Index

a-politicism 74, 75, 77 autonomous time 229 Abel, R.C. 53 awareness-raising 91, 169 abstract landscape 150 access/accessibility 81, 106, 120, 126, 143, Bakka hamlet 169–171 144–145, 149, 192, 200 18, 19 accountability 32, 55, 56 Balkin, J.M. 53 activism 6, 7, 16, 75, 77, 81 Barnett, C. 22 advocacy democracy 22–23 Bauman, Z. 50, 66 aesthetic judgement 226 Baumgarten, A.G. 226 aesthetics, performance of 109–111 Bauwens, M. 55 African American front yards 97–99, 103 beating the bounds 146 agency 115 beautiful landscapes 39, 43, 47 agents, rural landscape governance 154–158 behavioural code of conduct 206 agents of change 45, 140 belonging 30, 45, 67, 81, 86, 210, 225 aggregative democracy 5, 88–89 Besitzergreifung des Rasens 119 aggressive landscape transformation 213 best design 74 agonism 8, 13, 89, 115, 218 Bhabba, H.K. 114 Agora 63, 65 bias, in design 102 Al Harithy, H. 35 Bilbao Effect 110 Alison Lapper Pregnant 229–232 Bleken, H. 19 AlSayyad, N. 67 blessed unrest 53, 57 Angelopoulos Fellowship program 195 bodily enactment, of resistance 144 apartment building protests, Bakklandet 19 bodily memory, and bounding 146 appropriation of space 97, 99, 125, 126, 137, 231 Bollier, D. 55, 57 Arab Malaise 32, 36 bottom-up initiatives 23, 125, 130–140, Arab Middle East 29–37 178–188, 192–198 Arab Spring 31–32 boundaries 146 archipelago of enclaves 194 Branson, R. 54 Arendt, H. 107 bridging social capital 136, 140, 175 argumentation 7, 13, 91, 197 Britt, A. 67 aristocracy 63 Buen Vivir 55 Aristotle 63, 227 bureaucratic decisions 24 Arler, F. 22, 41, 65, 67, 204 Arnstein, S.R. 64, 79 Campaign for the Protection of Rural England 92 art lobby 223 capitalism 107, 146, 148 assemblage 108–109, 113–114, 115–116 Carothers, T. 29 Association for Public Art 224 Casita project 100, 103–104 Ataturk Cultural Centre 214 centralized decision-making 53 Athens 189, 190, 192, 195 Centre for Landscape Democracy 22 Athens Charter 120, 121 Certeau, M. de 107, 112, 117, 149 Auer, A. 120–121, 122, 126 cities austerity 192 inclusiveness 66 authoritarian governance 53, 54 modernist architecture, 1900s 128–129 autobiographical approach 16–17 see also Zingonia, storytelling and change

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see also urban public space(s); Venetian Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne metropolitan region (CIAM) 120 citizen power 64, 79 connectivity 194 citizen scientists 136 ‘conquest of the grass’ 119 City Planning According to Artistic Principles 120 consensus 89, 210, 211, 218 City as a Resource 195 conservatism 25, 121, 145, 147 civil society, democracy and planning 3–13 contested spaces 110, 113 climate change 50, 51, 53–54, 56 co-operation 158, 166, 167, 191, 197 Clinton Global Initiative 195 co-operatives 156, 161, 169, 180–181 coalitions, marginalized groups 8 corporate power 148–149 co-authorship 114, 129, 133, 137 Cosgrove, D.E. 39, 42 co-creators/co-creation 81, 91 Council of Europe (CoE) 62, 65, 87 co-determination 22, 41, 65, 88, 153, 204 counter-memorial (Berlin) 111–113 cognitive experience of art 230 counter-publics 107 cognitive closure 4 Critique of Judgement 226 co-habitation 198 crowding (human) 50, 53, 54 collaboration 77, 160, 162, 195, 197 cultural construct, landscape as a 30 collaborative planning 5, 64 cultural context 35, 87, 213, 229 collective action(s) 128, 153, 158, 225 cultural geography 61 collective rights 114, 149 cultural heritage 18, 19, 35, 36, 158, 159, 169, collectivity-orientation 77 172, 174, 190 common identity 194 cultural identity 86, 113, 192 common interest 225 cultural infrastructures (Greek) 190 commons/common good 35, 41, 46, 55, 62, 63, cultural landscapes 19, 155, 165 64, 66, 204 cultural organisations 160 communal spaces 205 cultural politics 190 communication 20, 77, 87, 197 Currens, B. 52 see also dialogue; negotiation customary use rights 144 communicative action 7, 20 communicative planning theory (CPT) 5, 7, 20, Dahl, R.A. 23 21, 25 Dahlberg, J. 222 community(ies) Dalton, R.J. 22 landscapes and performance of 140 Davey, N. 231 of practice 87, 136, 139 de-professionalization 77 taking charge of its future 133–136 Debord, G. 112 see also democratic community(ies); local decentralisation 175 community decision-making 45, 53, 75, 204, 205 community building 81, 82, 192, 198 see also democratic decision-making; community design 75, 76, 78, 81, 82, 100, 101–102 participatory decision-making community experiences 81 degradation 51, 52, 56, 74, 140, 174, 190 competences 153, 155, 156, 173, 174, 175 Degrowth Movement 55 competent practitioners 160 Déjeant-Pons, M. 178, 182 compliance, in planning 8 Deleuze, G. 109 composition, assemblage’s emphasis on 115 deliberative democracy 3, 5, 7, 10, 11–12, 13, 22, Comuna 13 (Medellín/Colombia) 202–204, 76, 88, 160 205, 207 democracy 17 conflict management/resolution 157, 158, 160, assessment as a forum for 89–90 161, 210, 211 breakdown/denial of 143 conflict model 18, 20 communicative dimension of public art conflict(s) 8, 19, 20, 51, 89, 90, 109, 145, 157, 222–232 211, 218 de-linking from Western culture 29, 31 conflictual consensus 90 epistemology 62–63

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in landscape architecture 74–77 ecological democracy 55, 76, 81 landscape as a reflection of 43–44 ecological landscape planning 33 in the Middle East 29 Ecology Collectives 217 need for vibrant clash of views 88 economic development 191 shatter zones and 50–57 economic forces 67 social and cultural 181 economic interests 4, 6, 20, 29 and trespass 143–144, 147, 148 ‘economic plan for Andalusia 1984–1986’, the see also deliberative democracy; landscape 182 democracy; liberal democracy; economic values 18, 20, 144 participatory democracy; radical ecosystem services 156 democracy Edinburgh (Old Town) 20, 21 Democracy in America 63 Egoz, S. 40, 211 democratic community(ies) 43, 78 Eisenman, P. 111 democratic decision-making 6, 12, 22, 41, 51, 64 El Humoso 180–181 democratic deference 78 elective bodies 24 democratic design 101–102 elites/elitism 54, 63, 64, 223 democratic green 119 embodied resistance 147 democratic landscape see landscape democracy empowerment 55, 75, 81 democratic legitimacy 3, 4, 8, 12 enacted discourse, spatializing 111–113 democratic norms 77–78, 231 enclosures 146 democratic professionalism 77–82 England 145, 146 democratic values 22, 35, 40, 41, 50, 85, 88, 91, entitlement 145 92, 194 environmental injustice/justice 79–80, 115 demos 3, 6, 36, 55, 57 environmentalism 21, 35, 145, 187 deniers of climate change 54 equality 23, 44, 62, 63, 64, 77, 150 Denmark 156, 162 equity 40, 62, 64, 74, 76, 81, 82, 104, 201 density limits (population) 50 Erben, D. 119 design 3, 75, 76, 81, 102 Escalas de justicia 182 see also best design; community design; good EU Landscape Democracy Resolution 96, 102 design; modernist design; urban design European Council for Village and Small Town development 213 (ECOVAST) landscape identification 92 dialectic of urban space 108 European Landscape Convention (ELC) 80 dialogue 7, 11, 13, 23, 90, 157, 159, 160, 162, definition of landscape 30, 36, 62, 86, 120, 172, 195, 217 137, 143 digital ethnography 128, 130 importance of landscape assessment 85 direct action 8, 13, 18, 148, 180 landscape democracy 22, 25, 40–41, 162 direct democracy 6, 22, 89 landscape as a key element of wellbeing 178 direct exclusion 225 landscape quality objectives 45 direct power 3, 6–7, 44 and public participation 4, 16, 21, 22, 210 dirigist governance 50, 53 everyday life 149–150 disciplinary values 87, 91 exclusion(s) 4, 23, 56, 89, 189, 190, 211, 225 disenfranchised communities 52, 79, 80, 110, 114 exclusivity 107, 144 dissent 17, 210, 211, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219 experience, with complex developments Donaupark (Vienna) 119–126 161–162 Douzinas, C. 144 experts/expertise 154, 158–161 dual-track democracy 22 expose, in dialectics of urban life 108, 112 Duncan, J.S. 210 external exclusion 4 Dutch territorial co-operatives 161 Dzur, A. 77, 78 Facebook 132–133, 138 Fasting, L. 17 Ebel-es-Saqi Ecological Park 32–35, 36 ‘fellow citizen’ role 154 Eckersley, R. 55 festival 229, 231

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fiduciary responsibility 55, 56 The Green State: Rethinking Democracy and food cultivation 193, 194, 197, 217 Sovereignty 55 Footdee 17–18 group dynamics 175 Forman, R. 52 Grzimek, G. 119, 126 Foucault, M. 20 ‘The guiding principles for sustainable spatial Franck, K. 112 development of the European Continent’ Fraser, N. 107, 110, 180, 181, 182, 187 210–211 free spaces 214 Gullvåg, H. 19 freedom 5, 6, 30, 35, 41, 63, 65, 66, 145, 148, 149, 155, 215, 216, 231 Habermas, J. 7, 20, 107, 110 Freedom Park 19 habitable landscapes, reduction in 52 French Revolution 155 Hägerstrand, T. 153, 156 functional city 120 Hajer, M. 224 functional local democracy 165, 166, 167, 175 Hallward, P. 147 functional space 123, 125 Hansen, J. 51 Hanssen, G.S. 4 Gadamer, H.-G. 223, 227–232 harmony model 18, 20 Gambi, L. 43 Harvey, D. 66, 107, 149 Ganz, M. 128 Hawken, P. 53, 57 Garrido, P. 158 Healey, P. 64 gatekeepers 52, 223 Hegel, G.W.F. 226 Geisler, C. 52 hegemonies/hegemonic power 3, 8, 54, 107, genders, users of Donaupark 125 109, 212 general will 5, 13 Hein, H. 224 generic planning model 8–12 heritage see cultural heritage; Nærøyfjorden gentrification 67, 110, 190, 191, 193, 195, 197 World Heritage Area; natural heritage geoengineering 54 heritage conservation 169 geography 61, 145–146 hermeneutics 226, 227, 229 ghetto phenomena 190 heterotopia 108, 112 global ice cover 51 Hetherington, K. 112 global mean sea level rise (GMSLR) 50, 51, 52, High Line in New York City 109–111 53, 56, 57 Hillier, J. 4 Global South 29, 36, 201 Hima 34, 35, 37 global values 46 history 111–113, 145–146 good design 74 holistic social–ecological systems 171 good governance 36, 39, 63 Houen, G. 17 governance housing development, Marinaleda 182–183 climate change and testing of 51 human rights 29, 30, 31, 62, 64, 66, 149, 178, landscapes as reflection of 43 181, 182, 211 multi-level 167 humanistic perspective 61, 62 non-hierarchical 139 Hurtado, G. 201 shifting from political to economic 31 hybrid landscape/space 99 social learning model 55 hyperreality 108, 110 see also authoritarian governance; dirigist governance; rural landscape governance ice melt 51 governing bodies 73 identity 30, 86, 110, 113, 114, 140, 145, 192, Graeber, D. 66, 148, 150 194, 225 graffiti 112, 186 Ilsvikøra 17, 18 Greek cities, cultural and social reactivation of immigrants 100, 130–131, 140, 189–190, 197 189–199 impartiality 22, 65, 88, 159, 182, 204 Greek view of art 226–227 implementation, of plans and projects 157–158 green democracy 54, 55, 57 implicit values 92

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inclusion/inclusiveness 3–13, 23, 65, 66, 120, ladder of participation 16, 64, 79 126, 191 Lægren, A.S. 20–21 inclusionary politics 200 land-use decisions, inclusion in 3–13 inconvenient democracy 53–54 Landry, C. 192 indicators, landscapes as 44 landscape(s) indirect exclusion 225 as a common good 46, 62, 64 indirect power 5–6, 13 and democratic values 50 inequality(ies) 44, 54, 66, 180, 189 democratisation 40–41, 90, 119 informal settlements, upgrading 200–208 design see design Ingold, T. 150 epistemology 61–62 injustices 79–80, 144, 180, 181, 211, 231 as inclusive public spheres 65 inland barriers, to resettlement 56–57 perceived benefits from 158 insiders 81, 86, 194 perceptions of 47, 61, 86, 87, 90, 137 integration actors 165–166, 171–172, 173–174, planning see planning 175–176 potential of 35 interaction, with others 145 power and making of 145–146 interest creation 162 promotion as a democratic entity 87 internal exclusion 4 as a reflection of democracy 43–44 International Federation of Landscape Architects relation to 86 (IFLA) 41, 73, 96, 102, 204 representations of 87 interpretation (artistic) 231 rhetoric around 86 intersubjectivity 229 society and 96 interventions (public agency) 155 as stage for performance of community 140 invented spaces 211 uses and meaning in informal settlements 201 isolation 144–145, 147 values attached to 18 see also European Landscape Convention Jackson, J.B. 61 (ELC) Jacobs, J. 193 landscape architecture Jefferson, T. 63, 64 and democracy in the Arab Middle East Jonas, F. 121 29–37 ‘just city’ movements 76 democratic professionalism 77–82 justice democratic turn 74–77 landscapes as expressions of 44 governing bodies 73 spatial materialisation of 182–186 invisible and visible lines in 96–105 see also landscape justice; social justice; three post-World War II conservatism 121 scales of justice regulation of 96 role of landscape architects 104–105 Kant, I. 226 social responsibility 73 Kassir, S. 32 social trustee model 74 Kinder Scout Mass Trespass 147–148 societal exigencies 73–74, 76 Kipos3-City 195, 197 landscape assessment 85–93 Klein, N. 54 approaches to 85 ‘knowing one’s place’ 146, 147 democratic approach 88–89 knowledge democratisation 93 non-discipline-bound 80, 81 as a forum for democracy 89–90 professional 73, 74, 80, 82 importance of 85 social construction of 8 participation 89, 90, 91 see also local knowledge; situated knowledge; product and process 90–92 true knowledge rhetoric and practice of 87–88 knowledge integrators 81 value criteria for planning 87, 92 knowledge-sharing 197 landscape change Kothari, A. 55 advantages and disadvantages 46

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final aims 45 local community 10, 155, 156, 157, 158, storytelling as catalyst for 128–141 159–160, 161 see also agents of change local knowledge 67 landscape democracy 30, 31, 64–65, 222–223 local power 3, 6–7 achievement of 218 loose spaces 194 challenge of 41 Lorenzetti, A. 43 conceptual model of six institutions 23–25 Los Amigos Community gardens 99–101 contemporary theory on 119–120 lots, reclamation of abandoned 100–101 context and nuance 67–68 low elevation coastal zone (LECZ) 51, 52, 53 ELC agenda 22, 25, 40–41, 162 Low, M. 22 experts and expertise in 160–161 Lowenthal, D. 61 framework for 106–114 in informal settlements 204–205 McAreavey, R. 167, 174 landscape architecture 102–104 McKibben, B. 51 physical anchoring of 65–67 Madison, J. 63 public participation 16, 78–79, 120 manager, Nærøyfjorden PL 174 roles and relationships 45–46 Manchester Ramblers’ Federation 148 Southern Lebanon 32–35 Marcuse, P. 108 spatial materialisation of 178–188 marginalized/disadvantaged groups 3, 8, 67, 90, substantive 44–45 146, 211 terminology 18, 210 Marinaleda (Spain) 178–188 landscape imaginaries 144–145 market forces 24 landscape justice 64, 67, 68 market–state–commons 55 Landscape and Planning (master’s course) material construction 45 18–19 Mazzoleni, G. 133 landscape scale management 166–167 meaning(s) 7, 91, 231 landscape strategy 162 Medellín (Colombia) 200–208 landscape studies 39, 40, 43 media 25 Landschaft 62 mediation 107, 161, 174 leadership 139, 140, 150, 173–174 Meinig, D. 61 19 memorial (Donaupark) 125 learning 41, 91, 129, 138–140 Memorial for the Murdered Jews of Europe lebensraum problems, elites’ response to 54 111–113 Lectures on Aesthetics 226 memory 110, 111–113, 146, 151 Lefebvre, H. 106, 108, 116, 117, 149, 150, 231, Mendizábal Disentailment 180 232 mental faculties, and aesthetic judgement 226 Lefkou Pirgou Square 192 meta-understanding 90 legal boundaries 169, 173 metaphorical public space 225 Levinson, S. 53 migrants (climate/coastal) 50, 52, 56, 67 Lewis, J. 223 mimesis 227 liberal democracy 3, 5–6, 10, 12, 13, 22, 25 Minang, P.A. 204 liberal intellectuals 64 minimalist approach 6, 13 liberty 64 Mitchell, D. 44, 66, 108, 224 Liebert, U. 22 Mitchell, W.J.T. 213 line of wayfaring 150 mixophilia 66 Linebaugh, P. 146 modern aesthetics 226–227, 230, 231 Lines: A Brief History 150 modernist architecture 128–129, 130–141 Linn, K. 75 modernist design 75, 122 lived experience(s) 54, 86, 88, 89, 132, 227 modernity 146, 150 lived landscape 143, 145, 150 Mödlhammer, V. 121–122 livelihood generation 33, 34 moral commons 55 lobbying 6, 11, 12 moral dimension, to landscape discourse 40–41

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Mortensen, J. 222 outsider 36, 64, 81, 86, 159, 190 Mouffe, C. 5, 7–8, 11 owner role 154 multi-ethnicity 189, 198 ownership 12, 21, 55, 56, 86, 97, 99, 101, 106, multi-level regeneration 197 144, 156, 195, 225 multicultural proximity 189–190 multidisciplinarity 33, 139 Palazzo Pubblico (Siena) 43 parish map projects 92 Nærøyfjorden World Heritage Area 165, Parking Day (Zingonia) 134 167–176 parklets 193, 194 Naranjo, D. 201 Parko Navarino 192 narrative inquiry 79 parks see Donaupark (Vienna); West Thames narrative(s) and storytelling 111–113, 128–141 Park (New York) nationalism 145 Parnet, C. 109 natural disasters 51–52 participatory action research (PAR) 82, 128, 130, natural heritage 33, 35, 36 133–136, 139 nature conservation/protection 33, 34, 35, 155, participatory decision-making 31, 78, 119 159, 160, 177 participatory democracy 3, 5, 6–7, 10, 13, 21, Nature’s Trust 56 22 negotiation 10, 25, 81, 114, 145, 157, 166, 167, participatory design 76, 78, 82, 102 171, 173, 192, 194, 204, 205, 207, 231 participatory parity 181 neighbourhood commons 75 participatory planning 4, 20–22, 33, 211 neo-liberalism 20, 21, 29, 31, 65, 106, 109, 148, partnership 132, 133–136, 139, 159 211, 212, 213 paternalism 124–125, 126 network governance 166–167 peasantry 146 New England villages 43 pedagogy 80 new public management (NMP) 20, 21 people 39, 40, 41, 44–45, 63 New York 99–102, 109–111, 148, 193 see also rule of the people; stakeholders; will of New York Restoration Project (NYRP) 100 the people Nilsen, D. 17 perceived legitimacy (actor) 174, 175 non-built-up landscapes 206 perceptions of landscape/land 47, 61, 86, 87, 90, non-discipline-bound knowledge 80, 81 137, 144 non-economic values 18, 20 performance of aesthetics 109–111 non-urban behaviour 206 performance of community 140 nonparticipation 64 performative democracy 53, 148 16, 17–20, 21, 222 performative utopias 151 Norwegian fjord landscapes 165 perspectives, importance of a spectrum of 139 see also Nærøyfjorden World Heritage Area philosophy 227 physical/cognitive connection, of landscape 143 objectivity 41, 65, 88 physicality, in assessment 90, 92 Occupy Gezi Park 210–219 place, and understanding of landscape 86 Occupy Movement 148, 149, 150, 191–192 placemaking 76, 78, 81, 82, 158, 160, 161, 193, oligarchy 63 194 Olsen, V. 17, 18 planetary urbanism 212–213, 219 Olwig, K. 44, 62 planning Olympiapark (Munich) 119, 126 in Norway 18–20, 165, 166 open spaces 205–207 participation in see participatory planning; oppression 63, 146, 211 public participation ordinary landscapes 40, 47 power in 4, 75 Orizzonte Zingonia 136 protests against see public protests other 225 social green in post-World War II 120–122 Ottaway, M. 29 transparent 119 outside issues 204, 207 urban public spaces 183–186, 189–198

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well-functioning and effective 158 privatisation 204, 210, 224 for wicked problems 139 privilege 54, 144 Platform (New Orleans) 113–114 procedural democracy 41, 45 play 227–228 processual nature of landscape 44 pluralism 7, 8, 13, 20, 31, 89, 112, 218 producer role 154 Poetics 227 productive landscapes 134 political interests 125 productivity 207 political justice 181, 188 progress 213 politicize, in dialectics of urban life 108, 112, 114 property lines 99–102 politics, expression in public spaces 125 property rights 63–64, 144 polity 63 propose, in dialectics of urban life 108, 112, 114 polykatoikia 189–190 Prost, H. 214 Pope Meadow 125 protected/non-protected areas (WHA) 169 population growth 50, 52, 128 Proyectos Urbanos Integrales (PUI) 200, 201, populism 4, 25, 53, 64 204, 206, 207 Porteous, J.D. 19 public agencies 154–155, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161 positionality 81 public art 222–232, 226–227 post-democratic democracy 57 public engagement 64 post-disaster recovery, spatialization of 113–114 public good(s) 55, 73, 75, 77 post-growth democracy 55 public interest design 76 post-World War II planning, social green in public participation 120–122 democracy and planning 3–13, 23, 64, 210 post-World War II towns, challenge of declining the ELC and 4, 16, 21, 22, 210 129 in landscape assessment 89, 90, 91 potentiality 115 landscape democracy and 16, 41, 78–79, 120, power 126 democratic models and 3, 5–8 limitations of 25–26 expression in public spaces 125 neo-liberalism and unevenness of 106 in landscape architecture 75 spatial materialisation of 182–186 landscapes as expressions of 44 in splendid isolation 144–145 of local institutions 167 in urban design 192 and making of landscapes 145–146 see also ladder of participation manipulation of landscape imaginaries 145 public protests 7, 12, 16, 24–25 in planning 4, 75 anti-austerity 181 of a redevelopment process 129 designated spaces, Turkey 144 state and corporate 148–149, 190 as enactment 144 of trespass 147–148 public space and 66–67 see also citizen power; hegemonies/hegemonic 17–18, 19, 20 power see also activism; Arab Spring; Occupy power inequality 67, 110, 204 Movement; resistance(s) power relations 8, 20, 23, 42, 43, 44, 64, 108, public space(s) 171, 190 expression of power and politics 125 power sharing 78 landscape as a concrete realisation of 90 power struggles 212, 213, 215 multi-public model 194 praxis 81–82 public art and 224–225 precariat 146 role in public protest 66–67 prefigurative politics 148, 150 see also urban public space(s) prestige 74, 121, 225 public sphere(s) 65, 107, 116, 225 primary landscape managers 154, 157, 158–159, public trust doctrine (PTD) 54, 56, 57 160, 161 Purcell, M. 211 Primdahl, J. 154 purpose 81 privacy 145 Putnam, R. 64

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quality objectives 45 Sanderson, S.K. 53 quality of spaces 205 sanitary green 120 quick response workshops 104 Sax, J. 56 Quinn, M. 229–232 Sayyid, S. 31, 34 Scales of Justice 182 radical critique 77, 78 Scarry, E. 39 radical democracy 3, 5, 7–8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 22, 25 scenery, landscape as 61 Radical Ecological Democracy (RED) 55, 57 Schön, D.A. 160 railway terminal protest 19 Schumpeter, J.A. 6 Ramadan, T. 31 Scott, J. 57 Rancière, J. 7 sea level change 50 recreational spaces 207 sea–land–society relationships 53 Red Vienna 120 self-determination 22, 41, 65, 153, 204 redevelopment see urban regeneration/renewal self-organization 125, 180, 190, 194, 198 Rediker, M. 146 self-regulation 73 reflection 77 Selman, P. 173 reflection in action 138 Senie, H. 223 refugees (climate) 50, 51–52, 67 Setten, G. 43 Regional Nature Parks 167 shared place 194 Reijndorp, A. 224 shared/common understandings 90, 91, 92, 167 relational repositioning 81 shatter zones 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57 representation, art and 225, 231–232 Shearman, D. 54 representational agency, of public space 108 Shrivastava, A. 55 representations of landscape 87 Sintagma Square 192 representative democracy 21, 22, 53, 89, 119 Sitte, C. 120 republican tradition 5, 7, 13 situated knowledge 79 resistance(s) 50, 144, 147, 149 situated resistance 144 resources 53, 180–181 Slettan, D. 17 respect 22, 41, 64, 79, 187, 204 Smith, J. 54 right to landscape, the xix, xxii, xxix, 30, 65-67, Smith, N. 107 96, 99, 101, 149, 151, 178, 182, 187, 210, social activist design 76 213 social capital 65, 129, 130, 136, 140, 175, right to narrative 114 191–192 right to participate 126 social change 66, 80, 197–198 right to place 114, 117 social constructionism 8, 40, 41 right to the city 66, 76, 106, 107–108, 116, 149 social and cultural democracy 181 Rimstigen trail 171–172 social dimension, democratic landscape 44–45 road building 52 social green 54, 119, 120–122, 126 road plan (Bakklandet) 18 social justice 30, 35, 39, 40, 41, 43, 62, 64, 65, 67, Rørtveit, H.N. 43 68, 75, 115 Rossiter, C. 53 social learning model 55 Rothman, B. 147–148 social lines 97–101 19 social network analysis 136, 140 Rousseau, J.J. 5 social responsibility 73, 76, 77, 80–82, 139 royalty 63 social trustee model 73, 74, 77, 78, 79, 82 rule of the people 63, 64 social turn, in landscape studies 39, 40 rural landscape governance 153–162 social-led regenerations 192–198 socially engaged practice 76, 80, 81, 82 Sager, T. 20, 21 society and landscape 96 Saglie, I.-L. 4 Society for the Protection of Nature in Lebanon Sandel, M. 66 (SPNL) 33, 34 Sandercock, L. 129 soft strategy 194

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solidarity 66, 192, 218 Thorpe, M. 223 space(s) three disabilities of terror 146 the common good and significance of 66 three scales of justice 180–181, 187–188 competition over 53 Tocqueville, A. de 63 of protest/dissent 144, 211 tokenism 64 spatial–material constructions 110 top-down consultation 24 and the understanding of landscape 86 tourism 33, 34, 45, 165, 166, 169, 171–172, 190, see also appropriation of space; public space(s) 191, 222, 225 space of appearances 107 transdisciplinary partnership 139 spatial competences 153, 155, 156 transformative power 7–8 spatial openness 125 transnational agreements 16 spatial strategies and tactics 107, 114, 117, 149 transparency 12, 13, 86, 93, 119, 126, 187 Speak, S. 201 trespass 143–144, 147–149, 151 spectacle, urban space as 108, 109–111, 112 Trondheim 16, 17–20, 21 splendid isolation 144–145, 147 true consensus 89 stakeholders 20, 21, 44–45, 67, 90, 195 true knowledge 87 Starbucks, student occupation of 219 true landscape democracy 162 state power 148–149, 190 trust 162, 167, 173, 175, 191, 196 Statoil 19 trust resources 56 Stehr, N. 53, 54 Tuan, Y.F. 61, 86 Stenseke, M. 21 tyranny 63 Stephan, R. 119 Stevens, Q. 112 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change stewardship 33, 37, 56, 96, 101, 102, 129, 133, 50, 57 143 United Nations Interim Forces in Lebanon Stockholm International Peace Research (UNIFIL) 32 Institute 53 United States 43, 97–102, 103, 104, 109–111, storm surges 51 113–114, 145, 191 story lines 97–99 Universal Declaration of Human Rights storytelling 128–141 (UDHR) 62 street art 186, 225 urban agriculture 193, 194, 195, 197 streetscapes 193, 194 urban conservation 17, 18 strong democracy 89 urban design 122–125, 134, 192 subjectivities 86, 192, 227 urban functions 207 substantive democracy 41, 42, 43, 44–46 urban public space(s) sustainability paradigms 76 framework for landscape democracy Svartlamon 19–20 106–114 symbolism 43, 66, 100, 121, 122, 140, 186 planning 183–186, 189–198 SynAthina 193 and social ideals 119–126 urban regeneration/renewal 107, 109, 115, 128, tacit values 92 129 tactical urbanism 192, 193, 194 influences on, Trondheim 21 Tahrir Square 66–67 informal settlements, Medellín 200–208 Taksim Solidarity 216, 218 protests against, Trondheim 17–18 Taksim Square 66, 144, 213 social capital 191 Tarlabatan 219 social-led 192–198 Taylor, B. 223 in transitional neighbourhoods 110 technical professionalism 75 see also Zingonia temporality 8, 229 urban tribes 194 territorial competences 153, 155, 156 urbanisation 42, 149 Thessaloniki 189, 190, 192, 195 urbanism 189, 192, 193, 194, 197, 211, 212–213, thick description 128 219

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user involvement, in design 119 wellbeing xxii, 30, 34, 40, 44-45, 62-65, 96, 121, utopian colonizing schemes 54 178, 181, 211 West Thames Park (New York) 101–102, 104 values Western culture 29, 31, 36, 63 cultural and artistic 223 Westfalenpark (Dortmund) 123 endogenous production of 31 Weston, B.H. 55 environmental 187 wicked problems 68, 129, 139 landscape assessment and 85, 87, 88, 91, 92 Wiersholm, D. 222–223 urban 201 will of the people 22 see also democratic values; economic values Williams, R. 106 Vanoli, M. 140 Winnick, W. 148 Venetian metropolitan region 42, 47 witness, landscape as 43 Verdellino 132, 133, 136–137 Wladar, J.O. 121–122 Vienna’s Donaupark 119–126 Wood, M.C. 56 visual storytelling 132–133, 138 world-life place, landscape as a 61 Vivir Bueno en Medellín 206 voting, indirect power through 5–6 Young, J.E. 111, 112

‘Walking in the city’ 112 Zingonia da Colorare 136 water refugees 51 Zingonia, storytelling and change 128–141 Weil, S. 227 Zingonia UniverCity 136

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