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Index a-politicism 74, 75, 77 autonomous time 229 Abel, R.C. 53 awareness-raising 91, 169 abstract landscape 150 access/accessibility 81, 106, 120, 126, 143, Bakka hamlet 169–171 144–145, 149, 192, 200 Bakklandet 18, 19 accountability 32, 55, 56 Balkin, J.M. 53 activism 6, 7, 16, 75, 77, 81 Barnett, C. 22 advocacy democracy 22–23 Bauman, Z. 50, 66 aesthetic judgement 226 Baumgarten, A.G. 226 aesthetics, performance of 109–111 Bauwens, M. 55 African American front yards 97–99, 103 beating the bounds 146 agency 115 beautiful landscapes 39, 43, 47 agents, rural landscape governance 154–158 behavioural code of conduct 206 agents of change 45, 140 belonging 30, 45, 67, 81, 86, 210, 225 aggregative democracy 5, 88–89 Besitzergreifung des Rasens 119 aggressive landscape transformation 213 best design 74 agonism 8, 13, 89, 115, 218 Bhabba, H.K. 114 Agora 63, 65 bias, in design 102 Al Harithy, H. 35 Bilbao Effect 110 Alison Lapper Pregnant 229–232 Bleken, H. 19 AlSayyad, N. 67 blessed unrest 53, 57 Angelopoulos Fellowship program 195 bodily enactment, of resistance 144 apartment building protests, Bakklandet 19 bodily memory, and bounding 146 appropriation of space 97, 99, 125, 126, 137, 231 Bollier, D. 55, 57 Arab Malaise 32, 36 bottom-up initiatives 23, 125, 130–140, Arab Middle East 29–37 178–188, 192–198 Arab Spring 31–32 boundaries 146 archipelago of enclaves 194 Branson, R. 54 Arendt, H. 107 bridging social capital 136, 140, 175 argumentation 7, 13, 91, 197 Britt, A. 67 aristocracy 63 Buen Vivir 55 Aristotle 63, 227 bureaucratic decisions 24 Arler, F. 22, 41, 65, 67, 204 Arnstein, S.R. 64, 79 Campaign for the Protection of Rural England 92 art lobby 223 capitalism 107, 146, 148 assemblage 108–109, 113–114, 115–116 Carothers, T. 29 Association for Public Art 224 Casita project 100, 103–104 Ataturk Cultural Centre 214 centralized decision-making 53 Athens 189, 190, 192, 195 Centre for Landscape Democracy 22 Athens Charter 120, 121 Certeau, M. de 107, 112, 117, 149 Auer, A. 120–121, 122, 126 cities austerity 192 inclusiveness 66 authoritarian governance 53, 54 modernist architecture, 1900s 128–129 autobiographical approach 16–17 see also Zingonia, storytelling and change Shelley Egoz, Karsten Jørgensen and Deni Ruggeri - 9781786438348 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/28/2021 10:58:47PM via free access EGOZ_9781786438331_t.indd 235 29/05/2018 16:18 236 · DEFINING LANDSCAPE DEMOCRACY see also urban public space(s); Venetian Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne metropolitan region (CIAM) 120 citizen power 64, 79 connectivity 194 citizen scientists 136 ‘conquest of the grass’ 119 City Planning According to Artistic Principles 120 consensus 89, 210, 211, 218 City as a Resource 195 conservatism 25, 121, 145, 147 civil society, democracy and planning 3–13 contested spaces 110, 113 climate change 50, 51, 53–54, 56 co-operation 158, 166, 167, 191, 197 Clinton Global Initiative 195 co-operatives 156, 161, 169, 180–181 coalitions, marginalized groups 8 corporate power 148–149 co-authorship 114, 129, 133, 137 Cosgrove, D.E. 39, 42 co-creators/co-creation 81, 91 Council of Europe (CoE) 62, 65, 87 co-determination 22, 41, 65, 88, 153, 204 counter-memorial (Berlin) 111–113 cognitive experience of art 230 counter-publics 107 cognitive closure 4 Critique of Judgement 226 co-habitation 198 crowding (human) 50, 53, 54 collaboration 77, 160, 162, 195, 197 cultural construct, landscape as a 30 collaborative planning 5, 64 cultural context 35, 87, 213, 229 collective action(s) 128, 153, 158, 225 cultural geography 61 collective rights 114, 149 cultural heritage 18, 19, 35, 36, 158, 159, 169, collectivity-orientation 77 172, 174, 190 common identity 194 cultural identity 86, 113, 192 common interest 225 cultural infrastructures (Greek) 190 commons/common good 35, 41, 46, 55, 62, 63, cultural landscapes 19, 155, 165 64, 66, 204 cultural organisations 160 communal spaces 205 cultural politics 190 communication 20, 77, 87, 197 Currens, B. 52 see also dialogue; negotiation customary use rights 144 communicative action 7, 20 communicative planning theory (CPT) 5, 7, 20, Dahl, R.A. 23 21, 25 Dahlberg, J. 222 community(ies) Dalton, R.J. 22 landscapes and performance of 140 Davey, N. 231 of practice 87, 136, 139 de-professionalization 77 taking charge of its future 133–136 Debord, G. 112 see also democratic community(ies); local decentralisation 175 community decision-making 45, 53, 75, 204, 205 community building 81, 82, 192, 198 see also democratic decision-making; community design 75, 76, 78, 81, 82, 100, 101–102 participatory decision-making community experiences 81 degradation 51, 52, 56, 74, 140, 174, 190 competences 153, 155, 156, 173, 174, 175 Degrowth Movement 55 competent practitioners 160 Déjeant-Pons, M. 178, 182 compliance, in planning 8 Deleuze, G. 109 composition, assemblage’s emphasis on 115 deliberative democracy 3, 5, 7, 10, 11–12, 13, 22, Comuna 13 (Medellín/Colombia) 202–204, 76, 88, 160 205, 207 democracy 17 conflict management/resolution 157, 158, 160, assessment as a forum for 89–90 161, 210, 211 breakdown/denial of 143 conflict model 18, 20 communicative dimension of public art conflict(s) 8, 19, 20, 51, 89, 90, 109, 145, 157, 222–232 211, 218 de-linking from Western culture 29, 31 conflictual consensus 90 epistemology 62–63 Shelley Egoz, Karsten Jørgensen and Deni Ruggeri - 9781786438348 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/28/2021 10:58:47PM via free access EGOZ_9781786438331_t.indd 236 29/05/2018 16:18 INDEX · 237 in landscape architecture 74–77 ecological democracy 55, 76, 81 landscape as a reflection of 43–44 ecological landscape planning 33 in the Middle East 29 Ecology Collectives 217 need for vibrant clash of views 88 economic development 191 shatter zones and 50–57 economic forces 67 social and cultural 181 economic interests 4, 6, 20, 29 and trespass 143–144, 147, 148 ‘economic plan for Andalusia 1984–1986’, the see also deliberative democracy; landscape 182 democracy; liberal democracy; economic values 18, 20, 144 participatory democracy; radical ecosystem services 156 democracy Edinburgh (Old Town) 20, 21 Democracy in America 63 Egoz, S. 40, 211 democratic community(ies) 43, 78 Eisenman, P. 111 democratic decision-making 6, 12, 22, 41, 51, 64 El Humoso 180–181 democratic deference 78 elective bodies 24 democratic design 101–102 elites/elitism 54, 63, 64, 223 democratic green 119 embodied resistance 147 democratic landscape see landscape democracy empowerment 55, 75, 81 democratic legitimacy 3, 4, 8, 12 enacted discourse, spatializing 111–113 democratic norms 77–78, 231 enclosures 146 democratic professionalism 77–82 England 145, 146 democratic values 22, 35, 40, 41, 50, 85, 88, 91, entitlement 145 92, 194 environmental injustice/justice 79–80, 115 demos 3, 6, 36, 55, 57 environmentalism 21, 35, 145, 187 deniers of climate change 54 equality 23, 44, 62, 63, 64, 77, 150 Denmark 156, 162 equity 40, 62, 64, 74, 76, 81, 82, 104, 201 density limits (population) 50 Erben, D. 119 design 3, 75, 76, 81, 102 Escalas de justicia 182 see also best design; community design; good EU Landscape Democracy Resolution 96, 102 design; modernist design; urban design European Council for Village and Small Town development 213 (ECOVAST) landscape identification 92 dialectic of urban space 108 European Landscape Convention (ELC) 80 dialogue 7, 11, 13, 23, 90, 157, 159, 160, 162, definition of landscape 30, 36, 62, 86, 120, 172, 195, 217 137, 143 digital ethnography 128, 130 importance of landscape assessment 85 direct action 8, 13, 18, 148, 180 landscape democracy 22, 25, 40–41, 162 direct democracy 6, 22, 89 landscape as a key element of wellbeing 178 direct exclusion 225 landscape quality objectives 45 direct power 3, 6–7, 44 and public participation 4, 16, 21, 22, 210 dirigist governance 50, 53 everyday life 149–150 disciplinary values 87, 91 exclusion(s) 4, 23, 56, 89, 189, 190, 211, 225 disenfranchised communities 52, 79, 80, 110, 114 exclusivity 107, 144 dissent 17, 210, 211, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219 experience, with complex developments Donaupark (Vienna) 119–126 161–162 Douzinas, C. 144 experts/expertise 154, 158–161 dual-track democracy 22 expose, in dialectics of urban life 108, 112 Duncan, J.S. 210 external exclusion 4 Dutch territorial co-operatives 161 Dzur, A. 77, 78 Facebook 132–133, 138 Fasting, L. 17 Ebel-es-Saqi Ecological Park 32–35, 36 ‘fellow citizen’ role 154 Eckersley, R. 55 festival 229, 231 Shelley Egoz, Karsten Jørgensen and Deni Ruggeri - 9781786438348 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/28/2021 10:58:47PM via free access EGOZ_9781786438331_t.indd 237 29/05/2018 16:18 238 · DEFINING LANDSCAPE DEMOCRACY fiduciary responsibility 55, 56 The Green State: Rethinking Democracy and food cultivation 193, 194, 197, 217 Sovereignty 55 Footdee 17–18 group dynamics 175 Forman, R. 52 Grzimek, G. 119, 126 Foucault, M. 20 ‘The guiding principles for sustainable spatial Franck, K. 112 development of the European Continent’ Fraser, N. 107, 110, 180, 181, 182, 187 210–211 free spaces 214 Gullvåg, H. 19 freedom 5, 6, 30, 35, 41, 63, 65, 66, 145, 148, 149, 155, 215, 216, 231 Habermas, J. 7, 20, 107, 110 Freedom Park 19 habitable landscapes, reduction in 52 French Revolution 155 Hägerstrand, T. 153, 156 functional city 120 Hajer, M. 224 functional local democracy 165, 166, 167, 175 Hallward, P. 147 functional space 123, 125 Hansen, J. 51 Hanssen, G.S. 4 Gadamer, H.-G. 223, 227–232 harmony model 18, 20 Gambi, L. 43 Harvey, D. 66, 107, 149 Ganz, M. 128 Hawken, P. 53, 57 Garrido, P. 158 Healey, P.