense of recollection could hardly account for the precision of detail. Transformed by Grote's literary skill, the result has given delight to those who have had access to the original in me Entomologist's Record, or have read the abridgement in Patrick Matthews' The Pursuit of Moths and Butterflies (London, 1957).

LITERATURE CITED Allan, P. B. M. 1948. Moths and memories. London. Grote, A. R. 1877a. [Untitled letter in correspondence column.] Canad. Entomol. 9:119-120. . 1877b. Notes on Noctuidae. Canad. Entomol. 9:196-200. . 1886. North American Lepidoptera: The hawk moths of North America. Bremen. . 1894. Notes on nocturnal Lepidoptera. Canad. Entomol. 26:79-86. . 1895. Collecting Noctuidae by Lake Erie. Entomol. Rec. 6:97-101, 121-125. Matthews, P. 1957. The pursuit of moths and butterflies. London. Smith, 1. B. 1893. A catalogue, bibliographical and synonymical, of the species of moths of the lepidopterous superfamily Noctuidae, found in boreal America. Bull. U.S.N.M. 44. Washington, D.C. Van Duzee, E. P. 1891. List of the macrolepidoptera of Buffalo and vicinity. Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 5:105-166. Wilkinson, R. S. 1971. Foreword. In Grote, A. R. An illustrated essay on the Noctuidae of North America. Hampton, Middlesex. 1974 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 19

THE MINNESOTA SPEC1 ES OF AESHNA WITH NOTES ON THE1 R HABITS AND DISTRIBUTION (ODONATA: AESHNIDAE)'

Marilee S. Boole, Charles L. Hamrum, and Myron A. Anderson Department of Biology, Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter, Minnesota 56082

Apart from the well-known green darner, Anax junius, the species of Aeshna are the most familiar Minnesota Aeshnidae. These species are remarkably uniform in appearance. The basic body color is brown with blue, green, or yellow stripes on the thorax and with marks of similar color on the abdomen. Usually the spots of male specimens are blue, whereas green of various shades appears on most females. The individual species are not readily discernible to the novice collector. Walker (1958) stated that Aeshna is the dominant genus of the family in the holarctic region, listing sixteen species as residents of Canada and Alaska. Most of the seven Minnesota species considered in this study enjoy a wide distribution in North America, although only four species are commonly found throughout the state. At least the males of these species may be identified by use of the following key.

KEY TO MINNESOTA AESHNA SPECIES

1. Face with definite black or dark brown line on fronto-clypeal suture (Fig. 1) ... 2 1'. Face with fronto-clypeal suture yellow, thinly brown or unmarked...... 3 2. First lateral thoracic stripe sinuous with basal half distended; large species (Fig. 2) ...... eremita 2'. First lateral thoracic stripe narrow without distention, parallel sided, sometimes interrupted (Fig. 3) ...... intempta

Fig.1 Aeshna head Fig.2 Aeshna eremita

Spine of anterior lamina

Fig.3 Aeshna interrupts F1g.4

l~hisstudy was supported by undergraduate research participation grants GY-2561, ~y-4196,and GY-6017 from the National Science Foundation. 20 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 7, No. 1

3. Male specimens ...... 4 3'. Female specimens...... 8 4. Anal triangle with two cells, spines of anterior lamina directed downward (Fig. 4). 5 4'. Anal triangle with three cells, spines of anterior lamina pointed upward...... 7 5. Basal tubercle on superior appendages, abdominal segment 10 black, lateral stripes of medium width and parallel sided (Fig. 5) ...... tuberculifera 5'. Basal tubercle absent; first lateral stripe sinuous with basal half distended...... 6 6. Denticles on upper margin of superior appendages (Fig. 6)...... ; ...canadensis 6'. Denticles absent, upper margin of superior appendages smooth ...... verticalis 7. First lateral stripe sinuous with basal half distended; spines of anterior lamina noticeably pointed; underside of head entirely black ...... consiricta 7'. Lateral stripes parallel sided usually with dark outlines, anterior lamina with spines appearing rounded; underside of head mostly tawny, black mesially .....umbrosa 8. First lateral stripe sinuous with basal half distended...... 9 8'. First lateral stripe of medium width, parallel sided ...... ll 9. Styli each as long as segment 10 (about 2 mm) or slightly longer, apices of genital valves without a pencil of hairs (Fig. 7)...... consiricta 9'. Styli each less than the length of segment 10 (0.6-0.7 mm), apices of genital valves bearing a pencil of hairs...... 10 10. Anterior margin of first thoracic band almost rectangularly sinuate; sulcation of ventral surfaces of the genital valves not distinctly delimited posteriorly. . canadensis 10'. Anterior margin of first thoracic band obtusangularly sinuate; sulcation of ventral surfaces of genital valves terminating more or less abruptly some distance before the apices : ...... verticalis 11. Styli long (1.2-1.5 mm), with 0.4-0.7 mm hair on ends, genital valves with a pencil of hair on apices ...... tuberculifera 11'. Styli shorter (0.7-1.0 mm), without a pencil of hairs on apices of genital valves, apices slightly divergent ...... umbrosa

IDENTIFICATION PROBLEMS Although the freshly caught specimens may show clear color marks, these have often faded into the dark brown background by the time they are identified. These markings, particularly thoracic stripes, are very useful in separating female specimens. As regards the females of A. anadensis 'and A. verticalis, the degree of upper angulation of the upper margin of the thoracic stripe may be so obscured by postmortem

Fig5 Aeshna tuberculifera

Fig. 6 Aeshna canadensis Fig.7 Aeshna constricta 1974 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 21

changes as to be of no value in determining the species. However, we failed to devise any other means to separate them. Inasmuch as canadensis is an abundant Minnesota species and verticalis has never been described as more than locally abundant throughout its entire range, nearly all female specimens fitting couplet 10 of the foregoing key may be regarded as canadensis. In fact it is even very difficult to obtain female specimens of verticalis on loan. A single specimen was made available to us by the Royal Ontario Musuem. This specimen, determined by Walker, did not provide us with a reliable means of distinguishing it from female canadensis specimens. Possibly the characters provided by Walker's (1958) key to Aeshna species may be quite functional, although we have not seen specimens that fit his description of verticalis females. Prompt identification of newly captured questionable females could alleviate this and other problems of female identification. Identification of male specimens is only slightly impeded by the inevitable fading of the thoracic stripes. Stable characters, i.e., anal triangle, superior appendages, and spines of anterior lamina, have contributed to the construction of several useful keys to the identification of males. Perhaps the most widely used in North America are the works of Walker (1912, 1958) as well as Needham and Westfall (1955). The characters used here are not new, but are simply edited to simplify the identification of the local species.

SPECIES NOTES Aeshna eremita Scudder. This species, the largest of Minnesota Aeshna species, appears to be restricted to the forested regions of northern Minnesota. It can usually be seen during sunlight hourS flying around small lakes, ponds and marshy areas. We have collected them feeding with interrupta and tuberculifera along wooded roads at dusk. Our collection records extend from June into the first week of September. A. eremita is not one of our most abundant species. Aeshna interrupta Walker. The dark fronto~lypealsuture and greatly reduced dorsal thoracic stripes readily identify this abundant Minnesota species. It may be found frequenting any body of water or waterway with abundant emergent vegetation. It finds suitable habitat throughout the state. Our collection dates for this species range from mid-June through September. Several subspecies and geographical races of interrupta have been described. Walker (1958) recognizes four such subgroups in Canada and Alaska. All of these subgroups show variations of the thoracic stripe patterns. Although the thoracic stripe characters are not entirely constant in the Minnesota specimens used in this study, these differences appeared to be gradations of the typical intemupta thoracic markings. Aeshna fuberculifera Walker. A rather large species with straight lateral thoracic stripes and segment 10 entirely black. The adult of A. tuberculifera is the last of our Minnesota species to emerge. Our collection dates range from midJuly to September. This species seems to prefer bog lakes which ' may well account for its restriction to northern Minnesota. It is only locally abundant. Our greatest collecting success occurred near Lake Itasca. Aeshna canadensis Walker. One of the most abundant Aeshna species in the mixed forest and prairie regions of Minnesota. The adults may be seen flying as early as mid-June and continue through September. The nymphs seem able to adapt to both bog lakes and the marshy edges of lakes, sloughs, or sluggish flowages with marginal emergent vegetation. In evenings when the air is relatively still, foraging adults may develop swarms over open fields or along roadways. Breeding adults are most active on sunny days flying among the emergent grasses and cat-tails. Aeshna verticalis Hagen. A. verticalis has been so obscure that reliable biological information is not available. It seems to be restricted to northern Minnesota. Walker (1958) describes verticalis as a late summer species that is never generally abundant. Canadian collection records mark verticalis as an eastern species. Aeshna constricta Say. An abundant species throughout the state, especially around prairie lakes and marshes. A. constricta is usually seen flying in open areas where it flies in the sunshine hours and at dusk like most Minnesota Aeshna species. Mating often 22 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 7, No. 1 occurs at some distance from the water. Our records indicate the flight period to be from mid-June through the first week of October. A. constricts is primarily a native of eastern North America. Aeshna umbrosa Walker. A very widespread species in North America and found generally throughout Minnesota. With consfricta, it is our most common late summer Aeshna species. The period of emergence is longer and more irregular than in our other Aeshna species. Our collection records cite a few mid-June captures with most collections in August and September. We have taken umbrosa in November. Walker (1958) cites the marked preference of umbrosa for shaded habitats. Ditches, streams, small lakes and ponds with wooded borders are likely places to seek them. Little is known regarding the reproductive behavior of these species in Minnesota. Walker (1958) has described several differences among these species in mating behavior and oviposition in Canada. Quite possibly the imaginal reproductive activities are similar in Minnesota. Nevertheless it would seem in order to continue observation of breeding populations in Minnesota habitats to determine if the Canadian reproductive behavior patterns are also the standard for Minnesota populations. In his remarkable Aeshna studies, Dr. Walker indicated that other species of Aeshna exist in Minnesota, and reported a specimen of sitchensis from Duluth (1912). We have determined nymphs to be sitchensis and septenfrionalis. However, these specimens failed to transform. Inasmuch as we have experienced frequent failures in recognizing the species of living nymphs, only adult records have been utilized in this study.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We owe special thanks to Dr. E. C. Cook for allowing us to examine the specimens in the University of Minnesota insect collection. We are indebted to Dr. J. E. H. Martin of the Entomology Research Institute, Ottawa, and to Dr. C. B. Wiggins of the Royal Ontario Museum for loans of verticalis specimens. We also thank Carol Hamrum for her aid in developing the manuscript.

LITERATURE CITED Calvert, P. P. 1929. Different rates of growth among animals with special references to Odonata. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 48:227-274. Needham, J. G. and Westfall, M. J. 1955. A manual of the dragonflies of North America (Anisoptera). Berkeley, Univ. of Calif. Press. Walker, E. M. 1912. The North American dragonflies of the genus Aeshna. Univ. of Toronto Stud. Biol. 11: 1-123. . 1959. The Odonata of Canada and Alaska. Vol. 11. University of Toronto Press, Canada. THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST

INTRODUCTION OF PARASITES OF THE LARCH SAWFLY IN MINNESOTA^

H. M. Kulman, L. C. Thompson, and J. A. witter2 Department of Entomology, Fisheries, & Wildlife University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55101

ABSTRACT Olesicampe benefactor Hinz and the Bavarian strain of Mesoleius tenthredinis Morley, European ichneunionid parasites of the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig), were introduced into northern Minnesota from Manitoba in 1971 and 1972. Both species are now established. There was also natural spread of 0. benefactor into Minnesota from Manitoba releases in 1961 at a point ca. 200 miles northwest of the Minnesota plots.

Minnesota has over one-half million acres of commercial forests in the tamarack (Larix laricina) timber type. Although greatly under utilized, it is an important resource reserve for forest industries. The only major pest of tamarack in Minnesota is the larch sawfly, Bistiphora erichsonii (Hartig), a univoltine tenthredinid defoliator. Turnock (1973) describes the larch sawfly outbreaks in central and eastern North America as "permanent types" characterized by severe, widespread and prolonged out- breaks. The parasite fauna is composed of only a few species which have little influence on the populations. Tumock points out that there was a break in this pattern lasting from about 1920 to 1938 when the introduced parasite, Mesoleius tenthredinis Morley, was effective. During this period the population system was of the "temporary type" with widely fluctuating outbreaks of short duration. The demise of the temporary type in the late 1930's was associated with the appearance of resistance in the sawfly to the parasite via egg encapsulation (Muldrew 1953). The resistant strain of the sawfly is now dominant in most of the United States and Canada (Drooz 1973). Since experience with Mesoleius indicated that the permanent type can be replaced by the less destructive temporary type of outbreak pattern, Canadian entomologists sought additional European parasites for release. They succeeded with the introductions of two European ichneumonids, Olesicampe benefactor Hinz and an encapsulation resistant strain of'Mesoleius tenthredinis from Bavaria (Turnock and Muldrew 1971). Since the original and Bavarian strain are indistinguishable in morphology, their successful introduction was authenticated by the relative frequency of effective parasitization by M. tenthredinis. Parasitization increased from less than 10% to 30% and 60% in two different release plots. Olesicampe benefactor was also a successful parasite, attacking over 90% of the sawflies in several release locations. In addition, it has a remarkably good dispersal ability and presently can be found within ca. a 200 mile diameter area centered at a point 100 miles north of Minnesota on the Manitoba-Ontario border (Muldrew, personal communi- cation). Although it has a highly effective hyperparasite, Mesochorus dimidiatus Hlgr., 0. benefactor promises to be an important parasite of the larch sawfly (Twnock and Muldrew 1971). Because of the success of the Manitoba introductions and the successful introduction of Olesicampe benefactor into Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Maine (Embree and Underwood 1972), the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and the University of Minnesota started a program to introduce both 0. benefactor and the Bavarian strain of M. tenthredinis into Minnesota. In addition to the protection of our tamarack resource, the goals of the program are to determine the dispersal of these parasites, their interaction with the existing parasite fauna, and to determine the subsequent response in tamarack growth resulting from anticipated reductions in defoliation. These factors are - l~aperNo. 8241, Scientific Journal Series, Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion, St. Paul, Minnesota. l~itteris now at the School of Natural Resources, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48104. 24 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 7, No. 1

important for future management of sawfly populations and to help develop guidelines for biological control of other sawflies.

METHODS About 75,000 late instar larch sawfly larvae were collected from areas in Manitoba known to be heavily parasitized by either Olesicarnpe benefactor or Mesoleius tentlzredinis. Larvae were reared in cages with tamarack foliage until cocoons were formed. After storage in sphagnum moss at 1°C, the cocoons were placed in groups of 20 in petri dishes and kept at 15'C until adult parasites emerged. The parasites of each species were placed in a 1 sq. foot mating cage for 2-4 days and then released in sawfly infested stands in north central Minnesota in 1971 and 1972 (Koochiching, Beltrami, Itasca and Lake of the Woods counties). We used 16 stands of 4 or more acres each, spaced 5 or more miles apart. Four plots received approximately 100 mated 0. benefactor females; 4 plots received approximately 350 mated 0. benefactor females; 4 plots approximately 110 mated M. tentlzredinis females and 4 plots were used as controls.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Preliminary results from the study plots have shown that: (1) Olesicarnpe benefactor has been established in Minnesota from our releases. In 1972, 3 specimens were reared from 2 of the 4 plots where 100 parasites were released and 25 specimens in 3 of the 4 plots that received 350 parasites. ,On the basis of the size of overwintering cocoons, we anticipate that all four of the 350-parasite release plots will show increases in 1973. (2) The Bavarian strain of Mesoleius tentlzredinis has been established in Minnesota from our releases. Prior to 1972 all plots had less than 10% parasitization by Mesoleius. In 1972, 2 of the 4 release plots showed increases in parasitization from 10 to about 30%. All other 14 plots remained at less than 10%. (3) There has been natural spread of Olesicarnpe benefactor into Minnesota from the 1961 releases near Pine Falls Manitoba ca. 200 miles northwest of our Minnesota plots. Three adults were reared in 1971 from cocoons collected in a Beltrami County plot. These parasites came frotn hosts attacked in 1970 and therefore could not be attributed to our 1971 releases. Single specimens were reared from collections in plots in Koochiching and Lake of the Woods Counties in 1972. These plots were 10 miles or more from our 1971 release plots. These are the first records of natural spread of the parasite into the United States. Both because of the natural spread of 0. benefactor into Minnesota and because of the successful establishment of both parasites in Manitoba in similar habitats, we feel that these parasites are likely to be permanently established in Minnesota. Without the Canadian history of establishment, we would be concerned that our recovery of the parasites might only represent temporary establishment as defined by DeBach and Bartlett (1965).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to thank William J. Turnock and James A. Muldrew of the Canadian Department of the Environment for their advice and help in every aspect of the study. We also wish to thank John Beck of the Boise Cascade Corp., and Gerald Beach of the Minn. Dept. of Agr. for their cooperation. We are especially appreciative of Lee Grim and Rainy River State Junior College for their help and the use of their facilities. The Minnesota Departments of Natural Resources and Agriculture supplied supporting grants.

LlTERATURE CITED DeBach, P., and B. R. Bartlett. 1965. Methods of colonization, recovery and evaluation. p. 402-426. In: P. DeBach (ed.) Biological control of insect pests and weeds. Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York. 1974 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 25

Drooz, A. T. 1974. The status of Mesoleius tenthredinis and other parasites of the larch sawfly in the eastern United States. Envir. Entomol. 3 (in press). Embree, D. G. and G. R. Underwood. 1972. Establishment in Maine, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick of Olesicampe benefactor (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), an intro- duced ichneumonid parasite of the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Can Entomol. 104:89-96. Muldrew, J. A. 1953. The natural immunity of the larch sawfly Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.) to the introduced parasite Mesoleius tenthredinis Morley, in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Can. J. Zool. 31:313-332. Turnock, W. J. and J. A. Muldrew. 1971. Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.), the larch sawfly (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). In Biological Control programs against insects and weeds in Canada 1958-1968. Commonw. Inst. Biol. Contr. Tech. Comm. No. 4. Turnock, W. J. 1973. Geographical and historical variability in population patterns and life systems of the larch sawfly. Can. Entomol. 104: 1883-1900.

BOOK REVIEW

"AN INDEX TO THE DESCRIBED LI1:E HISTORIES, EARLY STAGES AND HOSTS OF THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF THE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES AND CANADA,'' by Harrison Morton Tietz, 1972. Two volumes, 1041 p., published by A. C. Allyn for the Allyn Museum of Entomology, Sarasota, Florida. Distributed exclusively in North America by Entomological Reprint Specialists, P.O. Box 77971, Dockweiler Station, Los Angeles, California 90007. Price: $25.00 U.S. per set. This monumental Index is the fist attempt to prepare a bibliography of the immature stages of North American butterflies and moths since Edward's Bibliographical Catalogue of the Described Transformations of North American Lepidoptera, published in 1889. The compilation includes Edward's work and published data through sometime in 1950 when the manuscript was initiated. Except for an introduction by William D. 1:ield and J. F. Gates Clarke, both of the National Museum of Natural History, there is no introduction or other prefacing remarks by the author. The Index is divided into two parts: Part I-Insects, and Part 11-Plants, although Volume 1 contents, representing about half the total number of pages, continues into Volume 2. Under Part 1, there are three sections: A-Works Consulted (periodicals, separate works, bibliographies); B-Insect Common Names and C-Macrolepidoptera. Included in the latter section are the names of all species, subspecies and forms, including synonyms, alphabetically listed with cross-references to the main entry. The nomenclature follows that of McDunnough's 1938 Check List of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America: Part I, Macrolepidoptera. Each main entry is followed with synonyms, forms and subspecies, bibliography of published life history references and list of food plants. This section represents the greatest number of pages in the Index, and is one of the most valuable to the researcher. Part 11 includes five sections: A-Zoological Hosts; B-Common Names; C-Indefinite Designations; D-Scientific Names; E-Synonyms. It would appear that Section D is most useful as it lists host plants and their "Insect Enemies." The plants are listed alphabetically by genus and species with the common namc, followed with a list of all known macrolepidoptera arranged by family. When the scicntific name of the plant is unknown, it can be located in Section B under the common name. Undoubtedly, this Index will be a valuablc rcference to professional and serious amateur lepidopterists, especially those engaged in life history studies or rearing activities. It will enable anyone to quickly determine whethcr or not life history or food plant 26 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 7, No. 1

observations and data are new or have been previously published, prior to 1950. This Index should challenge some researchers to compile additional life histories and food plant data. The food plant lists are useful, too, in attempting to locate 'missing' species in a particular region and identify unknown larvae from known plants. 'There are, however, some comments that should be made concerning the thoroughness and accuracy of the Index. It is unfortunate that the work is not more current as there has been a wealth of new life history and food plant data published within the past twenty-three years. This shortcoming may be a disappointment to some who purchase this Index only to find they must still do considerable bibliographical research. It is not unusual for an index of this size to be without some errors of commission and omission. The most unaccountable omission is the author's failure to include references to Field's 1938 Studies in Kansas Insects: A Manual of the Butterflies and Skippers of Kansas; Forbes' 1923 Lepidoptera of New York and Neighboring States: Part I; Leonard's 1928 Insects of New York; and Macy and Shepard's 1941 Butterflies. Collectively these works include much data on immature stages for many species of Eastern North America. Disappointing, too, there is no reference made to the Lepidopterists' News, first published in 1947. Some readers may find the relatively small type difficult; others will find annoying the frequent use of asterisks throughout the Index under Part 1, Sections B and C without an appropriate footnote or explanation. It is unfortunate the author did not indicate the source of common names of insects used in Part 1, Section B. There are many names that are unknown or little used by lepidopterists of today, i.e., "Alderman Butterfly" for Vanessa atalanta (Linnaeus), or "The Joker" for (Guente). In checking Ilolland'sMoth Book, we find 78 common names listed for the popular Catocala species; yet, this lndex includes only 43 of these common names. The lndex does not in- clude other frequently used common names, i.e., Bog Fritillary, Boloria eztnomia (Esper), Bruce's Swallowtail, Papilio brucei Edwards, Iowa Skipper, Atrytone arogos (Boisduval & LeContc), Little Metal-Mark, CalepheZis virginiensis (Guerin), and Mitchell's Satyr, Euptychia mitchellii (French)-to name only a few. One may also question the source of "Pearly-Eyed Grayling" when most references use Pearly Eye, referring to Lethe portlandia (Fabricius). On page 53 "Umber Moth" should read Umber Skipper for Poanes melane (Edwards). Under Section C, there are several life history headings without published references; however, food plants are listed. One immediately wonders where the author obtained this data; did he personally make this observation or was the publication reference omitted in error? On page 148, brevicornis and other names on this page follows brobvningi, an obvious error of alphabetical arrangement. Under juvenalis Abbot & Smith on page 376, it is incorrectly designated as a synonym of brizo (Boisduval). Part I1 contains some information which may prove to be of little value to the researcherr There is no indication as to the source of both common and scientific plant names; therefore one must assume they were gleaned from published references cited in Part 1. One could also question the usefulness of Section C, "Indefinite Designations," with numerous insect species listed under such vague headings of "Forest Trees" or "Most Anything." There are a few food plant references that appear erroneous, through no fault of the author. Under Cercis (Redbud), both Incisalia henrici (Grote & Robinson) and I. irus (Godart) are associated with this plant in the larval stage; yet, it is known that these elfins were confused by early taxonomists and therefore much of their food plant observations were erroneously cited in early publications. Regardless of these errors and omissions, this Index will undoubtedly serve as the main bibliography of macrolepidoptera life histories and food plants for years to come. Certainly the Allyn Museum of Entomology deserves considerable credit for publishing this Index, thereby making this information available to many lepidopterists who otherwise would not have benefitetl. M. C. Nielsen 3415 Overlea Drive Lansing, Michigan 489 17 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST

A FLEXIBLE COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR THE PRODUCTION OF INSECT LABELS

Carl W. ~lbrechtland Russell V. skavari12

In many instances multiple copies of identical insect labels are needed, either with or without blank spaces, for the purpose of placing collection or determination data with a specimen. One of several ways to produce acceptable insect labels is through the photo-reduction of typewritten copy. Compared to type setting, followed by press printing, this method provides greater flexibility, and often quicker results, especially when labels are needed only in relatively small quantities; also, it may be less expensive than press printing. However, the typing of full sheets of photo-ready copy is a tedious and time consuming process. If one has ready access to an electronic computer, with print-out on paper, this typewriting step may be obviated. The photo-ready copy is printed by the computer under direction of a suitable program which also contains the text needed for a particular label. Such a program, written in FORTRAN language, is presented here along with comments on its adaptation to specific needs. Overall (1970) has suggested a computer program for producing insect labels, but omits suggestions for the modification or adaptation of his program to meet specific needs. Since many individuals, who may wish to use this program, will have little or no training in the actual writing of computer programs, the program presented here is designed to be as easily changed as possible.

MATERIALS AND METHODS An IBM system 3701165 installation in the Instructional and Research Computer Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, was used in the preparation and testing of this program. Access to the computer was gained by submitting a deck of punched cards for batch processing at the Computer Center, or by entering the program for background processing through a remote IBM 2741 communications terminal. Over 20 of these terminals are located on the main campus of the University and are connected to the computer by leased telephone lines, providing relatively easy access to the Computer Center. Either method of access can produce equally acceptable results in terms of print-out photo reduction. A listing of the program appears in Fig. 1. For batch processing, the program was punched onto standard 80 column, 3 114" by 7 318" data cards by means of an IBM 029 keypunch machine. Columns 7 through 72 of the cards were used for the program statements; column 1 received the comment symbol, "C"; columns 2 through 5 were used for statement numbers, when needed; and column 6 held the continuation symbol when a statement extended beyond a single card, and had to be divided into sub-statements. In the program described here, the asterisk wasused as the only continuation symbol; it appears in column 6 of lines containing label text, and facilitates identification of that part of the program which contains the actual infor- mation to be printed in the label. The Job Control Language statements, necessary for the submission of this program for processing, were supplied by the Computer Center; these statements have been omitted from the above program listing because they are installation specific. It is recommended that users of this program consult their own computer centers to acquire the appropriate Job Control Language statements. For remote processing, the program was entered by typing on the keyboard of an IBM 2741 terminal. The program for this project was written in FORTRAN because of the widespread use of this language, and the common availability of FORTRAN compilers at computer installations.

l~aturalHistory Division, The Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio 4321 1. 2~epartmentof Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210. 2 8 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 7, No. 1

Colurin nos: 135 7 9....

J=l C NOTE: HAKE I.I=fIIJMBER OF TlllES TO PRINT A ROW OF LABELS N=12 14 J=J+1 IlRlTE (6.24) 24 FORMAT (2H / *5(22H 0HIO:FRANKLIN CO. )/ *5 (22H COLOE?IBIIS ) / *5(22H CARL IJ. ALRRECHT )/ *5(22H JllLY ,1973 )) IF (J.GT.N) GO TO 34 GO TO 111 34 STOP END

Fig. 1. FORTRAN program for the production of insect label copy.

The computer output from this program was printed on the plain white side of 14 7/8" by 11" paper. This paper is standard with the high speed printers at the Computer Center, as well as on the 2741 terminals. Numerous type faces are available for the 2741 terminal, and give clearly readable copy when printed with a reasonably fresh ribbon and a clean type ball. An example of the output produced by the program listed above is shown reduced in Fig. 2. The camera-ready copy, resulting from the computer print-out, was photographed with a commercial copy camera at 113 of original size and printed onto double-weight paper with a matte finish. After thorough fixing, washing, and drying. this paper was cut up giving strips of labels from which labels could be cut as needed. Four sheets of computer print-out, trimmed of excess margins, were reproduced on 10" by 12" paper when reduced by 213. This gave 240 individual labels (each label with 4 lines of 22 characters, including blanks) on each LO" by 12" sheet, using the format provided in this program.

DISCUSSION

The program, as it is given here, directs the computer to print 12 ro\vs of labels, each row with 5 labels extending across the page, and each label with 4 lines of text. Statements preceded by a "C" are comments and do not affect the operation of the program. AdditionaI comments may be inserted at any point before the "STOP" statemcnt, so long as each statement begins with a "C:" in column 1. As noted in the program, one must dictate the number of rows of labels that will be printed by declaring the value of "N". A simple formula for determining the number of rows needed to fill the 14 718" X 11" sheet of print-out is: N = 60/X + 1, where X is the numbcr of lines of text within an individual label. In the sample label used in the program example above there are 4 lines of text within each label. Therefore, X = 4, and 12 rows of labels are required to fill a sheet of print-out. The program sub-statements beginning with an asterisk in coluinn 6 contain the actual text for thc label, with each line of the label controlled by a separate sub-statement in the program. The text for each label line, as it appears in the program, is bounded on the left by the letter "H", and on the right by a closing parenthesis. The number "22" indicates thc number of spaces between the "H" and the closing parenthesis, each of which must be occupied by a letter, number, symbol, or blank. If one wishes to change the length of thcsc lines. one necd only changc the value of "22". However, the value of this duterminator must be (hc same for each sub-statement in the program if straight right and Left margins are to be maintained throughout thc print-out. The number of lines of tcxt within a label may bo changcd by adding or deleting sub-staterncnts. llach of thcsc sub-stalcincnts should bcgin with an asterisk in column 6, 1974 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 29

0HIO:FRAIIXLIII CO. 0HIO:FRAIIXLtN CO. 0HIO:FRAHIIIH CO. 0HIO:FRANILIN CO. 0HIO:FRAHKIIH CO. COLL!?IBUI COLUWBUS COLUMBUS COLUMBUS COLUMBUS CARL W. ALBRECHT CARL V. li8RECHT ClRL V. ALBRLCHT CARL W. ALBRECHT CARL W. ALBRICHT JULI ,1973 JULY ,1973 JULY ,1'I71 JULY ,1'171 JULY ,IPl>

0HIO:FRAHILIH CO. OHIO:FRPHKLIW CO. OHIO:fRAHKLIH CO. 0HIO:FRANILIN CO. 0HIO:FRINILIN CO. COLUllBUI COLUMBUS COLUMBUS COLUMBUS COLUMBUS CARL W. ALBRECHT CARL \I. diLBRECHT CARL Y. ALBRECHT CARL W. ALBRLCHT CARL W. ALBRECHT JULY ,1973 JVLI ,1913 dULI ,1971 JULY ,1871 JULI ,1971

0HIO:FRAHILIN CO. 0HIO:FRAHILIN GO. 0HIO:FRAWILIW CO. 0HIO:FIIANILIN CO. 0HIO:FRANILIH CO. CDLUllBUI COLUMBUS COLUMBUS COLUMBUS COLUMBUS CARL W. ALBRLCHT CARL W. dlLBRtCHT CARL Y. ALBRLCHT CARL W. ALBRECHT CARL W. ALBRFCHT JULY ,1971 JULY ,1971 4ULl ,1971 JULY ,1173 JULY ,1973

0HIO:FRAHILIN CO. 0HIO:FRAHILIN CO. 0HIC:FRPWILIH CO. 0HIO:IRANILIN CO. OHI0:FRANKLIH CO. COLUIlBUI COLVHBVI COLUMBUS COLUMBUS COLUMBUS CARL W. ALBRECHT CARL W. dlLBPECHT CARL n. ALeRECHT CARL W. ALBRECHT CARL ti. ALBRECHT JULI ,1973 JULY ,1373 JULY ,ID75 JULY ,173 JULY ,1973

OHIO:FRANXLIN CO. OHIO:IRANILIH to. OHIO:FRAHXLIH eo. OHIO:FRA~KLIN co. o~~o:rna~xr~~co. COLUIlBUS CDLVYBUI COLUWBUI COLUMBUS COLUMBUS CARL W. ALeRECHT CARL ti. ALBRECHT CARL W. ALBRECHT CARL W. ALBRLCHT CARL W. ALBRLCHT JULY ,1373 JULY ,1373 JULI ,1I11 JULI ,1913 JULY ,1971

0HIO:FRAHILIN CO. 0HIO:FRAHILIN CO. OHI0:FRANKIIH CO. OYI0:FRlNlllii CO. OHIO:FRAI(IIIH CO. COLVIBUS COLUMBUS COLUMBUS COLUMBUS COLUYBUS CARL W. hIBRECYT CARL W. ALBRECHT CARL \I. ALBRECHT CARL W. ALBRECHT ClRi Y. ALBRLCHT JULY ,1973 JULI ,1911 JULI ,1971 JULY ,197 JULY ,1g73

0YIO:FRAHILIN CU. 0HIO:FRANKLIH CO. 0HO:FRANKLIN CO. 0:N0. 0HIO:FRIIHKLIN CO. COLUIIBUI COLUIlBUS COLUMBUS COLVHDVS COI UWBUS CARL I,. ALBRLCHT CARL LI. AIBRECHT CARL W. ALBRECHT CdiRL il, dllBRECIT CARL W. ALBRICHT JULY ,1913 JULY ,1973 JULY ,1971 JULY ,1975 4ULI ,1973

OHI0:FRIIHXLIW CO. 0HIO:FRANKLIN CO. OH0:FRINKLIN CO. 0HIO:IRANKLIN GO. 0HIO:FRAHILIH CO. COLUIlSUl COLUMBUS COLUMBUS COLUMBUS COLUNBUI CARL Y. ALBRECHT CARL ti. ALBRECHT CARL LI. ALBRECHT CiiRi Y. dilBRECHT CARL W. ALURECHT JULY ,1973 JULY ,1911 JULY ,1911 JVLI ,1913 JULI ,1973

OHI0:FRAIIKLIW CO. OHI0:FIIANKIIH CO. OHO:PRAHXLIN.CO. 0HIO:FRAHKLIN CO. OHI0:FPIINILIN CO. COLUllSUI COLUMBUS COLUMBUS COLUMBUS COLUMBUS CARL Y. ALBRLCHT CARL LI. ALBRECHT CARL W. ALBRECHT Cdilil IN. ALBRECHT CARL I,. ALBRECIIT JULY ,1913 JULY ,173 JULY ,1971 JULY ,973 JULY ,1975

0HIO:FRANXLIN CO. 0HIO:FRIIIXLIN CO. 0HIO:rRINILIR CO. 0HIO:FPANCIIN CO. 0HID:FPANCLIH CO. CDLUllBUI COLVHBUI COLUMBUS CARL Y. ALBRCCHT :%d!SAL8RLCiT :~kY~UsmBRLcw CARL Y. ALBRECHT CARL \I. ALBRECHT JULY ,1971 JULI ,1071 JULY ,1911 JULI ,1973 JULI ,1971

OHIO:FRAflKLIII CO. 0HIO:FIIANILIN CO. 0HIO:IRANKLIN CO. 0HIO:FRANILIN CO. OHIO-FRAHILIN CO COLUllBUS COLUMBUS COLUllBUS COLUMBUS COLUMBUS CARL W. ALBRECHT CARL Y. dil8RiCHT CARL W. AlsRtCHT CARL W. AlnPiiCHi CARL W. ALBRLCHT JULY ,1D73 JULY ,1971 JULY ,L9I1 JULY ,1PI1 JULY ,1971

0HIO:IRANXLIN CO. OHIO.IRANXLIN CO. 0YIO:IRAHILIN CO. 0HIO:FRANKLIN CO. 0HIO:IRIHXLIN CO COLU1IBUS COLUMBUS COLUMBUS COLUMBUS COLUMBUS CARL W. ALBRECHT CARL W. ALBRECYT CIRL Y. llBRECHT CARL W. ALBRLCHT CARL Y. ALBRLCHT JULY ,1911 JULY ,197) JULY ,1411 JULY ,1973 JULY ,1973

Fig. 2. Example of program output, reduced to 113 of original size.

and must appear in the program between "24 FORMAT. . . ." and "If (J.GT.. . ." No statement in the program may extend beyond column 72 of a punched card. The computer used in the preparation of this program has 120 character spaces in each line of print-out. With each line within a label having 22 spaces it is possible to print 5 complete labels across the page. In the program, the numeral "5" following the asterisk in each sub-statement of label text determines the number of times this label line is printed across the page. This number is determined by simply dividing the character length of the label into 120 (the number of spaces available across a sheet), and may be changed if the length of the label lines is increased or decreased. However, the value must be the same for all sub-statements in a single label if complete labels are to be printed throughout.

SUMMARY A FORTRAN program for the production of camera-ready insect label copy is described with notes concerning the adaptation of this program to the individual needs of the entomologist. The computer print-out may be photographically reduced onto appropriate paper giving insect labels ready for cutting and pinning.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors wish to thank the instruction and Research Computer Center of The Ohio State University for supplying frce computer time for the development and testing of this program. LITERATURE CITED Overal, William L. 1970. Insect labels from photo-reduced computer printing. Journ. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 43(3):320. 3 0 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 7, No. 1 SIMILARITIES IN EVASIVF BEHAVIOR OF. WOLF SPIDERS (ARANEAE: LYCOSIDAE), AMERICAN TOADS (ANURA: BUFONIDAE) AND GROUND BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE)

Lauren E. Brown and James H. Thrall Department of Biological Sciences, IlIinois State University, Normal 61761 and AA4935, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia

While collecting newly metalnorphosed American toads, Bufo anlericanus Holbrook, we have observed that thep exhibited evasive behavior similar to that of adults of the wolf spiders, Pardosa saxatilis (Hentz), Pirata insularis Emerton, Pirata arerzicola Emerton, Pirata piratica (Oliver), and adults of the , Elaplrrus ruscarius Say. When pursued or disturbed, the spiders, beetles and toads ran across the pound rapidly for short distances (ca. 1-50 cm). They then stopped abruptly and remained motionless. If thep were further pursued, this escape sequence was repeated in the same or another direction. Toads and spiders occasionally moved to shallow water to avoid capture. Spiders ran across the water surface whereas the toads swam partially submerged. N'e observed this resemblance in evasive behavior on numerous occasions at ponds on the south edge of Carbondale, Illinois (spiders and toads), 1 krn west of Grinnell, Iowa (spiders and toads), and 1.5 km west of Bloomington, Illinois (spiders, toads and beetles). (Specimens were collected for identification from the latter site.) The spiders, beetles and young toads are generally of similar sizes (Table l), and all are cryptically colored (grays, browns, blacks) matching the drab mud substrate. E. ruscarius also has spots on its elytra that resemble the dorsal \vats of B. arnericanus. Similarity in locomotion, size and coloration is so well developed that we have often pursucd animals that were originally thought to be toads only to discover that the)- were either spiders or beetles. The spiders, toads and beetles were found on mud banks around the ponds in early summer. These areas usually had little or no vegetation and were thus presumably areas of considerable exposure to predation. The crratic movements and cryptic coloration of the spiders, beetles and toads would probably be quite adaptive for avoiding predation in this environment. We have often encountered large mixed groups of spiders, beetles and toads where all individuals wcrc simultaneously exhibiting escape behavior. This would seem to be particularly effective in confusing a potential predator. We are indebted to J. Unzicker for identifying the spiders, to E. Slockford for identifying the beetles, to J. Brown, M. Hart and A. Thrall for field assistance, and to 1. Brown, R. Wyman and E. Mockford for critically reading the manuscript.

Table 1. Body lengths of preserved adult wolf spiders, adult ground beetles and ne\vly tnctamorphosed American toads collected around ponds near Bloomington, Ill.

Number of -- Body Length (mm) Species Specimens X Ran3e LYCOSIDAE* Pardosa saxatilis Pirata arcrzicola Pira ta insularis Pirata piratica CAKABIDAE Elaphrus ruscarius BUFONlDAE

*Wolf spiders appear somewhat larger than the measure~nentsgiven because of theu extended legs. 1974 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 3 1

THE ETYMOLOGY OF THE NAMES PIPUNCULUS LATREILLE AND DORILAS MEIGEN (DIPTERA, PIPUNCULIDAE)

H. Ll. Cameron Department of Classical Studles. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104

There are at least two good reasons for understanding the etymology of scientific names. The first is to satisfy the natural curiosity about the history of the terms we use, and to gain an entrCe into the mind of the man ~.hofist used a name. A study of Fabricius' names, for instance, reveals that he had a playful sense of humor. Secondly, such understanding contributes to the stability of names, and helps to prevent irresponsi- ble emendation of spelling, gender, or morphology such as burden the synonomies of most groups. It is happily the modern praetice for the proposer of a new name to explain its origin, but older authors did not do so, and in order to figure out what they intended, it is often necessary to do some complicated second-guessing. A case in point is the name of the type-genus of the big-headed flies, Pipunculus, the meaning of which has been regarded as uncertain (Hardy 1964:302). The name was invented by Latreille in 1802 (3:463). One would naturally expect it to refer to the characteristic feature of the insect which Latreille describes with the words "t&te grande, presque globuleuse." The difficulty is that anyone who looks up the word pipuncullts in a Latin or Greek dictionary will find no thing. But there is a Latin word pepunculus, a diminutive which means 'little gourd, melon, or pumpkin,' fioni Latin peps genitive pepZlnis f. 'pumpkin,' which itself is a loan-word from Greek pep6n peponos f. 'melon.'l It is irresistible to suppose that to this litt!e fly, whose large round head is its rnost obvious feature, Latreille would have given a name meaning 'little pumpkin.' There are still a few problems. Why did Latreille spell the word with an i instead of an e? Such variation is not surprising since iri French there are other exan~plesof fluctuation in spelling between pip and pep. Compare French pipier and pepier. It is not, 1 think, a lapsus calami, but an admissible spelling variant. The other problem is whether Latreillr made the word up, or found it. To this we can give no secure answer. It is perfectly possible that he constructed the word himself as a correct diminutive of Latin peps. Compare Latin auricula 'little ear,' leyiuncula 'little legion,' ser~liculus 'little slave,' etc. It is also possible that he was acquainted with the one rather obscure place where the word pepunculus occurs, namely the Notae Tironianae, a system of shorthand inven(ed in the first century B.C. by Marcus Tullius Tiro, who was Cicero's secretary. This system comes down to us in lists of words with their shorthand equivalents, and pepunculus is among them. Is it likely that Latreille would have known this? All that can be said is that the Notae Tironianae %ere just beginning to receive scholarly treatment at the time Latreille was publishing his parts of the Histoire Naturelle, and we can assume that it was a matter of discussion. Indeed a dissertation on the Notae Tironianae was published in 1804 (Engelbronner I 804).2 I have no hesitation in concluding that Latreille's name Pipunculus is a spelling variant of pepurzculus, a Latin word meaning 'little pu~npkin.'

have transliterated all of the Greek words in this article for practical reasons. (;reek letters admittedly give a pretty tone to discussions of nomenclature, but they also present an unnecessary difficulty to the very people one bvishes to inform. I'urtlierlnore, long experience teaches me that Greek typography is almost certainlv to come out wrong in the final printing. 2~ have not seen l

The Meigen 1800 name for the genus is Dorilas (Meigen 1800:31, No. 57). This is a Latin spelling of a Greek name found in the Etymologicum Magnum (579.20), where it is quoted fiom the ancient grammarian Apollonius Dyscolus in the Greek spelling Dorylas. This is an ancient spelling variant for Greek Dorylaos (cf. Menelas for Menelaos), a compound meaning 'one who possesses an army of spearmen.' It is formed from Greek dory 'spear' and laos 'army.' There are several persons of this name in antiquity mentioned by the ancient geographer Strabo (10.177;477), but Meigen is most likely to be referring to the Dorylaos who was a friend and general of Mithradates VI of Pontus (late 2nd early 1st century B.C.), who is also mentioned in Plutarch's lives of Sulla (20) and Lucullus (17). It is not immediately convincing that Meigen would have gone so far afield, but it is the only conceivable source for the name, and luckily there is a remarkable confirmation of the fact that he was interested in Mithradates. Among the 1800 names there is a genus Amasia (Meigen 1800:20, No. 22). This is the name of a town in Pontus mentioned by Strabo (12.3.39) and Pliny the Elder (6.3.3 f.). It is the birthplace of Mithradates. It begins to look as if Meigen was reading Strabo or perhaps some historical work on the great king of Pontus. We have no hesitation in concluding that Meigen named his genus for Doi-ylaos of Pontus, but what connection he made between the general and the fly, I cannot divine. Ordinarily one looks for logical reasons behind zoological nomenclature, but it is a mistake to do so with the Meigen 1800 names. Of the 88 genera in that paper, Jieigen proposes namcs for 60 of them, of which 26 are names of mythological characters: four are namcs of historical persons; two are geographical names; 11 are compounds invented by Meigen; and four have no obvious origin (viz. Noeza, Zelirna, Zelntirn, Eulall?, although the last may be discoverable). In no case where proper names are used: whether historical, geographical, or mythological, is there any convincing connection bet=-een the features or habits of the insect and the meaning, associations, or histor)- connected with the name.

LITERATURE CITED

Engelbronner, Janus Conradus. 1804. Disputatio historicocritica de Ji. Tullio Tirone etc., Amsterdam. Hardy, D. Elmo. 1964. Lonchopteridae, Pipunculidae, and Syrphidae, In Insects of Hawaii ed. Elwood C. Zimmermann, Hololulu, vol. 11. Kopp, U. I:. 1817. Palaeographica Critica, Mannheim. Latreille, Pierre And&, 1802. Histoire Naturelle, aCnkrale et particulitre des Crustacks et des Inscctes, Paris. Meigen, J. G. 1800. Nouvelle Classification des Mouches i deux Ailes (Diptera L.) d'apres un Plan tout nouveau. Paris, J. J. Fuchs. An VIII. EDITORIAL BOARD

Irving J. Cantrall, Editor George W. Green Julian P. Donahue M. C. Nielsen S. K. Gangwere Ronald S. Wilkinson

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

Papers dealing with any aspect of entomology will be considered for publication in The Greut Lakes Entomologist. Appropriate subjects are those of interest to amateur and professional entomologists in the North Central States and Canada, as well as general papers and revisions directed to a larger audience while retaining an interest to readers in our geographical area. Manuscripts must be typed, double-spaced, with wide margins on white 8%" X 11" or equivalent size paper, and submitted in duplicate. Footnotes, legends, and captions for illustrations should be typed on separate sheets of paper. Titles should be concise, identifying the order and family discussed. The author of each species mentioned must be given fully at least once in the text. A common name for each species or group should be given at least once when such a name exists. The format of references should follow that used in recent issues. Photographs should be glossy and 8" X 10" size. Drawings, charts, graphs, and maps must be scaled to permit proper reduction without loss of detail. Contributors should follow the recommendations of the Style Manual for Biological Journals, available from the American Institute of Biological Sciences, 3900 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20016. Papers published in The Great Lakes Entomologist are subject to a page charge of f 18.00 per published page. Members of the Society, who are authors without funds available from grants, institutions or industry and who are unable to pay costs from personal funds, may apply to the Society for financial assistance after their manuscripts have been accepted for publication. Authors will receive page proof, together with an order blank for separates. All manuscripts for The Great Lakes Entomologist should be sent to the Editor, I~ngJ. Cantrall, Museum of Zoology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104, USA. Other correspondence should be directed to the Executive Secretary (see inside front cover).