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Environmental Enhancing our world

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We Do Not Live in a Vacuum

In every moment of our lives, we are in one place or another, interacting with and within that place.

Environmental psychology is the science and practice for understanding and optimizing these crucial transactions.

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Contents

Introduction ...... 4 Making a Difference ...... 6 Organizations ...... 8 Programs ...... 9 Key Environmental Psychologists ...... 11 References ...... 15

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Introduction individuals’ transactions with their buildings serve the needs of their environments, and to use this users?” Answers to questions like knowledge to influence policies that these have already had a significant is the help promote sustainable behavior impact on environmental behavior, study of how we, as individuals and and create more liveable and green and are described later. as part of groups, interact with our built environments. physical settings—how we A BIT OF HISTORY experience and change the The field is psychological in that it environment, and how our behavior focuses on the thoughts, attitudes, Although EP is a relatively new and experiences are changed by the and behaviors of individuals and small branch of science—only recognized environment. In environmental groups in relation to their as a field since the late 1960s—some psychology, “environment” includes environment. Among other things, of its ideas have been part of both natural and built settings, that environmental psychologists examine almost since is, natural resources, parks, homes, how our transactions with our work psychology’s inception. Its modern workplaces, public spaces, from the environment are related to our roots can be traced back to the th personal scale to the room, building, satisfaction and productivity, how our middle of the 20 century, with the neighborhood, urban, wilderness, and transactions with our home ideas of researchers such as Egon global scales. environments are connected to our Brunswik (1903-1955) and well-being, and how natural (1890-1947). Brunswik argued that Environmental psychology (EP) is a environments promote mental psychologists should focus on an relatively new field—about 50 years health. organism’s environment just as much old now—that has grown rapidly in as the organism itself. Like Brunswik, Environmental psychologists ask such response to the declining health of Lewin viewed the environment as important questions such as, “What the and the essential for determining behavior. prevents people from behaving in a need to design buildings that better He also emphasized that research reflect the needs of their users. One sustainable manner?” and “What can should be driven by real-world social of its primary goals is to understand we do to encourage environmentally problems, and should strive to solve friendly behavior?” and “How can these problems. His work inspired others such as Roger Barker, Urie

Bronfenbrenner, and Robert Sommer, Topics some pioneers of EP.  Ecological consequences of human actions  and climate change The late 1940s and 1950s experienced  Psychological aspects of resource management an increase in research on  Psychological and behavioral aspects of people and nature psychological processes and their relation with physical surroundings.  and place identity These earlier studies focused largely  Environmental and hazards: , behavior, and on human interaction with the built management environment, and were categorized  Personal and group-based and evaluations of buildings, as research in “architectural and natural psychology.” The primary goal of  Design and evaluation of workplaces, schools, homes, public many of these studies was to improve buildings, and public spaces human well-being and satisfaction by  Cognitive mapping, spatial cognition, and wayfinding designing or altering built  Leisure and tourism behavior in relation to their physical settings environments.  Stress related to physical settings The 1960s was a time of increased  Social space: crowding, privacy, territoriality, personal space societal awareness, when people started becoming more concerned

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with the health of the natural world. HALLMARKS Journals The Journal of Environmental Psychology and This time period witnessed rapid EP encompasses an ever- Environment and Behavior are international, growth in EP. Researchers began to growing variety of topics. peer-reviewed academic journals with strong study , such as Today, the field is impact factors that focus on environmental how human activity negatively characterized by a number of psychology. influences the biophysical key goals and values. environment, and how human- Some Key Publications caused problems (such as noise and Environmental psychologists: Clayton, S. D. (Ed.) (2012). The Oxford handbook of environmental and pollution) affect human health and • Seek to improve our well-being. Topics such as these soon . New York: of natural Oxford University Press. became an essential part of what resources and the built Fleury-Bahi, G., Pol, E., & Navarro, O. (Eds.). environmental psychologists did. environment (2017). Handbook of environmental psychology and research. During the 1960s, the first EP • Study everyday settings Springer International Publishing. conference, journal, and PhD • Recognize that Gifford, R. (2014). Environmental psychology: program were established, as well as individuals actively cope Principles and practice. (5th ed.) the largest environment-behavior with, and shape, Colville WA: Optimal Books. Gifford, R. (2014). Environmental Psychology organization, the Environmental environments—they do Matters. Annual Review of Psychology, Design Research Association (EDRA). not passively respond to 65, 541–579. Today, most large national and environmental forces Steg, L., Van den Berg, A. E., & de Groot , J. I. international psychology • Work in conjunction with M. (Eds.) (2012). Environmental organizations have a section or other disciplines psychology: An introduction. New division devoted to EP. York: Wiley.

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Making a Difference

Environmental psychologists help to improve the world in a variety of ways. Sometimes this impact is dramatic. Environmental psychologists have helped to influence the shape of cities, reduce crime, and even save lives. Other times, they influence the world in more subtle ways, such as by making hospitals more navigable, or making national parks more pleasant. Next, we celebrate a few of the ways that EP changes the world for the better.

PROMOTING SUSTAINABILITY One of the most important challenges that EP is helping to overcome is to apply psychological knowledge to help preserve the natural environment. Many threats to environmental sustainability are interventions which emphasize the ENVIRONMENTAL IDENTITY caused by , and so personal benefits of caring for the AND NATURE targeting human behavior is environment, such as lower electricity How individuals think about paramount for protecting nature and bills. themselves can be an important natural resources. To add to the challenge, many predictor of pro-environmental Among other activities, individuals rebound from their pro- behaviors. Those who identify as pro- environmental psychologists identify environmental behaviors. For environmental tend to engage in behaviors that can and should be example, people who reduce energy more pro-environmental behaviors changed to improve environmental in one area tend to (Whitmarsh & O’Neill, 2010). quality, determine which factors compensate by increasing Environmental psychologists use this affect these behaviors, and develop consumption in another (Otto, Kaiser, knowledge to help influence pro- and evaluate interventions to change & Arnold, 2014). Environmental environmental actions, such as using them. psychologists seek not only to alter marketing strategies that encourage behavior, but to ensure this altered greener identity. Most people have some concern for behavior leads to real and lasting the environment, and this concern Emotional connection to the natural results. stems in part from egoistic, altruistic, world is an important predictor of and biospheric environmental values The above are just a few well-being and ecological behavior. (e.g., Schultz, 2001). Knowing what developments in this area. See Steg By helping people develop bonds individuals helps environmental and Vlek (2009) for an in-depth with nature, environmental psychologists develop intervention review on encouraging pro- psychologists promote sustainable policies—if a person or group’s environmental behavior. behavior and overall well-being. primary concern is egoistic, for example, they can focus on 7

RESTORATIVE influence the perceived safety and burning hotel (Kobes et al., 2009) or a ENVIRONMENTS pleasantness of an environment, and smoky railway tunnel (Cosma, Another key point of interest in EP is can lead to people being less Ronchi, & Nilsson, 2016). Wayfinding the effects of urban and natural protective of these places. Because of research has also helped to develop settings on people. A growing this, and because place attachment is head-mounted displays that can aid number of environmental associated with environmental firefighter navigation in emergencies psychologists specialize in restorative perception, place attachment is very (Wilson & Wright, 2009). environments, places that help important for understanding pro- people recover from day-to-day environmental behavior. ENHANCING BUILDING psychological overload. Nature walks, Place attachment is highly relevant DESIGN for example, can lead to stress for understanding public acceptability EP first started making its mark in the reduction, improved attention, and of developments, world of . For decades, decreased anger (Hartig, Evans, such as wind parks and hydro-energy environmental psychologists have Jamner, Davis, & Gärling, 2003). This projects. Place attachment is also been working to improve buildings by research reveals the importance of relevant for disaster psychology, and focusing on the human element of preserving accessible green areas, has been used to help understand and building design. Environmental and has implications for how we mitigate the grief experienced by psychologists ask questions such as, structure cities and homes. those forced to relocate. How do people find their way around a building? What do building users need and desire in a building? How PLACE ATTACHMENT WAYFINDING Place attachment is the bond can this knowledge be applied to Knowledge of how people find their between a person and a place. It is a modern architecture? Answers to way in the built and natural complex reciprocal association these questions have lead to more environment has a wide range of involving cognition, affect, and navigable hospitals (e.g., Carpman, applications. For example, behavior (Lewicka, 2011; Scannell & Grant, & Simmons, 1983-1984), to psychologists have used this research Gifford, 2010). classrooms that increase learning and to help catch criminals (Canter & participation (e.g., Sommer & Olsen, Larkin, 1993) and locate persons lost With the rise of globalization and 1980; Wollin & Montagne, 1981), and in the wilderness (Heth & Cornell, mobility, place attachment has to decreased frustration in built 1998). It has also been used to become of particular interest, as settings (e.g., Wener & Kaminoff, discover ways to more quickly person-place bonds have become 1983). increasingly tenuous. This in turn can evacuate dangerous areas, such as a

CLASSIC RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS

Robert Sommer’s book Personal Not only does EP shape buildings, Space is one of the most influential Irwin Altman’s book The neighborhoods, and parks, but it texts on user-centered design. It Environment and Social Behavior: has even been used to design covers topics such as privacy and Privacy, Personal Space, Territory, cities. For example, an urban spatial invasion, and how applying Crowding (1975) pioneered the designer applied cognitive these principles to the co-operative recognition of the social aspects mapping principles to the urban workplace can improve of environmental psychology, design of Ciudad Guyana, a performance and well-being. how we use the space between planned Venezuelan city that was Originally published in 1969, us, and how the environment created to centrally amalgamate Personal Space remains highly influences our use of that space. several existing small towns relevant to this day, and continues (Appleyard, 1976). to be used in the design of shared digital spaces.

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Environmental Psychology Organizations

The following organizations all play important roles for environmental psychologists, depending on their specific interests and where they live.

IAAP DIVISION OF not only through research the biannual International Conference ENVIRONMENTAL collaboration, but also through on Environmental Psychology. PSYCHOLOGY lobbying efforts that lead to policy https://iaapsy.org/divisions/division4/ change. ASSOCIATION POUR LA This is the global-level home of RECHERCHE EN environmental psychologists. It is APA DIVISION 34: PSYCHOLOGIE part of the International Association ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTALE of . POPULATION AND (ARPENV) CONSERVATION The purpose of Division 4 is to study http://arpenv.weebly.com/ www.apadivisions.org/division-34/ people’s interactions with their ARPEnv is the French association of physical environments, and to use The home of environmental researchers, practitioners, and this knowledge to improve our psychologists within the American teachers in environmental physical settings. Division 4 invests in Psychological Association (APA). psychology. EP knowledge about buildings, parks, and the atmosphere, and strives to CPA SECTION ON reduce , crime, climate RESEARCH ASSOCIATION ENVIRONMENTAL change, and other negative aspects (EDRA) PSYCHOLOGY of the . www.edra.org www.cpa.ca/aboutcpa/cpasections/en vironmentalpsychology/ INTERNATIONAL EDRA is a large association of ASSOCIATION FOR PEOPLE- environmental psychologists and The home of environmental ENVIRONMENT STUDIES others who study and advocate for psychologists within the Canadian (IAPS) environments that improve quality of Psychological Association. www.iaps-association.org life. EDRA’s function is to advance research that benefits both the built MAN-ENVIRONMENT Founded in 1981 in Europe, IAPS is and natural environments, and it has RELATIONS ASSOCIATION the now the home of environmental been doing so since 1968. (MERA) psychologists from about 40 countries. It is an inter-disciplinary DGPS: FACHGRUPPE www.mera-web.jp forum of scholars who come from a UMWELTPSYCHOLOGIE MERA is the home of environmental variety of backgrounds, including http://fachgruppe- psychologists in Japan. It is affiliated environmental psychology. Joined by umweltpsychologie.de/ with IAPS and EDRA; the three a common interest in people’s organizations share core values and This section of The German interaction with the environment, the goals and also hold joint seminars. primary goal of IAPS members is to Psychological Society (DGPs) hosts improve quality of life. They do this 9

Graduate Programs practical benefits for policy and University of Groningen (the planning. in Environmental Netherlands) Colorado State University rug.nl/masters/environmental- Psychology (USA) psychology/ psychology.colostate.edu/aps/ The one-year Masters EP program at A growing number of universities the University of Groningen focuses offer formal or informal graduate The Applied Social and Health on the human dimension of programs in psychology Psychology MA and PhD programs at environmental and energy problems. departments, schools of architecture, CSU offer a concentration in EP. Students follow theoretical and and other departments. The following Students learn methodologies and methodological courses and write an are some of the top EP programs techniques for investigating such individual thesis, with possibilities to around the world, taken from the topics as managing natural resources, join ongoing collaborations with American Psychological Association promoting sustainable behaviour, and practitioners, governments, website (“Graduate Programs in designing learning environments. The knowledge institutes, and scholars Environmental and Conservation program is flexible, and students can from other disciplines. Psychology,” 2017). take on seminars and research projects that work towards individual career goals. PROGRAMS WITH SOME EP OFFICIAL PROGRAMS CONTENT City University of New York University of Victoria (Canada) Many other universities offer gc.cuny.edu/Page- web.uvic.ca/~esplab/ programs with close ties to EP, such Elements/Academics-Research- as ecotherapy, , and UVic Psychology graduate students Centers-Initiatives/Doctoral- human and social ecology. Here are have the option of entering the Programs/Psychology/Training- some of the strongest programs with Individualized Program in EP. Areas/Environmental-Psychology EP content. Coursework is determined by the This five-year PhD program broad environmental psychology USA collaborates closely with the interests of students in consultation • social/ with their supervisor, Dr. Robert • California State University, San program and the Gifford. Marcos program. The program’s goal is to • College of the Atlantic, ME increase practical knowledge that will Humboldt State University lead to a more just and sustainable (USA) • College of Wooster, OH environment. humboldt.edu/programs/psychology • Connecticut College • , NY University of Surrey (UK) Humboldt offers a two-year MA • Indiana University surrey.ac.uk/postgraduate/environmen program in Social and Environmental • Lewis & Clark College, OR tal-psychology-msc-2018 Psychology. Students study human- environment interactions, The University of Surrey offers an environmental issues, and how MSc graduate program. It is one year to positively influence others long, consisting of eight classes and a towards addressing dissertation. environmental concerns. The aim of the program is to provide Successful graduates are students with both theoretical and prepared for work in practical knowledge of EP. It organizations that are concerned emphasizes research that has with the environment, and may also pursue PhD studies. 10

• Minnesota State University, Mankato • New York University • Pennsylvania State University • Prescott College, AZ • University of Arizona • University of California, Irvine • University of California, Santa Barbara • University of Colorado, Denver • University of Illinois • • University of New Hampshire • University of Utah • University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee • University of Wisconsin, Superior • University of Washington

Worldwide • Carleton University, Ontario Canada) • Lakehead University, Ontario (Canada) • Lund University of Technology (Sweden) • Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City • Royal Roads University, British Columbia (Canada) • Tallin University (Estonia) • University of Barcelona (Spain) • University of Melbourne (Australia) • University of New England (Australia) • University of Rome, La Sapienza (Italy) • York University, Ontario (Canada) See also the universities of the key researchers, in the next section.

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A Sampling of Key Susan Clayton, David Seamon, Environmental College of Wooster Kansas State [email protected] University Psychologists Professor Clayton is [email protected] interested in understanding and Professor Seamon studies the ways Here we list a few of the many promoting a healthy relationship that the natural and built experts in EP from around the world, between humans and nature. She environments contribute to human according to country. Around the also studies how the environment well-being. His research includes globe, about 1000 researchers shapes identity, and the perceptions human aspects of design as well as identify partly or wholly as of justice within the context of environmental and architectural environmental psychologists. Search environmental challenges. aesthetics. His most recent book is the programs on the previous two LIFE TAKES PLACE (Routledge, Frances (Ming) pages to find other experts. 2018). Kuo, University of To find other environmental Illinois Carol Werner, University of psychologists who may be near you Utah or have similar interests, check out [email protected] this global census: Professor Kuo’s research shows that [email protected] web.uvic.ca/~epcensus/page1.html urban greening can reduce Professor Werner (emerita) aggression, crime, and ADHD developed and evaluated education symptoms. It also promotes self- campaigns for . Her USA discipline and academic achievement work includes using cognitive Barbara Brown, in children, as well as health across processing and normative influence University of the lifespan. to increase mass transit use and Utah recycling, and reduce energy Daniel Montello, UC consumption and toxic product use. [email protected] Santa Barbara Professor Brown’s research interests Robert Sommer, [email protected] include the linkages between the UC Davis physical environment and human Professor Montello [email protected] behavior, with special focus on the studies navigation in built and natural community design, health, environments, spatial learning and Professor Sommer is a pioneer in EP sustainability and place attachment. development, the psychology of with influential research on the maps and GIS, spatial aspects of learning environment as well as Gary Evans, social behaviour, and other issues personal space. He continues to be a Cornell University related to spatial and geographic consultant for the design of facilities, cognition. such as hospitals and prisons. [email protected] Professor Evans Rachel Kaplan, Daniel Stokols, UC researches how the physical University of Irvine environment affects health and well- Michigan [email protected] being among children, focusing on environmental stressors, housing, [email protected] Professor Stokols' learning environments, and the Professor Kaplan (emerita) has research emphasizes the health and environment of poverty. He also does focused on understanding the role behavioral impacts of environmental work on children’s environmental the environment plays in helping stressors, applications of attitudes and behaviors. people become more reasonable, environmental design research to effective, and psychologically , the environmental healthy. psychology of the Internet, and the 12

ecology of collaboration in cross- of staff and inmates. He has studied environments, including the use of disciplinary science teams. ways to reduce violence, vandalism, natural environments in healthcare. and stress in correctional settings, Ann Devlin, and written about using this David Uzzell, Connecticut information to support humane University of College conditions in detention settings. Surrey [email protected] [email protected] Professor Devlin specializes in the CANADA Professor Uzzell’s interests primarily creation of more humanistic Robert Gifford, focus on public understandings of environments for healthcare, University of climate change, critical psychological including offices, and approaches to changing consumption Victoria also facilities that house the elderly. A and production practices, secondary research emphasis is way- [email protected] environmental risk, and heritage finding. Professor Gifford and his lab interpretation and identity formation. members investigate a range of P. Wesley Schultz, topics within environmental ITALY California State psychology, from climate change and Marino Bonaiuto, University, San sustainability to architecture and Sapienza University Marcos place attachment. He is a generalist within the field who also develops of Rome [email protected] measurement scales and general [email protected] Professor Schultz focuses on social models. marketing and behavior change. Professor Bonaiuto is director of Recent projects include studies on Jennifer Veitch, CIRPA, the Interuniversity Centre for Research in Environmental recycling, energy and water National Psychology in Italy. He focuses on the conservation, the behavioral Research dimensions of climate change, and reciprocal interplay among people, Council cross-cultural research on their places, and the environment. [email protected] environmental attitudes. Mirilia Bonnes, Dr. Veitch is a Principal Research Jeff Joireman, Officer at the National Research Sapienza Washington State Council of Canada. She researches University of Rome University the effects of indoor environmental [email protected] [email protected] conditions, particularly lighting, on Professor Bonnes has authored people's health, well-being, and Professor Joireman’s research topics scientific publications on several performance. include reactions to repeated topics of environmental psychology, warnings about depleting resources, ranging from architectural and factors influencing whether UNITED KINGDOM psychology to psychology for individuals believe climate change is a Sabine Pahl, environmental sustainability issues. threat, and whether they will take Plymouth Giuseppe Carrus, action to prevent it. University Sapienza Richard Wener, [email protected] University of New York University Professor Pahl researches behaviour Rome [email protected] change, particularly in the area of [email protected] Professor Wener studies the way protecting marine environments and Professor Carrus’ research concerns correctional architecture affects energy efficiency. She also examines the identity and well-being of people facility operations and the behaviour restorative effects of natural 13

in relation to the environment, and lifestyles) and LOCAW (carbon Joop de Boer, Vrije the association between attitudes reduction), and is a research partner Universiteit and behavior in the fields of the for TRANSIT (social innovation), Amsterdam environment, health and nutrition. CONNECTING (nature-based solutions), and SMARTEES (energy [email protected] Fernando Fornara, transition and social innovation). Dr. de Boer has researched energy University of conservation, environmental Cagliari Bernardo stressors, and frame-based Hernandez, information tools on climate change. [email protected] Professor Fornara’s research includes University of La perceived quality of healthcare and Laguna GERMANY urban environments, psychometric [email protected] Florian Kaiser, tools measuring lay evaluation of Professor Hernandez studies place Otto von Guericke design attributes, and normative attachment, place identity, University influence on proenvironmental environmental beliefs, and the Magdeburg choices. relationship of these processes with sustainable behaviour and [email protected] FRANCE . Professor Kaiser develops an attitude Christophe theory that explicitly involves the Demarque, Aix- THE context of people's behavior. Topics of interest include environment and Marseille University NETHERLANDS Henk Staats, climate protection and evidence- [email protected] based policy support. Professor Demarque’s research Leiden University focuses on decision-making and [email protected] Sebastian motivation in the field of pro- Dr. Staats researches environmental Bamberg, environmental behavior, as well as preferences, psychological Bielefeld the perception of environmental restoration, and the analysis and University of Applied Sciences issues. change of pro-environmental behavior. [email protected] Liliane Rioux, Paris Nanterre Professor Bamberg researches University Linda Steg, sustainability, environmental [email protected] University of attitudes, and ways to promote pro- environmental behaviour. Professor Rioux specializes in Groningen appropriation of workspaces, [email protected] attachment to workplaces, comfort Professor Steg specializes in DENMARK at work, and pro-environmental understanding environmental John Thøgersen, behaviours at work. behaviour, the effects and Aarhus University acceptability of strategies aimed at [email protected] encouraging pro-environmental SPAIN Professor Thøgersen behaviour, and how and why acting Ricardo Garcia- researches social and environmental pro-environmentally relates to Mira, University of marketing, consumer and wellbeing. A Coruña environmental protection, and environmentally responsible values, [email protected] attitudes, and behaviour. Professor Garcia-Mira coordinates EU projects GLAMURS (sustainable 14

POLAND Maria change. For example, she studies attitudes, social norms, and habits to Maria Lewicka, Johansson, help understand what prevents or Nicolaus Lund University encourages people from behaving Copernicus [email protected] pro-environmentally. University in Toruń Professor Johansson’s research Taciano Milfont, [email protected] interests include travel mode choice, Victoria Professor Lewicka’s research areas effects of energy-efficient lighting, include psychology of human capturing perceived lighting qualities, University of relationships with place of residence, human interaction with wildlife Wellington place theories, place memory, and focusing on fear of large carnivores, [email protected] behavior of people in urban and supported housing for people Professor Milfont researches pro- environments. with severe mental illness. environmental attitudes, and how they influence behavior, as well as SWEDEN JAPAN policy-based research to promote Patrik Sörqvist, Toru Ishikawa, ecological behavior, health, and wellbeing. University of University of Gävle Tokyo AUSTRALIA [email protected] [email protected] Joseph Reser, Professor Sörqvist’s research Professor Ishikawa researches human concerns both cognitive and social spatial cognition and behavior. He University of perspectives on the psychology of the studies cognitive maps, wayfinding Queensland and built and natural environment, with a and navigation, and spatial thinking. Griffith University particular focus on people in the work [email protected] environment. BRAZIL Professor Reser’s recent work focuses Terry Hartig, Hartmut Gunther, on risk perceptions and psychological Uppsala University University of adaptation responses to climate change and other environmental [email protected] Brasília stressors, the design and evaluation Professor Hartig [email protected] of institutional settings, and studies restorative experiences in Professor Gunther’s work emphasizes psychosocial environmental impact everyday settings, notably natural the association between human and assessment in natural environments. settings and the home. This work urban development, the psychology helps inform environmental design of transportation, ecological Donald Hine, and policy measures that promote behavior, and methodology in EP. health and well-being. University of New England Tommy Gärling, NEW ZEALAND [email protected] University of Wokje Professor Hine’s work focuses on Gothenburg Abrahamse, understanding and solving a range of [email protected] Victoria University environmental problems related to Professor Gärling conducts research of Wellington resource over-consumption, climate on travel, such as sustainable travel [email protected] change, air pollution, and invasive behaviour and how travel affects Professor Abrahamse focuses on the weeds and animals. emotional well-being. human dimensions of environmental 15

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We Humans Have Created Many Environmental Problems

Our Essential Challenge is to Fix These Problems Environmental Psychology is Crucial for This Challenge