Ecography E6940 Stange, E., Ayres, M. P. and Bess, J. A. 2011. Concordant population dynamics of herbivores in a forest ecosystem. – Ecography 34: xxx–xxx.

Supplementary material

Appendix 1 Environmental conditions that can create spurious effects on black light trapping of adult Lepidoptera () were very similar between years.

2004–2005 (11 dates) 2005–2006 (15 dates) 2006–2007 (21 dates) t-statistic p t-statistic p t-statistic p Moonlight 0.79 0.45 0.07 0.94 0.32 0.76 Temp 1.11 0.29 1.26 0.23 0.41 0.71 Rainfall 0.34 0.75 1.53 0.15 0.38 0.71

Appendix 2 Results of ANOVAs testing for structure in Lepidoptera population dynamics from seven hypothetical sources (each row of table), with commas used to separate degrees of freedom (DF) for groups from those for error. Asterisks indicate significance at p < 0.05 (not control- ling for family-wide error rates). Analyses were performed for each pair of years separately.

2004–2005 2005–2006 2006–2007 Group definition DF F DF F DF F Family 9,63 1.33 9,70 1.34 9,88 1.29 Subfamily 19,49 1.95* 19,53 0.89 22,70 2.06* Larval season 2,65 3.14* 2,71 0.12 2,82 0.63 Flight season 3,71 2.89* 3,78 0.38 3,96 1.28 Overwinter life stage 2,63 3.14* 2,68 0.04 2,75 0.7 Host category 5,68 0.44 5,74 0.32 5,91 0.69 Preferred host 11,45 0.78 12,48 0.91 12,60 1.35

1 Appendix 3 Correlation among abundances [Ln(moths × trap–1 × yr–1 + 1) captured in black light traps at three sites (HB, MS and RP] across four years (2004–2007). All correlations were significant at a family wide error rate of π = 0.05, corresponding to a comparison-wise error rate of α = 0.0001.

HB 04 MS 04 RP 04 HB 05 MS 05 RP 05 HB 06 MS 06 RP 06 HB 07 MS 07 RP 07 HB 04 1.00 MS 04 0.91 1.00 RP 04 0.94 0.93 1.00 HB 05 0.74 0.70 0.71 1.00 MS 05 0.64 0.70 0.65 0.79 1.00 RP 05 0.74 0.73 0.77 0.84 0.84 1.00 HB 06 0.73 0.70 0.74 0.79 0.77 0.83 1.00 MS 06 0.75 0.75 0.73 0.64 0.76 0.70 0.85 1.00 RP 06 0.72 0.68 0.74 0.62 0.68 0.76 0.86 0.86 1.00 HB 07 0.75 0.69 0.73 0.75 0.70 0.78 0.90 0.78 0.81 1.00 MS 07 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.70 0.78 0.79 0.86 0.83 0.82 0.91 1.00 RP 07 0.77 0.72 0.80 0.70 0.69 0.81 0.87 0.75 0.83 0.92 0.90 1.00

2 Appendix 4 Comparisons of moth captures from six black light traps deployed at three sites in the White Mountains of , USA. Points represent species (total captures over 4 yr from 2004 to 2007), with abundances expressed in units of Ln(moths × trap–1 × 4 yr–1 + 1).

3 Appendix 5 ANOVA results for moth abundance [Ln(moths × trap–1 × yr–1 + 1)] with respect to year, site, Lepidoptera species and trap within site (all sources except year treated as random effects). The variance structure in moth abundance was dominated by variation among spe- cies. Contributions from sites, year × site interactions, and traps locations with sites were minimal. Variation attributable to spp. × year interactions reflects differential sensitivity of some species to interannual variation (Fig. 2).

Source DF MS F p % variance Year 3 20.07 8.24 <0.0001 – Site 2 1.27 1.18 0.33 0 Year × Site 6 0.51 2.52 0.02 0 Spp. 120 33.11 12.86 <0.0001 68 Year × Spp. 360 2.13 10.51 <0.0001 17 Site × Spp. 240 0.65 3.20 <0.0001 3 Year × Site × Spp. 720 0.20 1.23 0.0007 1 Trap[Site] 3 0.29 1.74 0.16 0 Error 1449 0.17 9

4 a 0.2 3.7 0.3 0.5 2.3 3.0 13.0 81.2 12.0 32.6 50.2 93.7 20.4 14.0 93.4 2007 252.5 a 1.7 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.2 4.3 4.5 1.1 96.0 10.2 13.1 40.1 57.5 16.3 59.4 2006 108.1 a 7.7 0.0 1.2 2.0 4.2 3.5 6.8 0.7 1.2 2.2 35.2 20.0 2005 Total captures/trap Total 9.2 0.2 9.0 1.8 1.2 1.8 5.7 0.0 0.2 34.8 30.9 89.5 2004 . Acer Fagus Tsuga Betula Betula Betula Betula Betula Cornus Quercus Vaccinium Viburnum Preferred hosts Preferred P P P P C H H H H H H H H H H H Host Host category L L L L L L Ea Ea En En Larval Larval season Ecological categoryEcological M M M M Ea Ea Ea En M–L E–M E–M E–M E–M E–M E–M E–M Flight Flight season P P P P P P P L L L E life stage Over-winter Over-winter Guenée, 1852 Guenée, Walker, 1859 Walker, Guenée, 1857 Guenée, Swett, 1918 Swett, Walker, 1863 Walker, Grote & Robinson, 1867 & Robinson, Grote Guenée, 1858 Guenée, Packard, 1864 Packard, Gosse, 1840 Gosse, Herrich-Schäffer, 1854 Herrich-Schäffer, Guenée, 1852 Guenée, Walker, 1855 Walker, Gray, 1832 Gray, Linnaeus, 1758 Walker, 1860 Walker, Walker, 1855 Walker, Lithacodes fasciola Lithacodes delphinii Euclea limata Pantographa thestealis Herpetogramma Habrosyne scripta Habrosyne Pseudothyatira cymatophoroides Pseudothyatira Euthyatira pudens Euthyatira Drepana arcuata Drepana Drepana bilineata Drepana Oreta rosea rosea Oreta Macaria pustularia Macaria fissinotata Macaria Biston betularia Biston Euchlaena tigrinaria Euchlaena urticaria honestaria Pero Limacodidae Pyraustinae Drepaninae Appendix 6 Appendix (M–L), middle–late (M), middle (E–M), early–middle (Ea), early Species of either Lepidoptera collected are with black light seasons traps in and larval near the and Brook Hubbard Experimental (species Forest flight not included in (P); analyses thatdates of from captures pupae on the based only community were or years of dynamics pairs between abundances are moth (L) of listed comparisons that such in analyses to prior adjusted gray). larvae were and captures, actual are (E), here reported Abundances eggs either are stages life Overwinter years. both in sampled were late (L) or entire (En); host categories are either (H), hardwoods conifers (C), lichens and seeds fungi mosses and (Fu), ferns (L/M), (S)flowers (Fe), forbs, or(Fo), polyphagous (P; any two or categories). more Family – subfamily – species species – subfamily – Family Limacodidae Geometridae

5 2.2 1.1 0.7 4.5 1.5 0.5 0.2 0.0 3.4 0.4 1.8 1.0 0.2 0.7 4.4 95.8 12.0 37.5 63.1 14.4 10.8 28.7 10.8 35.7 2007 131.8 134.5 475.8 183.0 a 1.2 0.5 0.9 5.2 1.5 5.8 0.8 0.0 1.5 7.0 0.3 1.6 0.7 1.6 0.5 0.0 6.8 0.0 0.5 0.5 35.5 46.7 94.6 13.5 26.8 2006 145.6 135.4 393.4 a 3.0 0.2 1.7 5.9 0.3 3.3 0.2 1.7 0.0 0.0 5.7 1.4 1.0 9.8 33.3 31.7 35.6 14.0 2005 Total captures/trap Total 1.7 7.0 2.2 6.3 1.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 3.5 20.3 21.1 52.3 29.7 26.2 50.3 2004 389.1 Abies Abies Abies Abies Abies and and and and and Acer Acer Acer Salix Ribes Larix Betula Betula Betula Betula Betula Populus Populus Fraxinus Epilobium Vaccinium Preferred hosts Preferred Picea and Abies Picea Picea Picea Picea Picea Picea Picea Picea Picea Picea P P P P P P P P P C C C H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Host Host category L L L L L L L L L L Ea Ea Ea Ea Ea Ea Ea En En En En En Larval Larval season Ecological categoryEcological L L M M M M M Ea Ea Ea Ea Ea Ea Ea Ea En En M–L M–L M–L M–L E–M E–M E–M E–M E–M E–M E–M Flight Flight season P P P P P P P P P L L E E E E E E E E E life stage Over-winter Over-winter Swett, 1917 Swett, Guenée, 1857 Guenée, Harris, 1841 Harris, Haworth, 1809 Guenée, 1857 Guenée, Guenée, 1857 Guenée, Hübner, 1823 Hübner, Guenée, 1857 Guenée, Guenée, 1857 Guenée, Guenée, 1857 Guenée, Hübner, 1820 Hübner, Ferguson, 1955 Ferguson, Hufnagel, 1767 Hufnagel, Walker, 1861 Walker, Walker, 1860 Walker, Grote & Robinson, 1867 & Robinson, Grote Guenée, 1857 Guenée, Grote, 1876 Grote, Walker, 1862 Walker, Walker, 1863 Walker, Guenée, 1857 Guenée, Herrich-Schäffer, 1855 Herrich-Schäffer, Walker, 1863 Walker, Guenée, 1857 Guenée, Herrich-Schäffer, 1855 Herrich-Schäffer, Harris, 1850 Harris, Stoll, 1791 Stoll, Fitch, 1856 Fitch, Campaea perlata Campaea subsignaria Ennomos alciphearia Selenia Metanema inatomaria Metanema Anagoga occiduaria Anagoga Probole amicaria Probole Plagodis serinaria Plagodis Plagodis kuetzingi Plagodis Plagodis phlogosaria Plagodis Plagodis alcoolaria Plagodis Caripeta divisata Caripeta Besma endropiaria Besma Lambdina fiscellaria canosaria Nepytia macularia Sicya crocallata Tetracis Nematocampa limbata Nematocampa Dysstroma truncata Dysstroma hersiliata Eulithis explanata Eulithis Hydria prunivorata Hydria Mesoleuca ruficillata Mesoleuca Trichodezia albovittata albovittata Trichodezia Epirrita autumnata henshawi Epirrita velleda laricis Tolype americana Phyllodesma Malacosoma disstria Malacosoma Larentiinae Macromphaliinae Lasiocampinae Family – subfamily – species species – subfamily – Family

6 1.9 8.0 0.2 1.7 0.4 0.2 0.6 9.2 1.3 0.5 59.7 15.6 10.4 13.7 28.4 50.4 54.0 44.0 51.3 13.0 28.7 2007 a 1.7 1.9 1.3 5.3 0.0 9.0 0.9 0.5 0.8 2.2 9.1 2.0 0.4 6.8 65.3 23.0 54.4 41.2 41.7 11.1 19.0 2006 a 1.0 6.3 0.7 0.7 3.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.7 4.3 0.0 0.0 6.5 8.2 8.2 6.0 10.8 19.5 24.0 2005 Total captures/trap Total 0.3 1.7 0.5 0.0 9.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 7.1 1.3 10.7 13.2 15.3 61.9 12.3 38.4 13.8 23.3 2004 Acer Acer Fagus Betula Betula Betula Betula Betula Betula Prunus Populus Populus Populus Populus Quercus Quercus Quercus Fraxinus Preferred hosts Preferred P H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Host Host category L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L Ea En En En En Larval Larval season Ecological categoryEcological M M M M Ea Ea Ea En E–M E–M E–M E–M E–M E–M E–M E–M E–M E–M E–M E–M E–M Flight Flight season P P P P P P P P P P P P P P L L L L L L E life stage Over-winter Over-winter Cramer, 1779 Cramer, Fabricius, 1793 Fabricius, Walker, 1862 Walker, Cramer, 1775 Cramer, Fabricius, 1793 Fabricius, Herrich-Schäffer, 1855 Herrich-Schäffer, Harris, 1839 Harris, Walker, 1856 Walker, Franclemont, 1946 Franclemont, Fitch, 1856 Fitch, J. E. Smith, 1797 J. E. Smith, Doubleday, 1841 Doubleday, J. E. Smith, 1797 J. E. Smith, J. E. Smith, 1797 J. E. Smith, Packard, 1864 Packard, Walker, 1855 Walker, Kirby, 1837 Kirby, J. E. Smith, 1797 J. E. Smith, J. E. Smith, 1797 J. E. Smith, Packard, 1864 Packard, Linnaeus, 1758 Malacosoma americanum Malacosoma rubicunda Antheraea polyphemus Antheraea Actias luna Actias Ceratomia undulosa Ceratomia Smerinthus cerisyi Smerinthus Paonias excaecatus Paonias Paonias myops myops Paonias Amorpha juglandis Amorpha Pachysphinx modesta Pachysphinx Clostera albosigma Clostera Nadata gibbosa Nadata basitriens Peridea ferruginea Peridea georgica Hyperaeschra Pheosia rimosa Pheosia leucitys Symmerista Dasylophia thyatiroides Dasylophia marthesiaMacrurocampa ipomoeae Schizura unicornis Schizura Saturniinae Sphinginae Pygaerinae Phalerinae Notodontinae Nystaleinae Heterocampinae Family – subfamily – species species – subfamily – Family Sphingidae

7 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.7 7.1 0.0 0.7 0.9 0.5 1.7 0.0 0.8 1.0 23.3 21.1 97.2 17.5 20.6 18.2 2007 100.3 a 6.5 0.4 0.8 5.7 0.2 6.0 3.9 2.3 0.0 1.5 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.6 0.2 2.2 22.2 53.3 13.2 25.6 2006 123.9 a 1.3 0.7 0.0 0.7 0.8 4.1 3.9 2.0 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.2 2.3 85.5 22.0 22.0 31.6 2005 Total captures/trap Total 8.2 1.7 6.8 0.0 0.3 2.1 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.6 3.6 0.2 0.4 0.0 42.2 29.8 15.5 40.0 32.7 2004 174.2 Acer Acer Tilia Salix Alnus Betula Prunus Lichens Lichens Lichens Populus Populus Populus Quercus Quercus Preferred hosts Preferred P P P H H H H H H H H H H H H H Fo L/M L/M L/M L/M Host Host category L L L L Ea Ea Ea Ea Ea Ea Ea En En En En En En En En Larval Larval season Ecological categoryEcological M M M M M M M M M M Ea En En En En M–L M–L M–L M–L E–M E–M Flight Flight season P P L L L L L L L L L L L E E E E E E life stage Over-winter Over-winter Guenée, 1852 Guenée, Walker, 1865 Walker, Walker, 1855 Walker, Guenée, 1854 Guenée, Guenée, 1852 Guenée, Harris, 1841 Harris, Smith, 1797 Smith, Harris, 1850 Harris, Guenée, 1852 Guenée, Hübner, 1818 Hübner, Geyer, 1832 Geyer, Hübner, 1831 Hübner, Hübner, 1823 Hübner, Linnaeus, 1758 Packard, 1864 Packard, Walker, 1858 Walker, Walker, 1858 Walker, Lyman, 1887 Lyman, Guenée, 1854 Guenée, Cramer, 1776 Cramer, Hübner, 1813 Hübner, Oligocentria semirufescens Oligocentria Hypoprepia fucosa Hypoprepia Clemensia albata confusa Haploa assimilans Phragmatobia Platarctia parthenos Platarctia caja americana Arctia tessellaris Halysidota Lymantria dispar Lymantria Idia americalis Idia aemula Idia Bomolocha baltimoralis Parallelia bistriaris Parallelia Catocala ilia Catocala cerogama Catocala relicta Catocala unijuga Catocala ultronia Catocala balluca Eosphoropteryx thyatyroides precationis Autographa Lithosiinae Arctiinae Lymantriidae Herminiinae Catocalinae Acontiinae Family – subfamily – species species – subfamily – Family Arctiidae Lymantriidae Erebidae

8 3.8 0.0 0.8 0.2 0.0 3.5 4.7 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.7 0.0 4.4 0.8 0.3 58.4 10.3 40.1 56.3 39.1 23.5 16.3 52.4 29.9 2007 a 2.3 2.4 0.8 0.7 0.5 1.4 0.0 0.3 1.0 0.2 0.3 8.7 0.0 0.3 5.4 0.8 0.5 28.2 25.4 24.8 23.2 41.6 13.1 72.7 2006 a 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.2 8.7 4.6 4.0 0.2 0.2 12.7 23.2 21.0 22.5 48.3 20.5 2005 Total captures/trap Total 2.6 0.2 6.5 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 1.4 0.0 31.0 16.5 11.6 41.2 2004 145.7 Abies Abies and and Tilia Fagus Fagus Alnus Alnus Betula Betula Populus Populus Fraxinus Viburnum Preferred hosts Preferred Picea Picea Picea Picea S P P P P C C G H H H H H H H H H H H Fe Fe Fo Fo Fu Host Host category L L L L L L L L L L L Ea Ea Ea Ea Ea En En En Larval Larval season Ecological categoryEcological L L L M M M M Ea Ea Ea En M–L M–L M–L M–L M–L E–M E–M E–M E–M E–M E–M E–M E–M Flight Flight season P P P P P P P P P P P L L L L E life stage Over-winter Over-winter Walker, 1856 Walker, Guenée, 1852 Guenée, Guenée, 1852 Guenée, Guenée, 1852 Guenée, Guenée, 1852 Guenée, Guenée, 1852 Guenée, Grote, 1873 Grote, Haworth, 1809 Walker, 1861 Walker, Guenée, 1852 Guenée, Kirby, 1837 Kirby, J. B. Smith, 1884 J. B. Smith, McDunnough, 1922 McDunnough, Guenée, 1852 Guenée, Bird, 1907 Bird, Guenée, 1952 Guenée, Guenée, 1852 Guenée, Morrison, 1874 Morrison, Walker, 1860 Walker, Guenée, 1852 Guenée, Guenée, 1852 Guenée, Walker, 1858 Walker, Guenée, 1852 Guenée, Walker, 1857 Walker, Syngrapha rectangula Syngrapha muscosula Lithacodia Pseudeustrotia carneola Pseudeustrotia acronyctoides Panthea flavicornis deridens Charadra Acronicta innotata Acronicta Acronicta superans Acronicta Harrisimemna trisignata Harrisimemna Oligia illocata Oligia pterisii Papaipema Euplexia benesimilis Euplexia Phlogophora periculosa Phlogophora decolor Enargia Ipimorpha pleonectusa Ipimorpha palliatricula Callopistria mollissima Callopistria Amphipyra pyramidoides Amphipyra bicolorago Sunira Copivaleria grotei grotei Copivaleria Pseudaletia unipuncta Pseudaletia latex Morrisonia Tricholita Feltia jaculifera Feltia Eustrotiinae Acronictinae Xyleninae Amphipyrinae Psaphidinae Family – subfamily – species species – subfamily – Family

9 3.9 0.2 5.2 5.1 95.0 13.2 25.8 2007 a 4.9 0.5 2.3 9.4 1.6 5.1 14.8 2006 a 3.8 0.2 5.2 7.5 5.7 32.3 36.2 2005 Total captures/trap Total 1.8 2.3 0.0 1.4 14.6 2004 Pinus Populus Preferred hosts Preferred P P C H H H Fo Host Host category Ea En En En En Larval Larval season Ecological categoryEcological En En M–L M–L M–L M–L E–M Flight Flight season L L life stage Over-winter Over-winter Guenée, 1852 Guenée, Schiffermüller, 1775 Schiffermüller, Grote, 1873 Grote, Grote, 1874 Grote, Linnaeus, 1761 Linnaeus, 1758 Franclemont, 1980 Franclemont, Ochropleura plecta Ochropleura Noctua pronuba Noctua dolosa Xestia Xestia normanianaXestia Pseudohermonassa bicarnea Pseudohermonassa Anomogyna badicollis Anaplectoides prasina prasina Anaplectoides Family – subfamily – species species – subfamily – Family

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