Introduction identified to genus and four to species. The representation of the suborder Cyclorrhapha In 1991 a long term survey program comprised two divisions. Two families were was developed to record the insect present in the division Aschiza with three biodiversity on Mount Mansfield with Syphridae being identified to species and a respect to taxonomic composition and further 18 specimens unidentified. The abundance. Permanent survey traps were division Schizophora was represented by established to compare and contrast insect eight families, including Muscidae, diversity in three forests habitats. Calliphoridae, and Tachinidae. The taxonomic composition of the Two suborders of Hymenoptera are fauna is presented for the Diptera, represented. The suborder Symphyta Hymenoptera, and Coleoptera combined for comprised two sawfly families, Argidae and malaise and waterpan traps over 1991-1992 Tenthredinidae. The homtail family collecting season. The species of carabid Siricidae is represented by the common beetles collected from pitfall traps among pigeon tremex (Tremex calumba). The larger the three survey sites are given for 1991 and suborder Apocrita comprised 10 families 1992 respectively, and the Lepidoptera including a number of ichneumonid species collected from light traps are parasitoids that are not identified to species. tabulated for 1991. Two suborders of Coleoptera are represented. The Adephaga are limited to Methods the Carabidae (ground beetles) with 58 identified species (Table 1b). The remaining Sampling sites were established at beetles belong to the Polyphaga with twenty- 400m elevation (proctor Maple Research five families represented. The family Center) in a sugar maple forest, 600m Staphylinidae (rove beetles) comprise four (Underhill State Park) in a mixed hardwood specimens identified to genus and seven to forest, and 1160m (Mt. Mansfield) in a sub- species. Five specimens of Elateridae (click alpine balsam fir forest. At each site five beetles) were identified to species. Families 20m diameter plots were established. A collected in this study with known forest canopy malaise trap was installed in one pest species include Cerambycidae (long- dominant sugar maple or fir tree (sub-alpine) homed beetles), Curculionidae (weevils), in each of the four outlying plots. Six pitfall and Scolytidae (bark beetles). traps were installed around the plots at 60° In 1991, 34 species and 1900 intervals and one light trap was located in individuals of Carabidae were collected the center plot. A detailed account of field compared to 49 speciesand 1550 individuals and laboratory methods is outlined in the in 1992. Six species collected in 1991 were 1991 VMC Annual Report. not found in 1992. Twenty additional species were collected in 1992. Twenty- Results seven of 58 species were confined to one site and 15 species were found at all three The Diptera species (Table I) collected sites. The highest number of individuals represent three suborders. The suborder for anyone species was 676 (Synuchus Nematocera was the least abundant group impunctatus). Only one individual was with only four species of crane flies and two collected for 5 species in 1991 and 14 march flies. The Bracycera were represented species in 1992. by six families, with three specimens
75 The inventory of moths was extended of Vermont; Bob Davidson, Carnage to include the "micro-Lepidoptera". These Museum of Natural History; Mike Sabourin records will add to the total number of (South Burlington); and the staff at the species for the study areas. The species of Canadian National Collections, for their macro-Lepidoptera for the 1991 inventory time and expertise in determining and are listed along with a few representatives of confirming many species identifications. the micro-Lepidoptera (Table 2). The table Collecting, sorting, and data entry was made includes specific information on the possible through the help of David Barnes, elevational distribution for each species. Pete Pfenny, and Nguyen Long (University Most species are present in the lower sites, of Vermont Research Apprentice Program). but absent from the summit. The results of Special thanks to Judy Rosovsky for her the 1992 survey are currently being entered help in the initial planning of this project. into a computer data base.
Discussion
Sixty percent of the necessary identifications required to develop diversity indices to characterize and compare biodiversity at the three sites have been completed. Although comprehensive species identifications are possible for the Carabidae and Lepidoptera, many other groups will require specialist study, and this is beyond the scope of current resources. In these groups the primary emphasis will be to determine family, genus, and number of "species".
Future Plans
Waterpan traps were discontinued in 1993 because they collected relatively few specimens which were also duplicated in malaise traps. Data on the flies, wasps, and ground beetles will be used to calculate the diversity index for species richness and abundance. The malaise trap and light trap material will be represented by their ecological guilds in the same manner as the waterpan trap Diptera previously presented in the 1991 VMC Report.
Acknowledgment
Our thanks to R. T. Bell, University
76 Table lb. Carabidae collected in pitfall traps from Mount Manstield summit site (ll60m), Underhill State Park (600m USP), and Proctor Maple Research Center (400m PMRC)
Scaphinotus viduus +1 + + + + Sphaeroderus canadensis + + + + + Sphaeroderus lecontei + + + + + Sphaeroderus nitidicollis + Carabus seratus + Calsomafrigidum + Nebria pallipes + Olisthopus pannatus + Notiophilus nemoralis + + + + + Notiophilus aeneus + Elaphrus clairvillei + Loricera pilicornis + Patrobus longicomis + + Patrobus foveocollis + + Trechus apicalis + + + Bembidion semicintctum + Myas cyanescens + + Pterostichus adoxus + + + + Pterostichus adstrictus + + + + + Pterostichus brevicomis + Pterostichus commutabilis + Pterostichus coracinus + + + Pterostichus corvinus + + + +
1 Species present.
77 Table lb -continued.
Summit ~ PMRC s pecies 1991 1992 1991 1992 1991 1992
Pterostichus dillgendus + + + + Pterostichus honestus + + + + + + Pterostichus lachrymosus + Pterostichus lucublandus + Pterostichus melanarius + + + Pterostichus mutus + Pterostichus patruelis + Pterostichus pensylvanicus + + + Pterostichus pinguedineus + + + + Pterostichus punctatissimus + + Pterostichus rostratus + + + + Pterostichus stygicus + + + + Pterostichus tristis + + + Calathus ingratus + + + + + Synuchus impunctatus + + + + + Agonum harrisi + Agonum melanarium + Agonum mutatwn + + + Agonum octopunctatum +
Agonum palustre + Agonum retractum + + + + + + Agonum sordens +
Agonum superioris + Agonum trigeminum + Platynus decentis + + + + + +
78 Table lb -continued.
Summit ~ PMRC
Species 1991 1992 1991 1992 1991 1992
Platynus mannerheimi + + + Platynus tenuicollis + + Amara lunicollis + Disamara arenaria +
Harpalus caliginosus + Harpalus fulvilabris + Harpalus somnulentus + Dicaelus politus + Dromius piceus + C)lmindus cribricollis + + + + +
79 Table I. Flies, wasps and beetles collected from Mount Mansfield 1991 -1992 (all sites combined).
Flies: Order Diptera
Suborder Nematocera -long-homed flies Superfamily Sciomyzoidea Superfamily Tipuloidea Dryomyzidae -dryomyzid flies Tipulidae -crane flies Sciomyzidae -marsh flies 4 species Unplaced families of Acalyptratae Superfamily Bibionoidea Heleomyzidae -heleomyzid flies Bibionidae -march flies 3 species 2 species Section Calyptratae Suborder Brachycera -short-homed flies Superfamily Muscidea Superfarniy Tabanoidea Muscidae -house flies Xylophagidae -xyophagid flies Mesembrina latreillii Rachicerus spp. 10 other species Xlophagus spp. Stratiomyidae -soldier flies Superfamily Oestroidea S,rariomys spp. Calliphoridae -blow flies Tabanidae -horse and deer flies 3 species Chrysops sordidus Sarcophagidae -flesh flies Slonemyia rranquilla Tachinidae- tachinid flies Rhagionidae -snipe flies Epalus signifer Rhagio myslaceus 19 other species Rhagio gracilis
Superfarnily Asiloidea Wasps, ants, and bees: Empididae -dance flies Order Hymenoptera 4 species Dolichopodidae -long-Iegged flies Suborder Symphyta 6 species Superfamily Tenthredinoidea -sawflies Argidae Suborder Cyclorrhapha -circular-seamed flies Arge spp. Division Aschiza Tenthredinidae Superfarnily Syrphoidea Tenthrido spp. Pipunculidae -big-headed flies Pipunculus spp. Superfamily Siricoidea -homtails Syrphidae -flower flies Siricidae Helophilus latifrons Tremex columba (L. ) Spilomyia fusca SY'Phus spp. Suborder Apocrita Rhingia nasica Superfarnily lchnemnonidea 18 other species Ichneumonidae 26 species Division Schizophora Section Acalyptratae Superfamily Tephritoidea Otitidae -picture-winged flies
80 Table 1 "1:ootinued.
Superfarnily Sphecoidea -spheciod wasps Staphylinidae -rove beetles Sphecidae -sphecid wasps Quedius perinus Pemphredonidae Quedius spp. Stigus fraternus Lathrobium spp. Stigus americanus Tachinas fimbriatus Tachinas elongatus Superfamily Apoidea -bees Tachinas quebecensis Halictidae -halictid bees Tachinas spp. Apidae -bumble bees Platydracus viridanus Subfamily Bombinae Platydracus violaceus 3 species Platydracus spp. Anthophoridae -digger bees Philonthus cyanipennis Subfamily Anthoprinae Arpedium spp. 2 species Superfamily Cantharoidea Superfamily Vespoidea -vespoid wasps Cantharidae -soldier beetles Vespidae -paper wasps and hornets Lampyridae -lightning bugs 3 species Ellychina corrusa Eumenidae -potter wasps Pompilidae -spider wasps Superfamily Elateroidea Auplopus archetica Elateridae -click beetles Eanus maculipennis Superfarnily Fom1icoidea Ctenicera vernalis Formicidae -ants Ctericera triundulata Ctericera spp. Ampedus melanotiodes Beetl~: Anthus acanthous Order Coleoptera Superfamily Cucujoidea Suborder Adephaga Erotylidae -pleasing fungus beetles Licoperidina spp. Carabidae -ground beetles Nitidulidae -sap beetles 58 species Lathridiidae Lanthridius spp. Suborder Polyphaga Byturidae -fruitworm beetles Superfamily Staphylinoidea Byturus unicolor Leiodidae -round fungus beetles Salpingidae Anisotoma spp. Salpingus biresens Leptodiridae -small carrion beetles Pyrochroidae -fire-color beetles Catops basilarius Dendroides canadensis Ptomaphagus consobrinus Silphidae -carrion beetles Superfamily Melooidea Silpha americana (L.) Meloidae -blister beetles Nicrophorus spp. Scaphidiidae -shining fungus beetles Superfamily Tenebrionoidea Baeocera spp. T enebrionidae -darkling beetles Brathinidae -grass-root beetles Upis ceranboides Brathinus niriditus Melandryidae Penlhe obliquata Dircaea spp.
81 Table 1 -continued.
Superfamily Scarabeoidea Lucanidae -stag beetles Scarabaeidae -scarab beetles 5 species
Superfamily Cerambycidae Cerambycidae -long-homed beetles Clytus rubricla
Superfamily Chrysomeloidea Chrysomelidae -leaf beetles Oedionychis sabuttata Alticinae
Superfamily Curculionoidea Curculionidae -snout beetles Sphenopherous incongruous 8 other species Scolytidae -bark beetles
82
Table 2 -continued
Site
Family Genus species 1 2 3
Geometridae Dysstroma hersiliata + + Dystroma truncata + + Ecliptoptera silaceata + +
Ectropis crepuscularia + + Ennomos magnaria + + Epirrita autumnata + + + Eubaphe mendica + Euchlaena tigrinaria + Eugonobapta nivosaria + + Eulithis destinata + Eulithis diversilineata + Eulithis explanata + Eulithis propulsata + +
Euphyia unangulata + + + Eupithecia coagulata + Eupilhecia herefordaria + Eupithecia miserulata + + Euithecia sp. + Eusarca conjilsaria + + Eutrapela clemataria + +
Heterophleps trig uttaria + H omochlodes disconventa +
Homochlodes lactispargari + + + Horisma intestinata + Hydrelia inornata +
84 Table 2 -continued
Site
Family Genus species 1 2 3 Geometridae Hydrelia prunivorata + + Hypagyrtis piniata + + Hypagyrtis unpunctata + lridopsis larvaria + + Itame coortaria + + Itame pustularia + + Lambdina fiscellaria + + + Lomographa glomera ria + + Lomographa vestaliata + + Melanolophia signataria +
Melanolophia sp. + Mesoleuca ruficillata + + Metanema inatomaria + +
Nacophora quemaria Nematophora limbata + + Nemoria mimosaria + + Nemoria rufrifrontaria + Nemoria sp. + Operopthera bruceata + + Orthonama centrostrigaria + Orthonama obstipata + + Paonias excaecatus + + + Perizoma basaliata + Pero honestaria + Pero hubneraria + Pero sp. + + +
85 Table 2 -continued
Site
Family Genus species 1 2 3
Geometridae Plagodis alcoolaria + +
Plagodis /ervidaria +
Plagodis phlogosaria + Plagodis serinaria + +
Probole alienaria + + Prochoerodes transversata + + Rheumaptera hastata + Scopula limboundata + + Selenia kentaria + Semiothisa aemulataria + + Semiothisa bisignata + + + Semiothisa minorata + Semiothisa pinistrobata + + + Semiothisa ulserata + +
Sicya macula ria + +
Stamnodes gibbicotata +
Tetracis cachexiata + + Tetracis crocallata + + Trichodezia albovittata + + Venusia cambrica + + + Xanthorhoe ferrugata + Xanthorhoe labradorensis + + Xanthotype unicaria + + Hepialidae Korscheltellus gracilis + + + Sthenopis auratus + Lasiocampidae Malacosoma americanum + +
86 Table 2 -continued
Site
Family Genus species 1 2 3 Lasiocampidae Malacosoma disstria + + Orgyia definata + Tolype velleda + Limacodidae Euclea delphinii + Tortricidia testacea + +
Lymantriidae Dasychira dorsipennata + Lymantria dispar + + Noctuidae Abagrotis altemata + Achatodes zeae + + Acronicta americana + + Acronicta fragilis + + + Acronicta innotata + + + Acronicta superans + + Acronista hasta + + Agroperina dubitans + + Agrotis ipsilon + + + Amphipoea americana + Amphipyra pyramidoides + + Amphipyra tragopoginis + Anaplecoides prasina + + Anathix pUla + Anthi.x rulla + + Anomogyna dilucida + Anomogyna fabulosa + +
Anomogyna homogena + Anticarsia gemmatalis +
87 Table 2 -continued
Site
Family Genus species 1 2 3
Noctuidae Apamea finitima + Autographa precationis + + + Baileya dormitans + +
Baileya opthalmica + Balsa labecula + Balsa tristrigella + Bomolocha abalienalis +
Bomolocha baltimoralis +
Bomolocha deceptalis + Bomolocha edictalis + + +
Bomolocha sp. + Caenurgina crassiuscula + Callopistria cordata + Callopistra mollissima + + Catacola amatrix + Catacola blandula + Catacola mira + + Catacola subnata +
Catacola ultronia +
Charadra deridens + + + Chytolita morbidalis +
Chytonix palliatricula + Colocasia propinguilinea + + Conservula anodonta +
Diachrysia aeroiodes + +
Diarsia jucanda +
88 Table 2 -continued
Site
Elaphria jestivoides + Elaphria versicolor +
Eosphoropteryx thyatyroid + Euplexia benesimillis + + + Eurois astricta + + Euxoa tessellata + Faronta diffusa + Feltia herilis + Feltia tricosa + Feralia comstocki + +
Graphiphora haurspica + + Helotropha renifonnis + Homoglaea hircina +
Homorthodesfuifurata +
Hypena humuli + +
Idia americalis + +
Idia conesia + Idia lubricalis + + Idia rotundalis + + Lacinipolia olivacea +
Lacinipolia renigera + + Lacinipolia lorea + + Lithacodia cameola + + Lithacodia concinnimacula + + Lithacodia muscosula + + Lithacodia synochitis + +
89 Table 2 -continued
Site
Family Genus species 1 2 3
Noctuidae Lithophane grotei + Lithophane hemina + Lithophane patefacta + + Melanchra adjuncta + Morrisonia confusa + Nedra ramosula + Nephalodes minions + + + Ochropleou plecto + + + Oligia illocata + + + Oligia mactata + + + Orthodes crenulata + Orthodes cynica + + + Orthosia hibisci + Pachypolia atricomis + Palthis angulalis + + Papaipema impecuniosa + + Papaipema inquaesita + Papaipema sp. + + Papaipema unimoda + Parallelia bistriais + + Peridroma saucia +
Phlogophora periculosa + + + Platypena scabra + Platypolia anceps + + Platysenta videns + Plusia putnamia + + +
90 Table 2 -continued Site
Family Genus species 1 2 3
Noctuidae Polia detracta + Polia imbrifera + + Polia latex + + Polia nimbosa + + Pseudaletia unipuncta + Pseudaletia vecors + + Renia sobrialis + Rivula propinqualis + + Spaelotis cladestina + Suneria bicolorago + + +
Syngrapha rectangula + + Trichoplusia + Xanthia togata + Xestia adela + + + Xestia bicarnea + + Xestia dolosa + +
Xestia nonnaniana + + Xestia smithii + + +
Xylena nupera -1- Zale minerea + + Zanclognatha cruralis +
Zanclognatha laevigata + + Zanclognatha ochreipennis + + +
Zanclognatha protumnusali + + Zanclognatha sp. + Notodontidae Clostera albosigma + +
91 Table 2 -continued
Site
Family Genus species 1 2 3
Notodontidae Clostera strigosa +
Dasylophia anguina + Dasylophia thyatiroides + Ellida caniplaga + Furcula borealis +
Gluphiia septentrionis + + Heterocampa biundata +
Heterocampa guttivitta + + + Nadata gibbosa + +
Nerice bidentata +
Odontosia elegans +
Oligocentra semirufescens + + Peridea ferruginea + + Peridea basitriens + +
Pemdea sp. +
Periwma basiliata +
Phlogophora iris + + +
Phoesia rimosa + Schizura ipomoeae + + Schizura leptinodes + + Schizura unicomis + +
Symmerista albifrons + + Pyralidae Herpetogramma theseusalis + pyrausta bicoloralis + +
Satumiidae Actias luna + + + Antheraea polyphemus + +
92 Table 2 -continued
Site
Family Genus species 1 2 3
Satumiidae Dyrocampa rubicunda + + +
Synanthedon acerni +
Sphingidae Laothoe uglandis + Lapara bombycoides + Pachysphi11.Xmodesta + + Paonias myops + +
Thyatridae Habrosyne scripta + + + Pseudothyatira cymatophor + + Tineidae Acrolophus morus + + Tortricidae Clepsis melaleucana + + +
Clepsis persicana + + + Eulia ministrana + Olethreutes quadrifidus + Phaneta ochrotenninana + Rhyacionia buoliana + Sparganothis tristriata +
93