Feralia Major J.B. Smith in Southeast Louisiana by Vernon Antoine Brou Jr., 74320 Jack Loyd Road, Abita Springs, Louisiana 70420 Email: [email protected]

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Feralia Major J.B. Smith in Southeast Louisiana by Vernon Antoine Brou Jr., 74320 Jack Loyd Road, Abita Springs, Louisiana 70420 Email: Vabrou@Bellsouth.Net

Feralia major J.B. Smith in Southeast Louisiana by Vernon Antoine Brou Jr., 74320 Jack Loyd Road, Abita Springs, Louisiana 70420 email: [email protected] The pretty greenish noctuid moth Feralia major J.B. Smith (Fig. 1) occurs from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick and Ontario to most of the eastern United States from March-May according to Covell (1984). F. major is one of three species of Feralia covered in detail by Forbes (1954), who discusses the similarity and confusion of major to Feralia jocasa Guenee. Knudson & Bordelon (1999) report major occurring in Texas during January- February. I have taken major commonly in only two Louisiana parishes (Fig. 2) mostly due to a lack of collecting by me during January in other areas of the state. The month of January has the coldest temperatures in Louisiana, the time at which major's peak flight period appears to occur. In over 22 years of continuous collecting in St. Tammany Parish, adult specimens have shown consistent bimodal flight peaks occurring at the end of December and end of January (Fig. 3). Whether or not the flight period peak is suppressed by the cold January temperatures or the bimodal flight peaks are a normal attribute is difficult to determine with confidence. Perhaps a much larger sample population may provide an answer. Fig. 1. Feralia major J.B. Smith, male. 40 Dec Jan Feb Mar 20 number of adults 0 Fig. 3. Feralia major taken at sec.24T6SR12E, 4.2 mi NE Fig. 2. Parish records for Feralia major. Abita Springs, Louisiana. n = 832 Literature Cited Covell, Jr., C.V. 1984. A field guide to moths eastern North America. The Peterson Field Guide Series No. 30. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. xv + 469pp., 64 plates. Forbes, W.T.M. 1954. Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states, Noctuidae, Part III, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. St. Mem. 329. Ithaca, New York, 433 pp. Knudson, E. and C. Bordelon 1999. Texas Lepidoptera Survey, Checklist of the Lepidoptera of Texas 2000 edit. .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Butterflies and Moths of New Brunswick, Canada
Heliothis ononis Flax Bollworm Moth Coptotriche aenea Blackberry Leafminer Argyresthia canadensis Apyrrothrix araxes Dull Firetip Phocides pigmalion Mangrove Skipper Phocides belus Belus Skipper Phocides palemon Guava Skipper Phocides urania Urania skipper Proteides mercurius Mercurial Skipper Epargyreus zestos Zestos Skipper Epargyreus clarus Silver-spotted Skipper Epargyreus spanna Hispaniolan Silverdrop Epargyreus exadeus Broken Silverdrop Polygonus leo Hammock Skipper Polygonus savigny Manuel's Skipper Chioides albofasciatus White-striped Longtail Chioides zilpa Zilpa Longtail Chioides ixion Hispaniolan Longtail Aguna asander Gold-spotted Aguna Aguna claxon Emerald Aguna Aguna metophis Tailed Aguna Typhedanus undulatus Mottled Longtail Typhedanus ampyx Gold-tufted Skipper Polythrix octomaculata Eight-spotted Longtail Polythrix mexicanus Mexican Longtail Polythrix asine Asine Longtail Polythrix caunus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) Zestusa dorus Short-tailed Skipper Codatractus carlos Carlos' Mottled-Skipper Codatractus alcaeus White-crescent Longtail Codatractus yucatanus Yucatan Mottled-Skipper Codatractus arizonensis Arizona Skipper Codatractus valeriana Valeriana Skipper Urbanus proteus Long-tailed Skipper Urbanus viterboana Bluish Longtail Urbanus belli Double-striped Longtail Urbanus pronus Pronus Longtail Urbanus esmeraldus Esmeralda Longtail Urbanus evona Turquoise Longtail Urbanus dorantes Dorantes Longtail Urbanus teleus Teleus Longtail Urbanus tanna Tanna Longtail Urbanus simplicius Plain Longtail Urbanus procne Brown Longtail
[Show full text]
Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences
\\BU/\R\ COMMITTKK ON I'lbLlCATlUX. GEOROE \V. CLINTON, LL. D. GEORGE E. HAYES, D. D. S. W ILMAM H. GLENNY, Ju. LEON F. HARVEY, M. D. GEORGE P. PUTNAM, ^VALTER T. WILSON, AUG. R. GROTE, A. M., CiiAinMAN'. BULLETIN BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. LtJ^ — >f BULLETIN BUFFALO SOCIETY OF MTURAL SCIENCES. VOLUME II. From April, 1874, to March, 1875. ^ BUFFALO: PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY. 1875. PRESS OP THE COURIER COMPAXV, BUFFALO, N. V. CONTENTS. I. List of the Noctuidae of North America. By Aug. R. Grote, . 1 II. Catalogue of the Coleoptera from the Region of Lake Ponchartrain, La. By S. V. Summers, m. d 78 III. Catalogue of Boleti of New England, with Descriptions of New Species. By Ciias. C. Fkost, 100 IV. On the Species of Helicopis inhabiting the Valley of the Amazon. By Aug. R. Grote, 106 V. Descriptions of New Noctuidae. By H. K. Morrison, • • • • 109 VI. Observations on North American Moths. By Leon F. Harvey, A. M., M. D. 118 VII. Additions to the "List of North American Noctuidae." By Aug. R. Grote, 123 VIII. Land and Fresh Water Shells of the State of New York. By James Lewis, 127 IX. New Noctuae. By Aug. R. Grote 143 X. Notes on American Lepidoptera, with Descriptions of twenty-one New Species. By Aug. R. Gkote, 14.j XI. Determination of the Species of Moths Figured in the " Natural History of New York." By Aug. R. Grote, 1G4 XII. A List of the Leptidae, Mydaidae and Dasypogonina of North America. By Cii. R. OsTEN Sackex 169 XIII.
[Show full text]
Insect Diversity on Mount Mansfield
Introduction identified to genus and four to species. The representation of the suborder Cyclorrhapha In 1991 a long term survey program comprised two divisions. Two families were was developed to record the insect present in the division Aschiza with three biodiversity on Mount Mansfield with Syphridae being identified to species and a respect to taxonomic composition and further 18 specimens unidentified. The abundance. Permanent survey traps were division Schizophora was represented by established to compare and contrast insect eight families, including Muscidae, diversity in three forests habitats. Calliphoridae, and Tachinidae. The taxonomic composition of the Two suborders of Hymenoptera are fauna is presented for the Diptera, represented. The suborder Symphyta Hymenoptera, and Coleoptera combined for comprised two sawfly families, Argidae and malaise and waterpan traps over 1991-1992 Tenthredinidae. The homtail family collecting season. The species of carabid Siricidae is represented by the common beetles collected from pitfall traps among pigeon tremex (Tremex calumba). The larger the three survey sites are given for 1991 and suborder Apocrita comprised 10 families 1992 respectively, and the Lepidoptera including a number of ichneumonid species collected from light traps are parasitoids that are not identified to species. tabulated for 1991. Two suborders of Coleoptera are represented. The Adephaga are limited to Methods the Carabidae (ground beetles) with 58 identified species (Table 1b). The remaining Sampling sites were established at beetles belong to the Polyphaga with twenty- 400m elevation (proctor Maple Research five families represented. The family Center) in a sugar maple forest, 600m Staphylinidae (rove beetles) comprise four (Underhill State Park) in a mixed hardwood specimens identified to genus and seven to forest, and 1160m (Mt.
[Show full text]
Caterpillars on the Foliage of Conifers in the Northeastern United States 1 Life Cycles and Food Plants
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Coniferous forests are important features of the North American landscape. In the Northeast, balsam fir, spruces, or even pines may dominate in the more northern forests. Southward, conifers still may be prevalent, although the pines become increasingly important. In dry, sandy areas, such as Cape Cod of Massachusetts and the Pine Barrens of New Jersey, hard pines abound in forests composed of relatively small trees. Conifers are classic symbols of survival in harsh environments. Forests of conifers provide not only beautiful scenery, but also livelihood for people. Coniferous trees are a major source of lumber for the building industry. Their wood can be processed to make paper, packing material, wood chips, fence posts, and other products. Certain conifers are cultivated for landscape plants and, of course, Christmas trees. Trees of coniferous forests also supply shelter or food for many species of vertebrates, invertebrates, and even plants. Insects that call these forests home far outnumber other animals and plants. Because coniferous forests tend to be dominated by one to a few species of trees, they are especially susceptible to injury during outbreaks of insects such as the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, the fall hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria, or the pitch pine looper, Lambdina pellucidaria. Trees that are defoliated by insects suffer reduced growth and sometimes even death. Trees stressed by defoliation, drought, or mechanical injury, are generally more susceptible to attack by wood-boring beetles, diseases, and other organisms. These secondary pests also may kill trees. Stress or tree death can have a negative economic impact upon forest industries.
[Show full text]
Great Lakes Entomologist
The GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 7, No. 1 Spring 1974 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST ~ubiishedby the Michigan Entomological Society Volume 7 1974 No. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Ovacarus peelei, a New Species of Mite (Acarina: Podapolipidae) Associated with the Carabid Pasimachus elongatus Robert W. Husband ......................................... 1 Freezing Lepidoptera for Temporary Storage Ronald S. Wilkinson .........................................8 The Life Cycle Relative to Temperature of Protaphorura arrnatus (Tullberg) (Collembola: Onychiuridae), a Parthenogenetic Species Renate M. Snider ........................................... 9 The Genesis of A. R. Grote's "Collecting Noctuidae by Lake Erie" Ronald S. Wilkinson .........................................16 The Minnesota Species of Aeshna with Notes on Their Habits and Distribution (Odonata: Aeshnidae) Marilee S. Boole, Charles L. Hamum, and Myron A. Anderson ............19 Introduction of Parasites of the Larch Sawfly in Minnesota H. M. Kulman, L. C. Thompson, and J. A. Witter .....................23 A Flexible Computer Program for the Production of Insect Labels Carl W. Albrecht and Russell V. Skavaril ...........................27 Similarities in Evasive Behavior of Wolf Spiders (Araneae: Lywsidae), American Toads (Anura: Bufonidae) and Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Lauren E. Brown and James H. Thrall ............................ .30 The Etymology of the Names Pipunculus Latreille and Dorilas Meigen (Diptera: Pipunculidae) H.D.Cameron ............................................31 BookReview ..................................................25 $ I I I COVER ILLUSTRATION Venter of the male of Ovacarus peelei, n. sp. (Acarina: Podapolipidae). THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1973-1974 OFFICERS President Richard C. Fleming President-Elec t Robert W. Husband Executive Secretary M. C. Nielsen Editor Irving J. Cantrall The Michigan Entomological Society traces its origins to the old Detroit Entomological Society and was organized on 4 November 1954 to ".
[Show full text]
Lepidoptera (Moths and Butterflies) at Inverness Ridge in Central Coastal California and Their Recovery Following a Wildfire
LEPIDOPTERA (MOTHS AND BUTTERFLIES) AT INVERNESS RIDGE IN CENTRAL COASTAL CALIFORNIA AND THEIR RECOVERY FOLLOWING A WILDFIRE J. A. Powell Essig Museum of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 Abstract.— In numbers of species, Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) make up the largest group of plant-feeding animals in North America. Caterpillars of nearly all species feed on plants, and most of them are specialists on one or a few kinds of plants. Therefore they are liable to be severely affected by wildfires, and secondarily, their parasites and predators, including birds, bats, lizards, and rodents, suffer losses of a major food resource. In October 1995, a wildfire swept over part of The Point Reyes National Seashore, burning more than 12,300 acres (5,000 hectares) of public and private land, following a fire-free period of several decades. I tracked survival and recolonization by moths and butterflies during the subsequent five seasons. I made daytime searches for adults and caterpillars approximately monthly from March through October and collected blacklight trap samples, mostly in May and September-October. More than 650 species of Lepidoptera have been recorded in the Inverness Ridge area, and about 375 of them were recorded during the post-fire survey, including larvae of 31% of them. Plants in a Bishop pine forest higher on the ridge, where the fire was most intense, accumulated their caterpillar faunas slowly, while Lepidoptera feeding on plants typical of riparian woods in the lower canyons reestablished sooner and more completely. Recolonization varied markedly among different plant species, and the species richness gradually increased, in marked contrast to generalizations about effects of fire on arthropods derived from fire management of grasslands.
[Show full text]
Butterflies and Moths of Pacific Northwest Forests and Woodlands: Rare, Endangered, and Management- Sensitive Species
he Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET) was created in 1995 by the Deputy Chief for State and Private TForestry, USDA Forest Service, to develop and deliver technologies to protect and improve the health of American forests. This book was published by FHTET as part of the technology transfer series. http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/ United States Depart- US Forest US Forest Service ment of Agriculture Service Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team Cover design Chuck Benedict. Photo, Taylor’s Checkerspot, Euphydryas editha taylori. Photo by Dana Ross. See page 38. For copies of this publication, contact: Dr. Jeffrey C. Miller Richard Reardon Oregon State University FHTET, USDA Forest Service Department of Rangeland Ecology 180 Canfield Street and Management Morgantown, WV 26505 202 Strand Agriculture Hall 304-285-1566 Corvallis, Washington, USA [email protected] 97331-2218 FAX 541-737-0504 Phone 541-737-5508 [email protected] The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program informa- tion (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Inde- pendence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice and TDD).
[Show full text]
Butterflies and Moths of North America
Heliothis ononis Flax Bollworm Moth Coptotriche aenea Blackberry Leafminer Argyresthia canadensis Habrosyne scripta Lettered Habrosyne Habrosyne gloriosa Glorious Habrosyne Pseudothyatira cymatophoroides Tufted Thyatirid Thyatira mexicana Euthyatira lorata Euthyatira semicircularis Ceranemota improvisa Ceranemota fasciata Ceranemota crumbi Ceranemota semifasciata Ceranemota tearlei Ceranemota partida Ceranemota albertae Ceranemota amplifascia Bycombia verdugoensis Euthyatira pudens Dogwood Thyatirid Drepana arcuata Arched Hooktip Drepana bilineata Two-lined Hooktip Eudeilinia herminiata Northern Eudeilinea Oreta rosea Rose Hooktip Eudeilinia luteifera Southern Eudeilinia Coloradia pandora Pandora pinemoth Coloradia luski Lusk's pinemoth Coloradia doris Doris' pinemoth Coloradia velda Velda pinemoth Automeris io Io moth Automeris louisiana Louisiana eyed silkmoth Automeris randa Randa's eyed silkmoth Automeris iris Iris eyed silkmoth Automeris cecrops Cecrops eyed silkmoth Automeris zephyria Zephyr eyed silkmoth Automeris patagoniensis Patagonia eyed silkmoth Hylesia coinopus Hemileuca juno Juno buckmoth Hemileuca maia Eastern buckmoth Hemileuca nevadensis Nevada buckmoth Hemileuca artemis Hemileuca lucina New England buckmoth Hemileuca slosseri Slosser's buckmoth Hemileuca peigleri Hemileuca grotei Grote's buckmoth Hemileuca stonei Stone's buckmoth Hemileuca electra Electra buckmoth Hemileuca tricolor Tricolor buckmoth Hemileuca hualapai Hualapai buckmoth Hemileuca oliviae Range caterpillar moth Hemileuca burnsi Burns' buckmoth Hemileuca
[Show full text]
New Distribution Records of the Tiger-Moth Genus Phragmatobia in North America (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae: Arctiinae)
The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 26 Number 1 - Spring 1993 Number 1 - Spring 1993 Article 3 April 1993 New Distribution Records of the Tiger-Moth Genus Phragmatobia in North America (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae: Arctiinae) Julian P. Donahue Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Donahue, Julian P. 1993. "New Distribution Records of the Tiger-Moth Genus Phragmatobia in North America (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae: Arctiinae)," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 26 (1) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol26/iss1/3 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at [email protected]. Donahue: New Distribution Records of the Tiger-Moth Genus <i>Phragmatobia< 1993 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOlOGIST 21 NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORDS OF THE TIGER-MOTH GENUS PHRAGMATOBIA IN NORTH AMERICA (LEPIDOPTERA: ARCTIIDAE: ARCTIINAE) Julian P. Donahue] ABSTRACT New distribution records for all three Nearctic species of Phragmatobia include state records (the first records for the states indicated) of P lineata (Maryland, Wisconsin); P fuliginosa rubricosa (Ohio, South Dakota), and P assimilans (Idaho, Montana, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin), all representing southern range extensions at those longitudes except for the Wisconsin records of P lineata, which are northern range extensions. Chelone glabra (Scrophulariaceae) is reported as a larval hostplant of P lineata, and descrip tive notes on the larva of this species are included.
[Show full text]
Lepidoptera Recorded on Santa Catalina Island
LEPIDOPTERA RECORDED ON SANTA CATALINA ISLAND compiled by Jerry A. Powell August 2004; revised Jan. 2012 INTRODUCTION. --- HISTORY OF LEPIDOPTERA INVENTORY ON SANTA CATALINA ISLAND, CALIFORNIA Santa Catalina Island is the third largest of the eight Channel Islands off the coast of southern California. It is the largest and nearest to the mainland (ca. 20 miles) of the four southern islands and historically has been the most easily accessible to visitors, some of whom collected Lepidoptera long before any were recorded on the other islands. Catalina island has an area of 76 mi2 (122 km2) and is about 21 miles (34 km) long and 8 miles (13 km) wide near its center. The island is mountainous, with a central ridge along its length, reaching elevations of 2,097’ (670m) and 2,010’ (648m). The flora is diverse, 2nd only to Santa Cruz among the CA islands, with more than 400 native species of vascular plants and 175+ introduced taxa. It is the only CA island open to the public, receiving daily residential and tourist traffic, with ferry and air transportation to and from Avalon (3,000 resident population) and Two Harbors (200 residents) (Schoenherr et al. 1999). The town of Avalon was founded as a potential resort in 1887, and later the island was purchased by the Banning family, who formed the Santa Catalina Island Company and completed work on Avalon, which they promoted as a fishing resort. By the 1890s photographs taken around Avalon indicate extensive vegetation stripping by feral goats and sheep. Feral ruminants were excluded from the southeastern portion of the island following its purchase by Wm.
[Show full text]
Tracked Taxa List: Invertebrates
Tracked Taxa List: Current as of Invertebrates 2019-Feb-13 For an explanation of Subnational(S), National(N) and Global(G) Ranks, refer to: www.biodiversity.sk.ca/ranking.htm ID: Scientific Name: Common Name: G-Rank: N-Rank: S-Rank: COSEWIC: Arachnida - Arachnids Araneae - Spiders Anyphaenidae 10007 Anyphaena pacifica A Ghost Spider G5 N5 SU Araneidae - Orbweavers 10010 Araniella proxima An Orbweaver Spider GNR NU S3 27147 Hypsosinga alberta An Orbweaver Spider GNR NU SU 27079 Singa keyserlingi A Striped Orbweaver GNR N4N5 SU Corinnidae 27136 Castianeira longipalpa An Antmimic Spider G5 N5 SU 27383 Phrurotimpus certus An Antmimic Spider GNR NU SU Dictynidae 27162 Cicurina robusta A Meshweaver Spider G5 N5 SU 10022 Dictyna alaskae A Meshweaver Spider G5 N5 SU 26971 Dictyna major A Meshweaver Spider G5 N5 SU 26972 Dictyna volucripes A Meshweaver Spider GNR N4N5 SU 27267 Emblyna consulta A Meshweaver Spider GNR NU SU 10028 Emblyna jonesae A Meshweaver Spider GNR NU SU Dictyna jonesae 27268 Emblyna littoricolens A Meshweaver Spider GNR NU SU 10029 Emblyna manitoba A Meshweaver Spider G5 N5 SU Dictyna manitoba 26953 Hackmania prominula A Meshweaver Spider GNR N4N5 SU 27102 Iviella reclusa A Meshweaver Spider GNR N2N3 S2 10036 Phantyna terranea A Meshweaver Spider GNR NU SU Dictyna terranea Gnaphosidae 27328 Drassyllus nannellus A Stealthy Ground Spider GNR NU SU 26935 Herpyllus ecclesiasticus Parson Spider G5 N5 SU 26943 Herpyllus hesperolus A Stealthy Ground Spider GNR NU SU 27217 Micaria coloradensis A Stealthy Ground Spider GNR N4N5 SU
[Show full text]
Dynamics of Arthropod Assemblages in Forests Managed to Emulate Natural Disturbance (BUGS)
PROJECT REPORT 2003-2 FINAL PROJECT REPORT Dynamics of arthropod assemblages in forests managed to emulate natural disturbance (BUGS) John R. Spence, Ralph Cartar, Mary Reid, David W. Langor and W. Jan A. Volney For copies of this or other SFM publications contact: Sustainable Forest Management Network G208 Biological Sciences Building University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9 Ph: (780) 492 6659 Fax: (780) 492 8160 http://www.ualberta.ca/sfm ISBN 1-55261-171-X DYNAMICS OF ARTHROPOD ASSEMBLAGES IN FORESTS MANAGED TO EMULATE NATURAL DISTURBANCE (BUGS) SFMN Final Report March 2003 John R. Spence, Department of Renewable Resources, 751 General Services Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H1 Ralph Cartar, Department of Biological Sciences, D-872 University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4 Mary Reid, Dept. of Biological Sciences and Environmental Science Program University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4 David W. Langor, Natural Resources Canada (CFS), Northern Forestry Centre, 5320-122nd Street, Edmonton, Alberta T6H 3S5 W. Jan A. Volney, Natural Resources Canada (CFS), Northern Forestry Centre, 5320-122nd Street, Edmonton, Alberta T6H 3S5 With contributions from Jane Park, Louis Morneau, David Shorthouse Julia Wesley (nee Dunlop) and Tim Work EMEND/BUGS: Spence et al. —2 DYNAMICS OF ARTHROPOD ASSEMBLAGES IN FORESTS MANAGED TO EMULATE NATURAL DISTURBANCE (BUGS) — EXECUTIVE SUMMARY — 1. This study provides the first systematically and concurrently collected data about the diversity and ecological importance of a number of arthropod groups [epigaeic (= litter dwelling) spiders, saproxylic (= feed on, breed in or need dead or dying wood) beetles, moths, parasitoids and bumble bees and soil] in the northern mixedwood forest.
[Show full text]