Research in Population-Environment: Review Paper

Prepared by Robin Marsh, with Tania Barham1, for the Population- Environment Initiative, David & Lucile Packard Foundation, December 2002

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Executive Summary

2. Introduction

3. Research Themes

4. Conceptual Framework

5. Future Research Needs

6. New Research in Population-Environment (2000-2002)

1 Dr. Robin Marsh, agricultural economist, is the Academic Coordinator of the Center for Sustainable Resource Development, College of Natural Resources, University of California, Berkeley, and Tania Barham is a doctoral candidate in Agricultural and Resource Economics, UCB, with research interests in health-population-economic development linkages. Executive Summary

Population-environment analysis may be considered an academic inter-disciplinary sub- field that is closely linked with population policy analysis (Lutz, Prskawetz and Sanderson, eds., 2002). Nevertheless, this review of university-based population-environment and related programs in the United States shows that population-environment has yet to become a “major” or “concentration” in either undergraduate or graduate programs, nor are degrees offered – anywhere (to our knowledge) in the sub-field of population-environment.

The sub-field consists of research faculty and graduate students from several key disciplines that are pursuing theoretical and applied research in population-environment topics. The main disciplines are sociology, anthropology, and public health, often in collaboration with economics, demography, geography and ecology, Only the fellowship and certificate programs for mid-career professionals are explicitly training people in the sub-field of population- environment (e.g. University of Michigan, University of Washington, U.C. Berkeley/ Beahrs ELP). Non-academic, policy-oriented research and advocacy centers and think tanks – such as RAND, Center for Environment and Population, Population Action International, and Population Reference Bureau, provide science-based reports, fact sheets and briefings to policymakers – primarily on the natural resource and environmental impacts of population growth, and create forums for dialogue.

The primary obstacle for developing sustainable academic programs and degrees in population-environment analysis is the basic departmental structure within U.S. universities that rewards specialization and provides few incentives for exploratory, interdisciplinary teaching and research collaboration. Core funding, particularly for public universities, is allocated to support basic departmental teaching and research. Extramural funding, from government agencies and private foundations, has been crucial for the creation and functioning of a number of university-based innovative programs and centers in population-environment teaching, research and policy that draw on faculty and students campus-wide (see Tables 1 and 2).

It is not surprising, therefore, that this review has identified the main research need in population environment analysis as: “the development of interdisciplinary methodologies and approaches for jointly collecting and analyzing demographic, socio-economic and environmental data at different geographic scales.” There is both a need to improve and update theoretical approaches and models to understanding population-environment interactions (e.g. building and improving on the Ehrlich/Holdren I=PAT model), and, perhaps more importantly, for rigorous empirical research to test the environmental and natural resource impacts of changing demographic conditions, particularly in areas identified as “hot spots” for biodiversity.

The review has identified six main areas of current population-environment research in U.S. universities: 1. human dimensions of global environmental change, particularly the impact of human settlements on forest cover, fresh water, biodiversity and coastal resources in the tropics; 2. property rights, common property regimes and the role of social capital in natural resource management;

2 3. internal and international migration, the related field of urbanization, and impacts on consumption, natural resources, environmental quality and the spread of HIV-AIDs; 4. population growth/ fertility rates and economic growth (found recently to be inversely related in several studies), with environment considered implicitly; 5. global environment and health, with major programs on indoor and outdoor air pollution, and emerging research on the potential health impacts of climate change; and 6. demographic, socio-economic and environmental impacts of the HIV/AIDs pandemic worldwide.

The last section of the review on “recent literature” provides 24 citations and abstracts of an interdisciplinary cross-section of articles, book chapters and reports in population- environment analysis, published between 2000 and 2002. This section shows that the sub-field is “alive and well”, despite the abovementioned academic obstacles. There exists in the United States, and around the world, a critical mass of scholars with expertise in population- environment analysis, that will continue to conduct research and provide science-based information and policy advice on the impacts of population growth on natural resources and the environment. However, it remains critical, perhaps more so than ever, that extramural funding from government agencies such as NIH, NICHD, NASA and USAID, and private foundations such as Packard, Hewlett, MacArthur, and Rockefeller, continue to support existing university- based programs and centers on population-environment, and to support university efforts to develop interdisciplinary majors and degree programs in pop-environment analysis, as well as short-term certificate training for professionals from developing countries. There is a real danger that if the extramural funding were to disappear, the traditional disciplinary structure of U.S. universities would result in a sharp decline in innovative population-environment teaching, research, policy advice, and training.

“Assessing the connections among population, resources, and environment is a complex and frustrating exercise, marred by differences in approach, the biases of different methodologies, and the complexity of the linkages. There is a basic philosophical division in the study of population and environment that is often characterized, or perhaps caricatured, as a debate between optimists and pessimists. …… A second major division in the debate involves the frame of reference for investigating population- environment linkages. Some investigators seek to manage Earth's resources and ecosystems to benefit humans, while others strive to minimize human impact on the Earth……Finally, these differences in philosophies and frames of reference influence the debate about how best to reduce the stress of human activity on the environment. Are better policies, different political or economic systems, new technologies, or changes in lifestyles the best way to protect the environment?” “Population Change, Resources, and the Environment”, by Robert Livernash and Eric Rodenburg (Population Bulletin, Vol. 53 No. 1, 3/98, 2001).

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Introduction

Through the guidance of population-environment faculty at U.C. Berkeley, senior staff at the Population-Environment Research Network (PERN), and additional website research, it was possible to identify the major universities and policy-oriented research centers in the United States with programs in population-environment interactions. These programs are listed and briefly described in Table 1 (see Annex 1). The related sub-field of health-environment interactions (directly or indirectly related to population), concentrated in Schools of Public Health and Medicine, is covered separately in Table 2 (see Annex 1), with some overlap between the two tables. It is important to mention that there is considerable research in this and related fields taking place outside of the United States, particularly in Europe, that is not covered in any depth in this review paper.

In the 2002 book, Population and Environment: Methods of Analysis (Lutz, Prskawetz and Sanderson, eds.), the editors state, “the book is built on the premise that P-E analysis is indeed an emerging and distinct field of scientific analysis.” They base this claim on evidence from three criteria: (a) a critical mass of people that work on P-E; (b) a set of joint research questions; and (c) a set of common methodologies (albeit heterogeneous, with no “standard methodology”). Nevertheless, whereas P-E analysis may be considered a distinct field or sub- field of study, a review of university-based P-E and related programs in the United States shows that population-environment has yet to become a “major” or “concentration” in either undergraduate or graduate programs, nor are degrees offered – anywhere (to our knowledge) in population-environment. Rather, research faculty and graduate students from a few departments – notably sociology, anthropology, and public health, with input from economists, demographers and ecologists, are pursuing interdisciplinary research in population-environment topics. Only the fellowship programs for mid-career professionals are explicitly training people to work in population-environment (e.g. University of Michigan, University of Washington, U.C. Berkeley/Beahrs ELP).

Research Themes

Tables 1 and 2 summarize the principal research themes, courses and training in population-environment (and health) taking place at U.S.-based universities and policy-oriented research centers. The following institutions are listed: Brown, Columbia, Princeton, University of Washington, Indiana University, University of Florida, Florida State University, Harvard University, University of North Carolina, University of Wisconsin, John Hopkins University, the East West Center, University of California at Berkeley, University of Michigan, Emory University, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Australia National University, RAND, Population-Environment Research Network, Center for Environment and Population, Population Resource Center, Population Action International, Population Reference Bureau, and the United Nations.

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What seem to be the key themes in population-environment research currently and over the last decade or so? Much of the research clusters around a major “hot” topic – the human dimensions of global environmental change. “Human dimensions” encompass demographic conditions and changes, basic needs, consumption patterns, as well as such human constructions as technology, institutions and policies. Much of the empirical research is in the tropics, particularly in regions with threatened environments in terms of biodiversity loss, water scarcity, deforestation and coastal resources. These are studies that bring together interdisciplinary teams of ecologists/biologists and social scientists (sociologists, anthropologists, geographers, economists, demographers), often with assistance from Geographic Information Systems (GIS) modelers. GIS tools are increasingly used to “map” population and settlement characteristics over different land uses and quality, to gain better understanding of population-environment interactions in specific locations over time.

Within the “human dimensions of environmental change” topic, a number of researchers are specifically interested in the special challenges for sustainable management of “the commons”, and the role that property rights, community-based institutions and social capital may play in overcoming “the tragedy of the commons” (for instance, CIPEC/Indiana University, de Janvry/Sadoulet at U.C. Berkeley). Environmental economists and coastal management experts are very concerned about the depletion of the world’s fisheries and coral reefs in “public waters”, and are engaged both in documenting the degradation and researching appropriate policy solutions (Princeton – Sara Curran, University of Washington – Puget Sound, FAO, and others).

A related key area of research is migration – internal and international migration flows, and impacts on economic well-being and environmental conditions for both “sending” and “receiving” communities and nations. The effects of increased migration on exposure to and spread of infectious diseases (e.g. HIV-AIDs and malaria), is an important area of investigation for epidemiologists and demographers. Richard Bilsborrow of the University of North Carolina has published extensively on migration and the environment. His background paper for the National Council on Science, Policy and the Environment, Population/Demographics (December 2002) posits many of the leading research and policy questions on migration, urbanization and environment, and argues that this research is undermined by lack of data and quantitative analysis: “Linkages between migration and the rural environment operate in both directions and have received increasing attention in recent years, mostly with respect to developing countries. But inadequate data; difficulties in linking population, environmental and other relevant (e.g., economic) data; and lack of adequate quantitative analysis plague the research.”

The Population-Environment Research Network (PERN) recently completed a cyberspace symposium on the topic: “Should Borders be Open? The Population and Environment Dimension”, September 30 – October 11, 2002, with an opening discussion paper by Sara Curran. The main topics discussed and debated, reflecting the principal areas of research in migration-environment, were: a. migration in the context of globalization - including global trade and foreign investment; b. relief of population pressure in sending regions; c. increasing consumption as a result of migration (including role of remittances); and d. emigration as a cause of continued high fertility in sending regions. The increasing phenomenon of

5 “environmental refugees” from natural and human-induced environmental degradation, such as desertification, and impacts on sending and receiving communities, was also a topic of discussion.

Dr. Wills, PERN coordinator, sums up the symposium arguments on “migration and consumption” as follows (http://www.populationenvironmentresearch.org): “Migration, the contributors agree, tends to increase consumption either of the migrant in the receiving country or of the remittance-receiving family in the country of origin (implicitly this means there is a consensus that migration raises the income of the migrant). A number of contributors see in this a reason to limit international migration to wealthy countries, as consumption leads to higher environmental resource use. Others challenge this premise by asking "how do we measure increased auto emissions vs. biodiversity loss (in sending regions)?", and warn us not to fall into the "Hardin-like trap" of blaming the victim for higher consumption. A number of contributors suggest that the discussion move beyond the simplistic "carrying capacity" debate and to a more nuanced understanding.”

The demographics of urbanization and consequences for the environment of urban centers and for the health of urban populations, are other important areas of current population- environment research. Impacts extend to peri-urban and rural environments through urban-rural market and demand linkages. Also, there is some research on out-migration from polluted cities to more livable conditions (e.g. Mexico City). A study of medium to large urban centers in Asia (e.g. Gayl Ness, University of Michigan) provides strong evidence that effective institutions for city management, pollution control, public transportation and social services can successfully mitigate negative consequences of rapid urbanization, while the absence of these institutions, together with high incidence of unemployment and poverty, create chaotic conditions and severe “environmental justice” issues.

An important area of continuing research, primarily among economic demographers, is the relationship between population growth or fertility rates and economic growth, with environment considered implicitly. The recent book, Population Matters: Demographic Change, Economic Growth, and Poverty in the Developing World, edited by Nancy Birdsall, Allen C. Kelley, and Steven Sinding, is a collection of articles reporting strong empirical evidence on the positive effects of lower fertility rates on economic and income growth rates in a number of countries. There has also been research “in reverse”, exploring the impact on fertility decisions (e.g. fertility declines) of rapid socio-economic change, for instance in Thailand and China (University of North Carolina). The relationship between population growth rates and economic development remains controversial. Indeed, economic demographer at UC Berkeley, Ron Lee, summarizes current thinking on how population growth affects economic (and environmental) outcomes as “mixed”. 2

1. Lecture to the Graduate Seminar on Population, Poverty & Environment, UC Berkeley, fall 2002. R. Lee summarizes the relationship between population growth and different economic indicators as follows: • Capital Dilution (negative): more rapid population growth when the savings rate remains unchanged means the number of workers will grow but that there is less capital per worker. The size of this affect is small, a 1% increase in population growth rate leads to a 7% decrease in per capita income. This is if a traditional and narrow view of capital is taken. If we broaden capital to include human capital, the affects of more rapid population growth may be big because there are more children to train. (Mankiw, Romer, Weil 1994).

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Nadia Cuffaro, University of Cassino in Italy (Population Growth and Agriculture in Poor Countries: A Review of Theoretical Issues and Empirical Evidence, World Development, 1997), asserts that the relationship between population growth and agricultural growth, incomes and environmental degradation is rather more complex than the optimistic “induced innovation” models suggest. She asserts that more research is needed on the conditions that prevent rural households and societies from responding appropriately and productively to demographic shifts, such as “ very fast population growth, already high population densities, very strong economic or political inequalities, inappropriate policies, or drought.” These conditions limit investment in appropriate agricultural research and technology development that would allow poor farmers to intensify their farming systems and maintain or increase yields and income, despite increasing population pressure. More empirical research is needed to understand when economic and policy responses to account for increasing population break down, with dire consequences for hunger, poverty and environmental degradation. Research in health, population and environment is an emerging but burgeoning area in the field of Public Health and Medicine. The most prominent Public Health/Medical Schools and associated research centers in the United States on these issues are found at Harvard, John Hopkins, University of California at Berkeley, and Emory University. Non-university research centers tackling questions on the intersection are the East West Center and Rand. Research in this field outside the U.S. is, among other places, concentrated at the London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene in London England, the United Nations (UNFPA, UNAIDS, WHO, FAO), and the Australian National University in Canberra Australia.

The bulk of the research has focused on the theme of global environment and health. This includes topics such as: deforestation and health; air pollution (outdoor and indoor) and health; climate change and health, especially the spread of malaria to areas once not susceptible

• Scale (positive): the more people there are the more opportunities there are for diversification of labor and economic returns to scale. This argument is not taken seriously because of international trade. Also advantages of scale (labor surpluses) are quickly realized and are not sustainable. • Technology (positive): Boserup, Simon, Hayami, Ruttan. Essentially, people and their institutions will adjust to resource scarcity with innovation, conservation and appropriate price signals. The full implications are controversial and not really well understood. The intensification of agriculture (Green Revolution) is a real phenomenon however. • Social Overhead Costs (positive): As the population grows public goods become cheaper on a per capita basis so it looks more attractive to invest in public goods. e.g. research, the space program, communications. • Savings and Capital Formation (negative): This is a controversial area. Most recent research suggests that there are large effects due to the age distribution. As fertility decreases and length of life increases savings should increase because people save for retirement. As a result there may be a permanent increase in capital per worker. Some believe that this is what has driven the Asian Miracle • Natural Resources (negative): o The market’s signals, if they work, mostly show that natural resources are not becoming scarce with the growth of population. The share of cost of natural resources in GNP is way down, and prices of non-renewables remain low. o Markets are flawed, however, and many vital environmental services are not priced, or bought or sold – such as water and air quality, green spaces, biological diversity and ecosystem integrity. o Moving towards using renewable resources is key, however, the market is not guiding us that way.

7 to the deadly disease; biodiversity and it’s importance for health; flooding and water-borne diseases; and understanding how community and household dynamics affect human health and the environment. Much of the health research is less explicitly concerned about the impact of population growth and changing demographics on environmental and health conditions, than the direct impact of environmental changes on human health. However, the East West Center and Rand in particular are exceptions to this trend. One of the main research questions for the East West Center concerns whether population dynamics or economic development play a larger role in environmental degradation, while Rand has been concerned with the environmental implications of population growth and distribution.

The demographic, socio-economic and environmental impacts of HIV/AIDs is also an important and growing area of research, most of it done outside of U.S. universities and research centers. The Center for Population Studies at the London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene in the United Kingdom, UNAIDS and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization all have strong research agenda’s on HIV/AIDs. Research in this area focuses on how households, communities, and countries hardest hit by the AIDs pandemic have been impacted by the changing health status of their mainly working aged population. A wide variety of themes have been examined including: • The impact of HIV/AIDs on economic growth. • The crippling effect it is exerting on household and country budgets as health care and funeral expenditures rise and production decreases. • The impact of HIV/AIDs on land tenure, agricultural production and food security. • The implications for development priorities, policy and funding, including HIV-AIDS prevention, new programs to take care of orphans and development of technologies, such as lighter farm tools, to suit the limitations of a sicker population.

Policy-oriented research and advocacy centers and think tanks – such as RAND, Center for Environment and Population, Population Action International, and Population Reference Bureau, are focused on providing science-based reports, fact sheets and briefings to policymakers, and creating forums for dialogue. In population-environment, these Centers are most concerned about the impacts of population growth on resource scarcity and environmental quality, in developed and developing countries. For instance, PAI, has produced fact sheets on why population matters for…. fresh water resources, forests, biodiversity, and natural resources, generally. Population and water is a major topic of research and concern in specific regions of the world, for instance, northern Africa, the horn of Africa, the Middle East, northern Mexico, and southern Africa (part of the current hunger crisis). Two other areas of major concern – both for policy-oriented research centers and Schools of Public Health, are population dynamics and global climate change (see the 2001 book by O’Neil et al, for instance), and population growth effects on environmental risk factors and the spread of infectious diseases.

3. Conceptual Framework

The Lutz et al 2002 book (ibid) proposes a conceptual framework for P-E analysis that builds on the basic I=PAT linear identify formulated by Commoner, Ehrlich and Holdren thirty

8 years ago3. This identify shows how the forces of population (P), affluence (A), and technology (T) cause impacts (I) (on the environment), and how manipulations of these forces can reduce/increase impact. The Lutz et al, framework diverges from the linear relationship by placing population within the human-made environment, as part of the greater natural environment, as shown below:

Figure 1: The human population and the human-made infrastructure as being fully embedded in the natural environment and subject to the laws of nature. P-E studies may analyze certain sectors or try to comprehensively study the full system.

Source: Population and Environment: Methods of Analysis, eds. W. Lutz, A. Prskawetz, and W. Sanderson (Population and Development Review, a supplement to Vol. 28, 2002, Population Council, New York).

This comprehensive framework encompasses research on “slices of the pie”, e.g. the influences of population on a particular environmental resource such as water, air, land use (the majority of studies to date), or the influences of environment on demographic changes, as well as comprehensive studies that attempt to understand the net impacts of these relationships in a particular locality. Indeed, where the “optimists” and the “pessimists” in the population- environment debate may agree, is that the researchable and measurable impacts of population pressures on the environment, and vice-a-versa, are location-specific. Hence, nearly all researchers in the field call for more empirical studies to gather and analyze new data, using interdisciplinary methods and approaches.

3 Many authors have tested, revised, and critiqued the IPAT identify since 1972, including Waggoner and Ausubel in their recent article, “A framework for sustainability science: A renovated IPAT identity” (PNAS, June 11, 2002). Also, Fischer-Kowalski and Amann, “ Beyond IPAT and Kuznets Curves: Globalization as a Vital Factor in Analysing the Environmental Impact of Socio-Economic Metabolism.” (Population and Environment, Vol. 21, No.1, September 2001).

9 Alain de Janvry, development economist at U.C. Berkeley, has recently proposed a framework for understanding population, poverty, and environment interactions by adding a third “school of thought” to the optimist-pessimist debate (Graduate Seminar lecture, fall 2002). He calls this third point of view, “the conditionalists”, who posit that population pressures on natural resources and the environment may indeed be mitigated through adjustments in technology and institutions, but only with limited market failures. Nevertheless, in most societies, particularly in the developing world, market and other institutional failures are widespread and politics largely determine public policy (e.g. power of large vs. small farmers in which technologies prevail; power of large vs. small polluters in determining environmental regulations).

De Janvry concludes that the two major societal responses to population pressure – technological change and institutional innovations, are able to protect scarce resources only to the degree that the real values of these resources are reflected in market prices and public policies (see related article description by Nadia Cuffaro, above). He notes that current trends toward decentralization of resources and authority to local levels, community-based natural resource management, security of property rights, and recognition and valuation of environmental services, are all favorable developments for positive population-environment outcomes.

Future Research Needs

Not surprisingly, the main research need for greater population-environment understanding, is the development of interdisciplinary methodologies and approaches for jointly collecting and analyzing demographic, socio-economic and environmental data at different geographic scales, from micro to global levels. The biggest obstacle is the structure of universities in the United States, that rewards specialization within disciplines, and provides few incentives for exploratory, interdisciplinary research collaboration. Thus, we have few environmental scientists studying population dimensions, few demographers looking seriously at environment, few public health experts looking at population, health and environment together, and few economists that incorporate adequate attention to determinants of fertility decisions.

Extramural funding, from government and private foundations, has been crucial to provide the financial means to offer interdisciplinary university courses in population- environment, professional training in population-environment, and field-based research projects that bridge the population, environment, health and economic fields. This type of funding has spurred the creation of a number of innovative programs and centers across U.S. universities for which population-environment is an important program area (see Tables 1 & 2). Core university funds, particularly for public universities, are by and large distributed among the traditional departments for undergraduate and graduate teaching and research.

There are two excellent sources to draw on for this section of the paper. One is the excellent paper by Richard Bilsborrow, from the Carolina Population Center, UNC, prepared for the National Council for Science and the Environment in December 2000, precisely to elucidate needs for future research in the field of population and environment (http://www.cnie.org/ncseconference/bp/background11.htm). The second is the comprehensive

10 review report by Lori Lewis (Population and Environment: A Complex Relationship, RAND 2000), that contains a section on research needs incorporating the views of a large number of population-environment authors. The research questions listed below are edited excerpts from Bilsborrow’s paper, with additions from Hunter and other authors as noted.

Theory Is the state of theory satisfactory? Are improvements/modifications needed based on existing theory, e.g., clarifying the roles of institutions, policy, infrastructure, global economic forces, or are new theoretical approaches desirable (and possible)? Or is better empirical work, based on rapidly increasing data sets and computer power, what is most needed (and feasible)? A major institution relevant to resource use is the property regime: distinction between open access resources (such as the atmosphere, oceans, rivers, forests held in common), and private property, which may have very different implications for resource use and preservation. Is it useful to examine historical or contemporary examples of (un)successful common property vs. open access management situations, including among indigenous populations, to learn from them? Are growing populations creating pressures that cause common property regimes to break down, and in what cultural, natural resource contexts? Methodology A number of methodological issues arise in investigating the relationships. These include macro vs. micro approaches, or issues of scale, and what are the demographic/environmental concepts and definitions appropriate to use at each level…. A bigger problem is the difficulty in matching up demographic and environment data: At the macro -level, the former are based upon political /administrative units while the latter use ecological or natural resource-defined units, such as a watershed or ecosystem. Satellite imagery and GIS methods are increasingly being used for trying to link population parameters (size, growth, density) and environmental indicators. Given the diverse and often opposing perspectives of different disciplines (e.g. ecology and economics) about how population relates to the natural environment, and given that each has much to offer, how can different disciplines be brought together more often and more effectively in research, such as demographers, ecologists and economists? Hunter also speaks to the overriding need to encourage interdisciplinary and integrated research and policy approaches, adding that, “use of such modern technology as remote sensing to study environmental changes is especially promising.” Hunter also suggests the need for data collection at different scales of analysis to inform policymakers operating at these different levels, from local governments to international agencies. Population Size, Growth and the Environment Linkages may be considered, and have been, at the global, country and regional levels. Past simulation models, as mental maps of complexity, have stimulated concerns about the long- run effects of population growth, but they had to make Herculean assumptions about parameters. …Given the advances in data and computers, is it worth revisiting such models? How? At what

11 scale--global, country, sub-national, or even community/village? What environmental variables should be examined, and how should they be measured and modeled? Migration, Spatial Distribution and the Environment Linkages from migration and population growth to the environment relate mainly to the advance of the agricultural frontier, pushed out due to population growth and highly inegalitarian land tenure regimes in areas of origin, economic expansion and the resulting growth of consumption demands, both national and international, and possibly environmental degradation in areas of origin. ….What are the factors that condition or determine when out-migration leads to environmental regeneration and improvement vs. decline? How can research better inform policies to address and mollify the negative impacts without prejudicing the living conditions of the migrant settlers? Is research needed to address the root causes of the migration, that is, why the migrants are leaving their areas of origin and why they are selecting tropical rainforests and other agriculturally marginal areas as their destinations? At the same time, impacts of the environment on migration are attracting more attention, and have even led to new terminology, "environmental refugees". To what degree is out- migration due to declining production/yields (and therefore loss of livelihood) ultimately caused by degradation of the productive environment? How much of this out-migration is due to natural causes and how much to human factors? Migration, Population Growth, and the Urban Environment The twentieth century may be called the century of urbanization throughout most of the world, with only Asia and Africa expected to have over half their population living in rural areas by 2020. What effects do natural population increase and in-migration have on the livability of the urban environment? What are the effects of urbanization on human health (physical and mental), and how much is attributable to population factors, per se? On the other hand, what are the effects of urban growth and expansion and alteration in consumption demands in both developed and developing countries on the natural environment, including in the immediate surroundings-- on gobbling up farmland, on forest cover and watersheds, on sources of water, on air pollution, on biodiversity? What effects does urbanization per se have on the level and patterns of food and non-food demands, and on the balance of payments? In a broader sense, what is the "ecological footprint" of cities? How does this vary from one city to another in empirical studies and why? What can be done to reduce this ecological footprint? Hunter adds the need for more research on the links between age composition, consumption and migration with environmental change. For instance, “which environmental consequences arise as the young generation in developing nations comes of age? What role does the aging population of more-developed regions play in the environmental future?” Population and Biodiversity Human population increase has effects on biodiversity partly through the devastation of species for food or pleasure, but mainly via the destruction of habitats to expand the areas of the planet used for human habitation, production, energy production, transportation and/or recreation. This habitat loss may have vast, unintentional effects on biodiversity, some of which are permanent… But while ecologists generally believe that human population growth is

12 devastating the planet, economists mostly differ. …There has been very little research on the human population linkages to biodiversity depletion, either in a historical context or based on contemporary change. What are the human impacts on biodiversity--of population growth, of migration, of ecotourism? How does this vary with different natural environments? What can be done to minimize these impacts? What is the size of nature reserves needed to preserve biodiversity (and particular types and sizes of species), and protect from infringement and fragmentation due to human use? Health, Population and Environment

Rosenberg and Jager ( “Setting an Agenda for Research on Health and the Environment”, Global Change & Human Health vol.1(1): 88-89, 2000) point out again the critical need for increased support and incentives for interdisciplinary research on population, health and environmental linkages. There is also a need for greater recognition – by the academic and policymaking communities, that the impacts of degradation of environmental services on human health will be profoundly affected by diverse global demographic changes such as fertility rates, and age distributions. Lastly, Rosenberg et al. call for research agendas to be multi-scaled in both time and space. That is, research should be encouraged at the local, regional, national and global scales simultaneously, and should take into account short, medium and long-term time lines of how global environmental conditions are changing.

In two articles in The Lancet (see citations next section), McMichael looks at the impacts on human health and survival of fast-paced global environmental change, saying this is a major area of neglected research. “Today, population growth and the aggregated pressures of consumption and emissions are beginning to impair various global environmental systems. The research tasks in detecting, attributing, and projecting the resultant health effects are complex. Have recent health gains, in part, depended on depleting natural environmental capital? Population health sciences have a crucial contribution to make to the sustainability project.”

New Research in Population-Environment - (2000-2002)

This section provides 24 citations and abstracts of articles, book chapters and reports in “population-environment” published between 2000 and 2002. Together they provide a good cross-section of current research interests in the field, from comprehensive reviews (see 1-7) to empirical studies looking at particular linkages in different regions of the world. There are a number of citations in the health -environment-population field, placed at the end (19-24). The section ends with a list of the most important journals and series publications that publish research in population-environment and related fields, from the Office of Population Studies, Princeton University, and mention of two important on-line research resources.

1. Population and Environment: Methods of Analysis, eds. W. Lutz, A. Prskawetz, and W. Sanderson (Population and Development Review, a supplement to Vol. 28, 2002, Population Council, New York). Abstract from IIASA website:

The effects of the human population on the natural environment are of public concern and scientific interest, as are the effects of the natural environment on the human population.

13 Together they are the subject of an expanding research effort: the emerging field of population- environment analysis. While the field has a distinct identity, the methods it draws on are heterogeneous and rarely cross disciplinary boundaries. It lacks a shared methodological language with which to compare the results of different studies. Such weaknesses have slowed the accumulation of knowledge about population-environment systems. They argue for greater attention to the development of appropriate analytical methods. This volume is the first attempt to systematically address methodological issues in population-environment analysis. Its contributors — demographers, other social scientists, and environmental scientists — describe and critically examine key concepts and analytical approaches, both in theoretical terms and through examples and case studies. The population-environment systems discussed range from air pollution in urban localities to national-level problems of land cover and food security. The conclusions point toward needed advances in system modeling and interdisciplinary research.

2. The Environmental Implications of Population Dynamics, by Lori Hunter (RAND: Population Matters, 2000). RAND website summary:

This report synthesizes current knowledge about the influence of population dynamics on the environment. Specifically, the report examines the following:

• The relationship between demographic factors-- population size, distribution, and composition--and environmental change.

• The mediating factors that influence this relationship: technological, institutional, policy, and cultural forces.

• Two specific aspects of environmental change affected by population dynamics: climate change and land-use change.

• Implications for policy and further research. Hunter concludes that population dynamics have important environmental implications but that the sheer size of population represents only one important variable in this complex relationship. Other demographic dynamics, including changes in population flows and densities, can also pose challenging environmental problems.

3. State of World Population 2002: People, Poverty and Possibilities, United Nations Population Fund (on-line and in print). Extracts from on-line summary:

The report argues that addressing population concerns is critical to meeting the Millennium Development Goals of cutting global poverty and hunger in half by 2015, reducing maternal and child deaths, curbing HIV/AIDS, advancing gender equality, and promoting environmentally sustainable development. Pointing to a “population effect” on economic growth, the report cites new data showing that since 1970, developing countries with lower fertility and slower population growth have seen higher productivity, more savings and more productive investment. They have registered faster economic growth. Investments in health and education, and gender equality are vital to this effect. Family planning programmes and population assistance were

14 responsible for almost one third of the global decline in fertility from 1972 to 1994. These social investments attack poverty directly and empower individuals, especially women. They enable choice. When other policies are supportive, the opportunity can allow dramatic progress. Several countries in East Asia, as well as Mexico and Brazil, have taken advantage of it. The effect of declining fertility in Brazil has been equal to economic growth of 0.7 per cent of GDP per capita each year. However, the gap between rich and poor continues to widen and the poorest countries continue to lag behind. Poverty, poor health and fertility remain highest in the least developed countries where population has tripled since 1955 and is expected to nearly triple again over the next 50 years.

4. AAAS Atlas of Population & Environment, foreword by Peter H. Raven (American Association for the Advancement of Science, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2000). Abstract excerpted from description in AAAS Science:

The Atlas opens with an overview of the history of humanity's impact on the environment, the current status of the world's major ecosystems, consumption trends, and policy responses to the impact of the human presence on the environment. The second part of the book is primarily made up of graphics and maps that quantify the issues discussed in the first section, bringing together the information that is available about the impact of humanity on natural resources, land use, the atmosphere, waste and chemicals, ecosystems, and biodiversity. A discussion of fresh water, for example, includes a map that illustrates the Earth's freshwater resources, as well as graphics that indicate the nations that are the top per capita water consumers and how each nation allocates its water use. Data on production of meat and fish also include a map illustrating the proportion of daily calories from animal products consumed by individual nations. The last section of the atlas, produced by the World Wildlife Fund and The Nature Conservancy, consists of six case studies that examine the relationship between population and environment in areas of North and South America, Asia, and Africa.

5. Making the Link: Population, Health, Environment, by Jonathan G. Nash and Roger-Mark De Souza (online booklet Population Reference Bureau, 2002).

Online booklet gives an overview of the positive and negative environmental impacts of urbanization, environmental consequences of rising affluence and consumption, and the relationships between population, land use change, and water. The booklet is accompanied by an extensive series of international, country-specific data on these issues.

6. A framework for sustainability science: A renovated IPAT identity, by P.E. Waggoner and J.H. Ausubel (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS, vol. 99, no. 12, June 11, 2002). Author’s abstract: Learning actors’ leverage for change along the journey to sustainability requires quantifying the component forces of environmental impact and integrating them. Population, income, consumers’ behavior, and producers’ efficiency jointly force impact. Here, we renovate the ‘‘IPAT Identity’’ to identify actors with the forces. Forcing impact I are P for population, A for income as gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, C for intensity of use as a good per GDP,

15 and T for efficiency ratios as impact per good. In the ‘‘ImPACT Identity,’’ parents modify P, workers modify A, consumers modify C, and producers modify T. Because annual percentage changes in component forces add to a change in national impact, actors’ leverage is reflected transparently in consistent units of annual percentage changes that can be compared from force to force. Examples from energy and food, farming and manufacturing, and steel and water show that declining C, called dematerialization, can temper the sustainability challenge of growth (P x A), and that innovation or efficient technology that lowers T can counter rising consumption (P x A x C). Income elasticity can accommodate connections between income and other forces. From rates of change of forces, the identity can forecast impacts. Alternatively, by identifying the necessary change in forces to cause a projected impact, ImPACT can assay the likelihood and practicability of environmental targets and timetables. An annual 2–3% progress in consumption and technology over many decades and sectors provides a benchmark for sustainability.

7. Population and the Environment: Too Many People and/or Poor Management of Resources? (CSRD, University of California, Berkeley, 2000).

Published in spring 2000 by CSRD and the College of Natural Resources, with the support of the William & Flora Hewlett Foundation, and is now available for distribution. The book is a proceedings of the international conference of the same name held at UC Berkeley on May 24, 1999 and includes the full keynote address by Dr. Joel Cohen, as well as presentations made by nine other speakers – leading academics and NGO thinkers on population-env. issues, and five one-on-one interviews.

8. Population Matters - Demographic Change, Economic Growth, and Poverty in the Developing World, edited by Nancy Birdsall, Allen C. Kelley, and Steven Sinding, Oxford University Press, 2001. From on-line summary and editors’ introduction: Does rapid population growth diminish countries' economic development prospects? Do policies aimed at reducing high fertility help families escape poverty? These questions have been at the heart of policy debates since the time of Malthus, and have been particularly heated during the last half-century of explosive Third World population growth. In this carefully constructed collection of recent studies and analyses, the authors offer a nuanced, yet clear and positive answer to these questions--a refreshing step forward from the ambiguous conclusions of much of the literature of the 1970s and 1980s. (Book resulted from a Bellagio Symposium: Population Change and Economic Development, Nov. 1998, with support from the Rockefeller, Carnegie and Packard Foundations). The chapters in this volume address four questions: what have been the effects of fertility and mortality decline and other demographic changes in the developing countries in the postwar period On economic growth? On poverty and inequality? and On sustainable use of natural resources in agriculture? What are the implications for economic, social and population policies and programs?

9. Conference Proceedings: Human Dimensions in the Coastal Zones Workshop, IHDP 2nd biannual workshop, Bonn, Germany, 2000. Excerpt from online summary:

16

...the 2nd bi-annual International Human Dimensions Workshop (IHDW) for young, developing country scientists in Bonn, Germany from Sept. 10-19, 2000. 28 young social and natural scientists (selected from over 350 applicants) representing countries in Africa, Latin America and Asia came together to explore the workshop theme: “Human Dimensions in the Coastal Zones”. The workshop programme was divided into 1-2 day sessions during which representatives from IHDP’s four science projects, UNESCO, the German research community, and from the IGBP Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ), worked with the participants on major research themes in the coastal zones such as: environmental psychology; cities and urbanisation; human security and migration; drivers of land-use and land-cover change; and the institutional aspects of coastal zone management.

10. “Population, Agricultural Land Use and the Environment in Developing Countries,” by Richard Bilsborrow and David Carr (in Tradeoffs or Synergies? Agricultural Intensification, Economic Development and the Environment, ed. Lee and Barrett, CABI Publishing, 2000). Summary:

Uses census, FAO forestry and other data to examine linkages between population growth, rural density, migration and impacts on land extensification, intensification and deforestation. Focus is on Latin America, contrasting Central America and South America.

11. Population, Environmental Change, and Security Working Paper, by Richard Bilsborrow, University of N. Carolina, Chapel Hill (Sponsored by the University of Michigan Population Fellows Program, 2000). Excerpt from online abstract:

This paper reviews literature on the linkages among rural populations, migration, and environmental degradation in developing countries. It examines rural population size, density, recent growth trends, and patterns of migration; theories and approaches to the study of migration; and evidence on the environmental consequences of migration. Environmental degradation as a cause of out-migration is also examined (based on limited evidence) as are the effects of out-migration on rural areas of origin. The paper concludes with research recommendations as well as policy options.

12. “Population, Consumption, and Environment: Lessons Learned and Future Research about Coastal and Marine Ecosystems”, by Agardy, Tundi; Cruz, Chona; Curran, Sara; Dasgupta, Partha; Kumar, Anuradha; Lutz, Wolfgang; Williams, Meryl, and “Markets, Population Dynamics, and Coastal Ecosystems”, by Sara Curran and Maria Cruz. (AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, Vol. 31, Number 4, 2002). Author’s abstract from Curran and Cruz article:

Our synthesis focuses on how markets influence the population and environment relationship within coastal ecosystems by considering the differential valuing of environmental resources and ecosystem services through 3 perspectives: livelihood, globalization, and public goods and externalities. These are not new perspectives when considering how markets shape demographic and environmental outcomes. However, we suggest that the insight offered by viewing coastal

17 and marine health through these combined lenses brings into focus with renewed urgency the perils facing these vital ecosystems.

13. “Modelling Asian Urban Population Environment Dynamics In Five Asian Cities”, by Gayl Ness and P. Kamnuansilpa, (in Five Cities: Modelling Asian Urban Population Environment Dynamics, eds. G. Ness and M. Low, Oxford University Press, 2000). PERN abstract:

The paper was prepared for a workshop on Asian Urban Futures, convened by the Center for Advanced Studies, National University of Singapore, July 21-22, 2000. Nowhere is the new urban-industrial revolution more massive and remarkable today than in Asia. Clearly the way Asia manages its population environment dynamic will have a large impact on the rest of the world. This raises the methodological question of how the population environment dynamics of Asian cities is to be assessed. The aim of this study was to document urban population environment dynamics in five medium sized cities. As in all its studies, an attempt is made to combine local social scientists with urban administrators to help increase capacities for more effective urban planning. The cities included Faisalabad, Pakistan; Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cebu City, The Philippines; Pusan, South Korea; and Kobe, Japan. Thus they range from quite poor to the very wealthy, and are drawn from South, Southeast and East Asia. The study used dynamic modeling as its core research technology. This permitted the authors to examine the period 1970- 2020. Essentially the 25 years of data were used to construct models of specific population- environment relationships, and then to project possible changes in those conditions for the next 25 years. For the five city studies in this study, a simple closed system model of urban population environment dynamics was constructed.

14. “Externalities of Childbearing” by Ron Lee (in Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes, editors, International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, v.3, pp. 1686- 1689, Elsevier Science Ltd., Oxford, U.K., 2001).

Article looks at the non-private benefits and costs (externalities) of having, or not having, children, including impacts on the societies’ ability to provide social services and on the environment.

15. “Population and Resources: An Exploration of Reproductive and Environmental Externalities”, by Partha Dasgupta (Population and Development Review 26: 4, December 2000). From online summary:

This article identifies four types of social externalities associated with fertility behavior. Three are shown to be pronatalist in their effects. These three are exemplified by the way theories of economic growth treat fertility and natural resources, the way population growth and economic stress in poor countries are seen by environmental and resource economists, and the way development economists accommodate environmental stress in their analysis of poverty. It is shown that the fourth type of externality, in which children are regarded as an end in themselves, can even provide an invidious link between fertility decisions and the use of the local natural- resource base among poor rural households in poor countries. The fourth type is used to develop a theory of fertility transitions in the contemporary world; the theory views such transitions as disequilibrium phenomena.

18

From author’s introduction: Population growth elicits widely different responses from various observers. Some believe it to be among the causes of the most urgent problems facing human kind... while others permute the elements of this causal chain, arguing that poverty and illiteracy are the causes rather than consequences of rapid population growth…still others claim that population growth can be expected to provide a spur to economic progress. In this article, I bring together theoretical and empirical findings to argue that such divergence of opinion is unwarranted…differences persist because the interface of population, resources, and welfare at a spatially localized level has been a relatively neglected subject.

16. “On Population and Resources: An exchange between D Gale Johnson and P Dasgupta”, by Johnson and Dasgupta (Population and Development Review 27 no 4 Dec. 2001 pp 739 – 754).

Critique by Johnson of Dasgupta's earlier article in PDR 2000 entitled "Population and Resources: An Exploration of Reproductive and Environmental Externalities". Response, clarification and rebuttal by Dasgupta to particular comments of Johnson.

17. Population, Environment and Development: Culture Matters, by Joel Cohen (Presented 2 April 2001 to the meeting of the United Nations Commission on Population and Development). Excerpt from online speech:

...I suggest that the links among population, development and the environment are difficult to understand in part because a fourth topic is missing from the list, namely, culture. Culture includes technology, institutions, law, politics, and values. Without an understanding of these aspects of culture, we have little chance of understanding how population, development and the environment interact.

18. Population and Climate Change, by O'Neill, Brian C.; MacKellar, F. Landis; Lutz, Wolfgang (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. ISBN 0-521-66242-7, 2001). Abstract from IIASA (International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis):

Population and Climate Change provides the first systematic in-depth treatment of links between two major themes of the 21st century: population growth and associated demographic trends such as aging, and climate change. The book examines the role of demographic factors in greenhouse gas emissions and asks how population affects the ability of societies and institutions to respond to the potential impacts of climate change. Based on this review, it considers whether climate change strengthens the case for population policies. The book contains overview chapters aimed at non-specialists on climate change, population, and population-economy- environment interactions that provide sufficient context for understanding the interdisciplinary analysis in the second half of the book. It is written by a multidisciplinary team of authors from the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis and Brown University, who integrate both natural science and social science perspectives in a way that is understandable to members of both communities. The book will be of primary interest to researchers in the fields of climate change, demography, and economics. It will also be useful to policy-makers and non- governmental organizations dealing with issues of population dynamics and climate change.

19

19. “Environmental influence on reproductive health”, by RVBhatt (International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 2000 Jul;70 (1):69-75). Author’s abstract:

A rise in industrialization and the consequent environmental pollution, an increase in the use of synthetic chemicals and repeated exposure to hazardous compounds at the workplace and at home adversely affects reproductive health. Biohazardous compounds, some of which act as endocrine disrupters, are being increasingly implicated in infertility, menstrual irregularities, spontaneous abortions, birth defects, endometriosis and breast cancer. In some cases, women are at a greater risk than men, especially with the rise in environmental estrogens. Only a fraction of these chemicals have been adequately examined for toxicity and for synergistic effects due to multiple exposures. There is a need for greater awareness and vigilance of the effects of environmental pollution on reproductive health.

20. Population, Health and Environment Workshop (RAND 2001 Proceedings, A workshop on Population, Health, and the Environment sponsored by the National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research (OBSSR), and RAND's Center for the Study of the Family in Economic Development, Santa Monica). Excerpt from RAND:

The workshop examined innovative methods and frameworks for interdisciplinary research at the intersection of these important and emergent areas of research. Senior presenters, discussants, participants and RAND staff used the time to gain knowledge of ongoing interdisciplinary research, to form collaborative networks and to examine the future direction of such research. Workshop participants included graduate students, recent PhDs and practitioners, and developing world researchers. The workshop focused on presentations of three ongoing research projects based in the traditions of demographic research. Investigators laid out the goals, research designs, methods and early results of their work while experts from a number of related disciplines offered commentary designed to push the projects in other substantive and methodological directions. Project sessions were structured around a set of expert lectures on topics such as urban and community planning, remote sensing and environmental health management.

21. “Population, Environment, Disease, and Survival: Past Patterns, Uncertain Futures”, by A. J. McMichael (The Lancet, vol. 359: 1145-48, March 30, 2002. Author’s abstract:

Societies are exploring what sustainable development means for development choices. Increasingly, we recognize that human population health is not just an input to socioeconomic development, but is an essential outcome, and, over time, a marker of sustainability. There has been recent attention to how stocks of social and human capital precondition gains in population health. However, recognition of how environmental change can limit health and survival has been slower. Over many millennia, disease and longevity profiles in population have reflected changes in environmental conditions and, often, excedances of carrying capacity. Today, population growth and the aggregated pressures of consumption and emissions are beginning to impair various global environmental systems. The research tasks in detecting, attributing, and projecting the resultant health effects are complex. Have recent health gains, in part, depended

20 on depleting natural environmental capital? Population health sciences have a crucial contribution to make to the sustainability project.

22. “The Changing Global Context of Public Health”, by A.J. McMichael and R Beaglehold (The Lancet, vol. 356: 495-99, August 5, 2000). Author’s abstract:

Future health prospects depend increasingly on globalization processes and on the impact of global environmental change. Economic globalization – entailing deregulated trade and investment—is a mixed blessing for health. Economic growth and the dissemination of technologies have widely enhanced life expectancy. However, aspects of globalization are jeopardizing health by eroding social and environmental conditions, exacerbating the rich-poor gap, and disseminating consumerism. Global environmental changes reflect the growth of populations and the intensity of economic activity. These changes include altered composition of the atmosphere, land degradation, depletion of terrestrial aquifers and ocean fisheries, and loss of biodiversity. This weakening of life-supporting systems poses health risks. Contemporary public health must therefore encompass the interrelated tasks of reducing social and health inequalities and achieving health-sustaining environments.

23. “Environment and Health: Population, Consumption and Human Health”, J.J. Speidel (Canadian Medical Association Journal 165(5): 551-555, Sept. 5, 2000). Author’s abstract:

There is strong evidence that the growth of the world population poses serious threats to human health, socioeconomic development and the environment. Reforming our economies and industries will be technically difficult, costly and time-consuming. Measures that will help slow population growth are relatively less expensive. Our future well-being depends on increased access to family planning and reproductive health services in developing countries and decreased consumption by people in wealthy countries. We must develop and adopt more efficient technology for industrial production in all countries. Our governments, the private sector and individuals must work together to devise and adopt new patterns of sustainable economics behavior and to support and enable voluntary and responsible family planning. The challenge is to meet the needs of today’s population without compromising the welfare of future generations.

24. The Impact of HIV/Aids on Food Security (Food and Agriculture Organization, Committee on World Food Security, 2001). FAO abstract:

Throughout history, few crises have presented such a threat to human health and to social and economic progress as does the HIV/AIDS epidemic. This is even more troubling given the realization that much of the suffering and destitution caused by the disease could have been prevented. …HIV/AIDS can no longer be considered solely as a health problem; sufficient efforts are needed to address its social, economic and institutional consequences. Increasingly, the HIV/AIDS epidemic is having a major impact on nutrition, food security, agricultural production and rural societies in many countries. All dimensions of food security - availability, stability, access and use of food - are affected where the prevalence of HIV/AIDS is high. This paper presents the major challenges confronting individuals, communities and nations. The estimates of the disease prevalence and patterns of the spread of the infection are examined and

21 common coping mechanisms of households and demise of communities affected by HIV/AIDS are described. The implications of this deterioration for agricultural production and the impact on national economies are highlighted. This analysis is followed by a discussion of actions for and constraints to alleviating the situation. Approaches to addressing this urgent problem are suggested and guidance on the role of FAO is sought.

The Office of Population Research at Princeton University offers a comprehensive list of journals and serial publications containing research of demographic interest. This list represents the sources used to compile the citations appearing in OPR’s Population Index. Extracting from this list, key publications containing research in the field of Population-Environment include (partial list):

Ambio: A Journal of the Human Environment (Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences) American Journal of Human Biology (New York) American Journal of Sociology (Chicago) Applied Demography (Silver Spring, MD) Current Population Reports, Series P-23: Special Studies (US Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C.) Economic Development and Cultural Change (Chicago) Economic Demography (Clark U., Worcester, MA) Environment and Planning (London) Geographical Abstracts: Human Geography (England, New York) Geographical Review: American Geographical Society (New York) Global Change and Human Health (John Hopkins University) Health and Population: Perspectives and Issues (New Delhi, India) International Journal of Population Geography (West Sussex, England) International Migration (Geneva, Switzerland) International Migration Review (Center for Migration Studies, New York) Journal of Development Economics (Netherlands) Journal of Population and Social Studies (Thailand) Journal of Population Studies (Taiwan) People and Place (Centre for Population and Urban Research, Victoria, Australia) Population and Development Review (Population Council, New York) Population and Environment (Human Sciences Press, New York) Population Bulletin (Population Reference Bureau, Washington, D.C.) Population Bulletin of the United Nations (Population Division, New York) Population Geography (Panjab University, Chandigarh, India) Population Research and Policy Review (Netherlands and Hingham, MA) Post-Soviet Geography and Economics (Columbia, MD) Research in Population Economics (London, England) Revue Europeenne des Migrations Internationales (Universite de Poiteirs, Poitiers Cedex, France) Rural Sociology (Urbana, IL) Social Biology (Society for the Study of Social Biology, Port Angeles, WA) Social Science Research (Orlando, FL) Studi Emigrazione/Migration Studies (Rome, Italy)

22 Urban Geography (Columbia, MD) Urban Studies (University of Glasgow, Oxfordshire, England) Yearbook of Population Research in Finland (Helsinki, Finland)

The National Council for Science and the Environment, National Library for the Environment manages the Population & Environment Linkages Service (Population — Environment Linkages), offering an online bibliography of abstracts, links to full text documents (including a search facility linked to Popline), providing access to demographic data, environmental documents and data, policy reports, research articles and other resources. This site is focused on population-environment policy, education and advocacy, rather than academic research. The Population and Environment Research Network (PERN) is an academic, non-profit web-based information source on the latest research in the field of population-environment. PERN maintains an up-to-date searchable database of population-environment related literature worldwide, and hosts cyberspace conferences on leading population-environment research topics (e.g. international migration; pop-env. in the 2002 World Summit for Sustainable Development; the sustainable use of space; pop-env. dynamics and relationships in coastal areas). PERN is sponsored by the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP) and the International Human Dimensions of Global Change Program (IHDP), and is funded by the MacArthur Foundation.

23 24 Annex 1

Table 1: Universities and Centers for Research on Population-Environment Interactions, U.S.-based

UNIVERSITY CENTERS/DEPTS4 plus RESEARCH THEMES RESEARCHERS/ COURSES/ MAJOR FUNDING FACULTY TRAINING/WP SOURCES (where available) (partial) SERIES Brown Population Studies and PSTC, established in 1965, Mark Pitt, Director PSTC provides pre- Training Center (PSTC); promotes research and training of PSTC, Susan doct, doctoral and Providence, Rhode Watson Institute for in population studies, focusing Short, Associate post-doc training in Island International Studies on social, economic and Director population studies; anthropological demography. Scholarships for Funding; Ford, Hewlett, Brian O’Neill, students from Rockefeller, Henry Luce, The Watson Institute supports researcher on pop- developing Andrew Mellon and Compton research on: Population & env. interactions, countries. Foundations, NICHD global climate change; Rural- co-author of Core course urban migration; Kinship “Population should training for degrees networks and reproductive be on Johannes- in Sociological behavior – Nigeria, plus burg Agenda”; Demography, HIV/AIDs (Gordon Smith). Daniel Gordon Economic Smith Demography & Anthropological Demography

4 Academic departments/faculty associated with the respective Centers usually include: sociology, demography, anthropology, geography, and economics, and sometimes include environmental and natural resource sciences, biostatistics, nutrition, epidemiology, Schools of Public Health and Public Policy. See Table 2 for more information on health-related research.

Columbia Center for International Earth Population projections; Human Sally Findley, Training in Science Information Network – impacts on biodiversity; GIS Deborah Balk, geospatial New York City CIESIN/World Data Center for gridding of ecological, Christopher Small, technologies; Human Interactions in the demographic and socioeconomic Chandra Giri, John Spatial metadata Environment/Center for data for the developing world; Mickelson, Mark and clearinghouse Environmental Research and Spatial delineation of human Levy, Alex de training for the Conservation (CERC)/ The settlements and rural and urban Sherbinin, human dimensions Earth Institute (Laboratory of populations; Environment and Francesca Pozzi, of global change Populations) health –climate, indoor air Antoninette research pollution; Environmental Wannebo community; sustainability indexes; Funding: International Food Laboratory of Populations – The Earth Institute Policy Research Institute geophysical factors and human – Joel E. Cohen (IFPRI), Samuel Foundation, population distribution, Earth’s (head, Laboratory CERC, NIH, NASA, NSF, human carrying capacity, of Populations) USDA, Near East Foundation, structure of food webs and Winrock International impacts on stability and resilience of ecological communities.

Research sites: Mali, Kenya, China, Laos/Vietnam border, global mapping and modeling

26 Princeton The Office of Population Internal migration in developing Sara Curran, Courses: Research countries; Migration, social Jeanne Altman, Environment, Princeton, New capital and the environment; Burton Singer, population & health Jersey Funding: NIH, MacArthur Migration and coastal Elizabeth (Singer); Foundation, Russell Sage and ecosystems (see journal Ambio); Armstrong, , Urbanization & Spencer Foundations, Alfred P. Migration and urbanization; Noreen Goldman, Development; OPR Sloan Foundation Primate demography, genetic Joshua Goldstein, Working Papers structure and changing Adriana Lleras- (1997-2002 on- environments (baboons, mice); Muney, Alejandro line); Maintains Population, environment and Portes, Marta Population Index health; Immigration and third Tienda (includes nearly world urbanization; Population 50,000 abstracts of and development. demographic literature – from Research sites: Kenya, coastal leading journals regions worldwide, Thailand, around the world) Guatemala University of Center for Studies in Household work and ecology in Donna Leonetti, Population Leader- Washington Demography and Ecology relation to reproductive health Paul Waddell, Eric ship Program (mid- (CSDE)/National Research (India); Sociological and Smith, Natabar career training for Center for Statistics and the cultural context of disease in Hemam, Mark professionals from Environment populations; Population and Handcock, developing environment in Puget Sound Jonathon Mayer, countries); CSDE Funding: NIH, NSF, NICHD, (PRISM); Changing patterns of Bettina Shell- WP Series (on-line) Packard, Hewlett and Gates natural resource use (India); Duncan, Jutta Foundations Public policy and demographic Joesch, Shelly behavior; Role of migration and Lundberg, Kim- urbanization in economic Wing Chan, development; Charles Hirschman, Research sites: India, East William Lavely Asia, East Africa, Washington State,

27 Indiana University Center for the Study of Human dimensions of global Elinor Ostrom, Summer Institute Institutions, Population and environmental change (focus on Emilio Moran (Co- (CIPEC); Bloomington, IN Environmental Change land use changes); Population- directors), Population Seminar (CIPEC); Anthropological related drives of deforestation; Eduardo Series (PIRT); Center for Training and Application of satellite remote Brondizio, David Graduate Minor in Research on Global sensing to understand local level Dodds, Rick Wilk, the Human Environmental Change (ACT); use and management of natural Dennis Conway, Dimensions of Population Institute for resources; Demographic Tom Evans, Daniel Global Change; Research and Training (PIRT) structure of households and Knudsen, John Minor Field in differential land use over time Odland, Jon Population Studies; Funding: NSF, Indiana (Amazonia – ACT); Population Unruh, John Courses: Human University, NASA, NOAA, growth and forest cover change Williams, Dimensions of Tinker Foundation, NICHD in the Rio Platano Biosphere Christopher Craft, Global Change: Reserve, Honduras. Vicky Meretsky, Research & Catherine Tucker, Methods, The Research sites: Indiana, Leah VanWey, Human Footprint: Brazilian amazonia, Brazilian Study of Land Use atlantic forests, Tropical dry and Cover Change, forests in Mexico, Honduras and Population Guatemala, Tropical moist Geography, forests in Bolivia and Ecuador, Environment and Cross-Hemispheric (sites in People (School of Asia and Africa tbd) Public and Env. Affairs)

28 University of Center for Latin American Population & the environment Charles Wood, Charles Wood, Florida Studies (Amazon); Gender, community Director, Center sociologist, teaches participation, and natural for LAS , graduate seminars Gainesville, FL Tropical Conservation and resource management Marianne Schmink on population and Development Program (Amazon). (LAS – TCDP) the environment, and population and Funding: NSF, NASA, Inter- Research sites: Brazilian society. American Institute for Global Amazon Change, Ford and MacArthur TCDP – certificate Foundations and concentration program for Master’s or Ph.D. programs at UF.

Florida State Center for the Study of Internal and international M. Heron, C. University Population (CSP) – migration. Schmertmann, W. interdisciplinary unit of the Serow, D. Sly Tallahassee, FL College of Social Sciences Research sites: Brazil, (CSP - migration) Indonesia Funding: NICHD, Guggenheim Foundation,

29 Harvard University Harvard Center for Population Center promotes cross- Michael Reich, 50 courses and Development Studies disciplinary research on Director of the addressing (see also Table 2) population, health and Center, J. Holdren, population issues; development, focusing on global (environmental strong population, poor. Population dynamics and policy) J. health and env. environmental change; Impacts McCarthy, focus in School of of human activity over time on (ecology) H. Hu Public Health; terrestrial and marine (School of Public courses include ecosystems, and effects on Health), P.Epstein Population and the human heath; HIV-AIDs, Global (Medical School) , Human Condition, burden of disease, Gender and R. Levins (School Global Change and population policies. of Public Health), Human Health, Human Ecology

30 University of North Carolina Population Center Population effects on the Barbara Kentwisle, Encourages and Carolina environment; Land use and Richard Bils- coordinates Funding: NIH, NSF, U.S. population dynamics in borrow, Pearce, population-related Public Health Service, NASA, Southeast Asia; Demographic Amy Ong Tsui research, training Chapel Hill, NC USAID, NICHD, Fogarty influences of pastoral land use and service with 55 Center, Compton, Hewlett & in Tanzania; Environmental associated faculty; Mellon Foundations impact of colonist and Fellows from 15 indigenous land use in university departs; Amazonian Ecuador; Population CPC hosts post-doc dynamics and the environment trainees. in Nepal; Social networks and migration; Demographic responses to rapid social change in Thailand and China; International migration, population and the environment. Research sites: Yucatan, Mexico and Ecuadorian Amazon (Bilsborrow), Thailand and China (Kentwisle), Nepal (Pearce) University of Center for Demography and Management and analysis of Elizabeth Thomp- Weekly training Wisconsin Ecology (CDE) large, complex demographic son, Director; seminars; Working data files; Main areas of Paper Series research related to gender, race, Funding: NICHD, Institute of age structure and health; not Aging, University of much at all on “ecology” despite Wisconsin, The Wellcome the name. Trust, Hewlett Foundation

31 East West Center Education and research org. set Population, health & the Jefferson Fox, Associated with up by U.S. Congress in 1960 to environment – how population Coordinator, Env. degree programs at Honolulu, Hawaii study and enhance U.S. –Asia/ dynamics influence env. change Studies; Nancy the University of Pacific relations and how environmental changes Davis Lewis, Hawaii – special (see also Table 2) affect health and well-being in Director, Research fellowships to Asia-Pacific. Program on Program; Robert combine training at Environmental Change, Retherford, East West Center; Vulnerability and Governance, Coordinator, Interdisciplinary with research on: Land use and Population & certificate program land cover patterns, Air quality, Health Studies; in Population Climate variability & change, Eileen Shea – Studies. Community-led resource Coordinator, management. Climate Change

32 University of Demography Dept., Center for Interactions of population HED Coordinator - Undergraduate California Sustainable Resource growth with economic develop- Kirk Smith, CSRD upper division and Development (CSRD) – ment/agricultural intensification, Coordinator – graduate seminars Berkeley, CA College of Natural Resources; and environmental quality; Robin Marsh, , in Population, Health, Environment and International family planning, Population & Poverty and (see also Table 2) Development Program (HED) fertility rates and environmental economics – Ron Environment; at School of Public Health outcomes; Global burden of ill- Lee, International Interdisciplinary health – focus on developing family planning – MSc in Health, countries; Longitudinal study of Malcolm Potts & environment and Funding: Hewlett and Packard rural poverty and indoor air Martha Campbell, development; Foundations, NIH, NICHD pollution; Traditional social Population, env. & Beahrs safety nets/insurance and health poverty – Alain de Environmental outcomes; Effects of property Janvry, David Leadership rights and institutional Zilberman, Program – for mid- innovations on management of Poverty, social career professionals common resources; Population, insurance and from developing risk management and health outcomes - countries (module environmental quality. Paul Gertler on Pop., poverty & environment) Research sites: Guatemala, Mexico, Burkina Faso, India, China, global

33 University of The Population-Environment PEFP – see Table 2. PEAK Director (PEFP) – Post-degree Michigan Fellows Programs (PEFP - Initiative – to build leadership Frank Zinn, fellowship and School of Public Health), capacities of professionals from Deputy Director, expert exchange Ann Arbor, MI Professional Exchange for developing countries in pop-env, Jane MacKie. programs to build Applied Knowledge (PEAK), family planning and Gayl Ness individual and (see also Table 2) Population, Environmental reproductive health – focus on (emeritus) – organizational Change and Security Initiative Mexico, Central America, sub- leading thinker and capacities and (in collaboration with Saharan Africa. UMPEDP author on pop.- foster emerging Woodrow Wilson International collaborative research project on env.-economic fields. Key Center for Scholars), Modeling Asian Urban development capacity-building UM-Population-Environment Population Environment interactions. areas: urban env. Dynamics Project (UMPEDP), Dynamics (1970-2020) - management, Population and Environment in Pakistan, Thailand, Philippines, migration into the U.S. Great Plains South Korea and Japan. protected areas, Great Plains research, with partnerships among Funding: USAID, Compton Colorado State Univ, sponsors environmental and Foundation, Hewlett interdisciplinary workshops, reproductive health Foundation reports and briefings to study NGOs. the long-term history of relationships between the human population and the environment in 450 counties in 12 Great Plains States.

34 John Hopkins John Hopkins School of Public Two current projects: Jane Bertrand, Publication of University Health, Center for 1) Coral reef rehabilitation in Director CCP, Jose quarterly Communications Programs/ Indonesia; 2) Educational and Rimon, Director Population Reports, Washington, D.C. Population Information communications programs for PCP/PIP with pop.-env. Program (PIP)/Population children in Ecuador with themes, plus CD- (see also Table 2) Environment Resources Arcandina (focus on Galapagos ROM. Islands). Research topics for reports – urbanization, water Funding: USAID scarcity, food security, environment – and why family planning matters.

RAND Pubic policy and applied Report on the environmental Lori Hunter RAND Fellows in research think tank. Population implications of population (Population Population Studies Santa Monica, CA Research Center; Population dynamics – focuses on climate Matters); (post-doc) and Regional Studies; change and land use changes associated (see also Table 2) Population Matters (a division (Lori Hunter, MR-1199 - 2001); researchers are of Rand’s Labor and Policy brief - Population and primarily Population Program); Center environment: a complex economists for Research on Immigration relationship (RB-5045). Policy

Funding for “Population Matters”: Hewlett, Rockefeller, Packard Foundations

35 Population- PERN – An academic, non- Maintains up-to-date database of Network Cyberspace Environment pop.-env. literature worldwide; coordinator: conferences and profit web-based Research Network hosts cyberspace conferences on Annababette Wills; seminars. On-line (PERN) information source on latest current pop.-env. research topics founder of PERN – database. research in Population- (e.g. international migration; Wolfgang Lutz Environment. Sponsored by pop-env. in the 2002 World the International Union for Summit for Sustainable the Scientific Study of Development; the sustainable Population (IUSSP) and the use of space; pop-env. International Human dynamics and relationships in Dimensions of Global coastal areas). Change Program (IHDP). Funding: MacArthur Found.

36 Center for CEP is a (non-profit CEP aims to strengthen the Director of CEP – Project to promote Environment and organization & project of the scientific basis of US and Vicky D. advanced degrees Population (CEP) Tides Center) international policies, media, Markham; works in Population- and public outreach on human in collaboration Environment as an Portsmouth, NH Funding: Hewlett, Compton, population's environmental with universities, integrated topic MacArther, and Summit impacts to achieve a long-term United Nations, (e.g. to establish Foundation. Goldman Fund sustainable balance between conservation and graduate-level population and the natural population non- scholarships, environment. Topics: profit orgs. teaching fellow- Population and... Biodiversity, sponsors inter- ships, professor- Plant and Animal Species disciplinary ships, and Masters Habitat, Terrestrial and Marine “expert” work- and Ph.D. programs Ecosystems, Forests, Fisheries, shops, reports, and specifically on Water, Oceans, Climatic Change briefings. "Population- and Energy, Land Use, Environment". Agriculture and Food, Urbanization and Sprawl; plus state by state assessment of population’s impact on the environment, starting with New Hampshire in 2002. Population Resource Population Resource Center - Brings latest research findings Kevin Moriarty, Maintains data on Center non-profit organization on population change to the Director, country profiles, attention of policymakers. Washington Office demographic Washington, DC and Funding: No government Immigration; Population and trends; sponsors Princeton, NJ - support; foundations, corporate water; AIDs in Africa; policy briefings and support and individuals. Population dynamics and global small group climate change; Population, discussions infectious diseases and the environment.

37 Population Action PAI is a non profit independent Sponsors publications on the Amy Coen, International policy group serving as a linkages between population, President bridge between academia and reproductive health, the Constance Spahn, Washington, D.C. policymakers. Mission is to environment and development. Chair ensure universal access to Research focus: impact of Robert Engelman family planning and related population growth on resource (author of “People reproductive health services. scarcity and the environment. in the Balance: Key area of policy-oriented Fact sheets on why population Population and research: Population & growth matters for …fresh water Natural Resources Environment. resources, forests, biodiversity, at the Turn of the and natural resources generally. Millennium”), Funding: Long list of Fact sheet: Community-based Jesse Buff (Policy foundations providing support, Population & Environment analyst: Pop & as well as individuals Programs (on integrating Env.) population and conservation goals). Population Population Reference Population, health and env; Robert Livernash, Population Today Reference Bureau Bureau/Population, Health and Population and environment Eric Rodenburg, (newsletter), Environment Program policies (Philippines); Pop. Jonathan Nash & Population Bulletin Washington, DC dynamics and water scarcity Roger-Mark De (quarterly report), PRB is a non-profit (focus on Middle East and N. Souza (Making the Working Papers, organization providing Africa); Gender dimensions of Link: Population, articles, datasheets, information on national and environmental policies & Health, Environment, reports. global population trends and programs; HIV-AIDS; 2002) their implications. Population and deforestation, natural resources; Migration. Funding: Government contracts, Gates Foundation, Research areas: Middle East, other foundations, North Africa, Philippines, US, memberships, sale of global publications

38 Table 2: Universities/Centers for Research on Health – Environment - Population Interactions UNIVERSITY - CENTERS/Courses RESEARCH THEMES Department Harvard University Center for Health and the Global This center supports interdisciplinary research to understand Medical School Environment (founded 1996) the human health consequences of global environmental change. An online publication,The Quarterly Review, http://www.med.harvard.edu/chge/ summarizes the latest findings in the field of human health and global environment change. Research themes: • Is global warming harmful to health? • Environment, biodiversity and health: Species loss and ecosystem disruption – the implications for human health. • Climate change and U.S. agriculture: The impacts of warming and extreme weather events on productivity, plant diseases, and pests. Course: Human Health and Global Multi-disciplinary course designed to meet the demand for a Environment Change more comprehensive understanding of the relationship http://www.med.harvard.edu/chge/cou between human health and the global environment. rse/index.htm Harvard University, Center for Population and This center promotes cross-disciplinary research on critical School of Public Health Development Studies (founded 1964) issues of population, health and development that will advance the well being of the global poor. Focus on: www.hsph.harvard.edu/hcpds/ • Gender and population policies. • Access to medicine. • AIDs. • Schistosommiasis. • Burden of disease.

39 UNIVERSITY - CENTERS/Courses RESEARCH THEMES Department John Hopkins University, Program on Health Effects of Global This program is dedicated to the scientific discovery and School of Public Health Environmental Change application of new knowledge pertaining to the human health Baltimore, Maryland risks posed by global-wide environmental degradation and http://www.jhsph.edu/globalchange/ climatic change. Topics of research include: • Deforestation and health. • Air pollution and health. • Mortality due to heat waves. • Flooding and water-borne diseases. • Vector-born disease. • Human population displacement. Course: The Global Environment and This course explores the impact of development and Public Health industrialization on the global environment, such as http://www.jhsph.edu/globalchange/co stratospheric ozone depletion, global climate change, urse.html desertification, deforestation, collapse of marine fisheries, declining agricultural production, and biodiversity loss. Journal Global Change and Human Johnathan Patz from the School of Hygiene and Public Health Health is one of the editors in Chief of this free online http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/13 journal that began in 2000. Articles in this journal include 89-5702 many population, health and environment topics.

40 UNIVERSITY - CENTERS/Courses RESEARCH THEMES Department University of Michigan, The Population Fellows Program The program is designed to further the professional School of Public Health development of those building careers in international family Ann Arbor, Michigan www.sph.umich.edu/pfps/ planning and reproductive health and population-env., and stimulate essential dialogue on the relationship among population dynamics, environmental degradation, and international security. • The Population-Environment Fellows Program offers two-year fellowships to graduates with advanced degrees in population and environment related areas. Fellow work on projects that combine assistance for threatened environments with attention to the population dynamics and reproductive health needs of the communities living within them. • The Population, Environmental Change, and Security Initiative, a collaboration with the Environmental Change and Security Project of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington D.C., brings together specialists from the highest levels of government, academia, and NGO communities to discuss the implications of environmental, demographic, and health issues for global security. Its products include a scholarly annual report, a working paper series, and international symposia. University of California International Health Specialty Field This field allows public health students from any of their at Berkeley, concentrations to examine international health issues, and School of Public Health, http://sph.berkeley.edu:7047/ encourages students to take courses outside of their main discipline. Important research themes: • Population, energy consumption, and human health. • Demographic change, access to fertility regulation methods and impacts on non-renewable natural resources and poverty.

41 UNIVERSITY - CENTERS/Courses RESEARCH THEMES Department Graduate Seminar: Population, This is an interdisciplinary course taught by professors from Poverty and Environment Demography, Ecology, Public Health, and Agriculture and Resource Economics, examining the linkages between http://are.berkeley.edu/~barham/ARE2 population, environment, poverty and health through the lens 98/ of different disciplinary perspectives and methods, and leading “schools of thought” on the topic. Emory University, Graduate Program in Global Graduates in this program are trained in broad contextual Rollins School of Public Environmental Health issues, including: Health http://www.sph.emory.edu/GLOBAL • Population, demographics, environment and health Atlanta Georgia interactions. • Principles in ecology and environmental processes. • Natural resource use and health impacts - water management, energy use, resource conservation, and mineral resource use; understanding how these use patterns impact health, especially by changing exposures to vector borne disease and chemicals. • Understanding how community and household dynamics affect human health and the environment.

RAND Workshop: Population, Health and This workshop examined innovative methods and Santa Monica, CA Environment Workshop Jan. 2001 frameworks for interdisciplinary research in Population, Health, and Environment. Presenters, discussants and http://www.rand.org/labor/phew graduate bio/thesis topics are on the website.

42 UNIVERSITY - CENTERS/Courses RESEARCH THEMES Department East-West Center Population and Health Area Population and Health conducts basic and applied research, Honolulu, Hawaii www.ewc.hawaii.edu offers professional education and training, and facilitates the exchange of information. Studies on: • How much of environmental stress is due to population pressure versus economic development? Is restraint of population growth a key factor in solving environmental problems? • What are the effects of environmental pollution on health, and what should be done to mitigate these effects? • How population dynamics influence environmental change and how environmental changes affect health and well-being. SEDAC: Socioeconomic http://sedac.ciesin.org/ SEDAC is one of the Distributed Active Archive Centers in Data and Applications the Earth Observing System Data and Information Systems Center of the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Center for International SEDAC focuses on human interactions with the Earth Sciences Network, environment. Their guide, Human Health and Global Columbia University / Environmental Change, is designed to help one find selected Lamont Doherty Earth key documents and data sets vital to understanding of the Observatory relationship between human health and global environmental change.

43 UNIVERSITY - CENTERS/Courses RESEARCH THEMES Department The Global www.gechs.org This is a core project of the International Dimensions Environmental Change Programme on Global Environmental Change (founded in and Human Security 1990 by the International Social Science Council; the Project (GECHS) secretariat is located in Bonn Germany). The key research Headquarters is in the themes include: Department of Geography • Population, Environment, and Human Security and Environmental • Conceptual and Theoretical Issues in Environment and Studies, Human Security Carlton University, • Environmental Change, Resource Use, and Human Ottawa, Canada Security • Modeling Regions of Environmental Stress and Human Vulnerability London School of Center for Global Change and Health This center is a cross-departmental initiative that brings Hygiene and Tropical together staff and students from a wide range of disciplines Medicine. http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/centres/cgch to contribute to the School’s rapidly growing body of research on globalization, environmental change, and health. Research focuses on the interactions between - changing demographic patterns and trends, emerging global economic trends, increasing trade and investment activities, large-scale environmental change, and globalising networks of communication and transport technologies. Center for Population Studies, Dept. Among other areas, the center is strongly involved in of Epidemiology and Population research on the demographic impact of the AIDS epidemic in www.lshtm.ac.uk/eph/cps/ Africa.

Australia National The National Center of Epidemiology This center has a number of research groups including one University, and Population Health on environmental health. Although past research has looked Canberra, Australia at how climatic variations influence the occurrence of several http://nceph.anu.edu.au/NCEPHindex. infectious diseases, more recent research focuses on the htm population health impacts of climate change. Dr. A.J McMichael is a major researcher and author in this area.

44 UNIVERSITY - CENTERS/Courses RESEARCH THEMES Department The United Nations UNAIDS and supporting UN UNAIDS started in 1996 and is a joint program between agencies. UNICEF, The World Bank, UNFPA, UNDCP, UNDP, ILO, UNESCO, and WHO. The major research themes related to www.unaids.org HIV and AIDS, include: • Socio-economic impact of aids • Impact of AIDs on agriculture and food security • The implications of HIV/AIDs for rural development policies and programs.

The United Nations Food and HIV/AIDS related activities conducted by FAO focus on two Agriculture Organization (FAO) aspects of the pandemic: Population Program • The impact of HIV/AIDS on food security and agricultural development, and www.fao.org • The response of rural populations and institutions at local, national and international levels to the challenges of the HIV/AIDs pandemic.

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