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Nieuw Licht Op Liquidaties. Knokploegen in Rotterdam 1944-1945

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Nieuw Licht Op Liquidaties. Knokploegen in Rotterdam 1944-1945 Nieuw licht op liquidaties. Knokploegen in Rotterdam 1944-1945 001-006 Nieuw licht op liquidaties.indd 1 17-03-2015 10:13:30 001-006 Nieuw licht op liquidaties.indd 2 17-03-2015 10:13:30 Nieuw licht op liquidaties. Knokploegen in Rotterdam 1944-1945 New insight into liquidations. Fighting units in Rotterdam 1944-1945 Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam op gezag van de rector magnificus Prof.dr. H.A.P. Pols en volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties. De openbare verdediging zal plaatsvinden op vrijdag 1 mei 2015 om 11.30 uur door Albert Willem Oosthoek geboren te Rotterdam 001-006 Nieuw licht op liquidaties.indd 3 17-03-2015 10:13:31 Promotiecommissie Promotoren: Prof.dr. P.T. van de Laar Prof.dr. L.C. Winkel Overige leden: Prof.dr. H.A.M. Klemann Prof.dr. C.R. Ribbens Prof.dr. P. Romijn 001-006 Nieuw licht op liquidaties.indd 4 17-03-2015 10:13:31 Albert Oosthoek Nieuw licht op liquidaties Knokploegen in Rotterdam 1944-1945 Uitgeverij Aspekt 001-006 Nieuw licht op liquidaties.indd 5 17-03-2015 10:13:31 De uitgave van dit boek werd financieel ondersteund door de J.E. Jurriaanse Stichting, de G.Ph. Verhagen-Stichting en de Stichting Organisatie van Effectenhandelaren te Rotterdam. Foto omslag voorzijde: J.C. Tetenburg, commandeur van de Ordepolitie, werd op 31 maart 1945 op de Hoflaan door leden van de LKP-Rotterdam geliquideerd. De opdracht ervoor was op 24 maart gegeven met als reden: verraad en diensten aan de vijand. Foto omslag achterzijde: Twintig doodgeschoten mannen tegen de helling van de Oostzeedijk bij de Hoflaan, gefusilleerd op 3 april 1945 ter vergelding van de liquidatie door de LKP-Rotterdam van de commandeur van de Ordepolitie J.C. Tetenburg. Straatnamen e.d. zijn in de toenmalige spelling in dit boek opgenomen. Nieuw licht op liquidaties © Albert Oosthoek © 2015 Uitgeverij ASPEKT Amersfoortsestraat 27, 3769 AD Soesterberg, Nederland [email protected] – http://www.uitgeverijaspekt.nl Omslagontwerp: Mark Heuveling Binnenwerk: Paul Timmerman, Amersfoort ISBN: 978-94-6153-301-2 NUR: 680 Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets van deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand of openbaar gemaakt, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch, door fotokopieën, opnamen of enig andere manier, zonder voorafgaande toestemming van de uitgever. Voor zover het maken van kopieën uit deze uitgave is toegestaan op grond van artikel 16B Auteurswet 1912 jº het Besluit van 20 juni 1974, St.b. 351, zoals gewijzigd bij het Besluit van 23 augustus 1985, St.b. 471 en artikel 17 Auteurswet 1912 dient men de daarvoor wettelijk verschuldigde vergoedingen te voldoen aan de Stichting Reprorecht (postbus 882, 1180 AW, Amstelveen). Voor het overnemen van gedeelte(n) van deze uitgave in bloemlezingen, readers, en andere compilatiewerken (artikel 16 Auteurswet 1912), dient men zich tot de uitgever te wenden. 001-006 Nieuw licht op liquidaties.indd 6 17-03-2015 10:13:31 Inhoud Woord vooraf 11 1 Inleiding 17 1.1 Vraagstelling 21 1.2 Verantwoording bronnen en methode 23 2 Historisch debat over goed en fout 31 2.1 Historiografie van het verzet 31 2.2 Historiografie van Rotterdam in de Tweede Wereldoorlog 38 2.3 Nivellering van ‘goed’ en ‘fout’ in de oorlogsgeschiedschrijving 43 2.4 Liquidaties en het denken erover 48 2.5 Het zwijgen doorbroken 55 2.6 Geruchtmakende affaires 61 2.7 Gedenktekens 63 3 Het verzet en het onderdrukkingsapparaat 65 Deel I De Knokploeg Rotterdam-Zuid 1944-1945 75 4 Van hulp aan onderduikers naar gewapend verzet 77 4.1 Landelijke Organisatie voor hulp aan onderduikers 77 4.2 Landelijke Knokploegen 79 4.3 De Knokploeg Rotterdam-Zuid 81 4.4 Eerste activiteiten 83 4.5 Opname in het Landelijk Knokploegenverband 85 4.6 De overval op het Haagsche Veer 87 4.7 De overval op het distributiekantoor in IJsselmonde 89 4.8 Liquidaties 91 7 007-008 Nieuw licht op liquidaties.indd 7 17-03-2015 10:23:40 Nieuw licht op liquidaties. knokploegen in rotterdam 1944-1945 5 De Haagse knokploeg 95 5.1 Ontstaan en samenstelling 95 5.2 Vertrek naar Rotterdam en activiteiten 97 5.3 De liquidatie van Maarten Frikkee 98 5.4 De aanhouding van Chris Cattel 101 5.5 Arrestaties en vertrek uit Rotterdam 104 6 De Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten en de nieuwe taak van de LKP 107 6.1 Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten 107 6.2 De vorming van de BS in Rotterdam 108 6.3 De nieuwe taak van de Landelijke Knokploegen 109 6.4 De havensabotageploeg 112 6.5 De Westerdam 116 7 Verraad 123 7.1 Kees Bitter 123 7.2 De illegaliteit geconfronteerd met verraad 125 7.3 Bitter ‘gearresteerd’ 128 7.4 Het verhoor 130 7.5 De ontknoping 133 7.6 Een reconstructie 135 8 De Knokploeg Rotterdam-Zuid in 1945 141 8.1 Interne problemen 141 8.2 De verdediging en bevrijding van Rotterdam-Zuid 145 9 Samenvatting 151 Deel II Liquidaties in Rotterdam 155 10 Het verzet en de dood 157 10.1 Inleiding 157 10.2 Verzet tegen terreur 160 10.3 Hongerwinter en ordehandhaving 162 10.4 Represailles 164 10.5 Problemen en dilemma’s 169 10.6 Het veemgericht 174 10.7 Liquidaties van NSB-burgemeesters 180 10.8 De techniek van het doden 186 8 007-008 Nieuw licht op liquidaties.indd 8 17-03-2015 10:23:40 Inhoud 11 Liquidaties in Rotterdam 1944-1945 189 11.1 Inleiding 189 11.2 Besluitvorming en procedure 190 11.3 Aanslagen door de LKP-Rotterdam 200 11.4 Verhoren door de Inlichtingendienst 204 11.5 Excessen 211 11.6 Onschuldige slachtoffers 217 11.7 Fusillades 221 11.8 Den Haag, Amsterdam en Rotterdam 229 11.9 Afrekeningen na de bevrijding 238 12 Conclusie 249 Noten 267 Bijlagen 1 Knokploeg Rotterdam-Zuid 351 2 Knokploeg-Zinkweg 354 3a Locaties liquidaties (of vindplaats) 355 3b Liquidaties door en in opdracht van de LKP-Rotterdam 358 3c Overige liquidaties 377 Bronnen 385 Summary 411 Samenvatting 419 Curriculum Vitae 427 Afkortingen 429 Illustratieverantwoording 433 Persoonsnamenregister 435 9 007-008 Nieuw licht op liquidaties.indd 9 17-03-2015 10:23:40 Nieuw licht op liquidaties. knokploegen in rotterdam 1944-1945 10 007-008 Nieuw licht op liquidaties.indd 10 17-03-2015 10:23:40 Woord vooraf Mijn interesse om me in de geschiedenis van de Tweede Wereldoorlog te verdiepen deed ik op als leerling van een lagere school in Rotterdam. Daar werd door de in Zuidwijk bekende onderwijzeres Joukje Grandia les gegeven over de oorlog. Zij was een docent van wie ouders en leerlingen wisten dat ze als koerierster had deelgeno- men aan het verzet. Zij vertelde haar leerlingen onder andere over haar arrestatie in Amsterdam en haar verblijf in vrouwenkamp Ravensbrück. Zij toonde ons zelfs het pistool, dat zij uit die tijd had bewaard. Na afloop van de les ging zij daarmee ‘naar de schietvereniging’.1 Mijn studie geschiedenis aan de Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam eind jaren tachtig verschafte mij de vaardigheden om zelf antwoorden te vinden op geschied- kundige vragen. Dit door gebruik te maken van openbare bronnen, literatuur- en archiefonderzoek, maar ook door toepassing van oral history: het beluisteren van mondelinge getuigenissen van mensen die iets zelf hadden meegemaakt. Thuis lezen, op studiezalen archieven raadplegen en bij mensen aan huis naar hun verhalen luiste- ren, het was en is een aantrekkelijke combinatie van onderzoeksactiviteiten voor de contemporain historicus. Voor mijn onderzoekingen naar het verzet heb ik tussen 1989 en 1995 zesenveer- tig personen geïnterviewd, die allen in goed vertrouwen hun informatie hebben gege- ven.2 Met enkele van hen heb ik jarenlang een mij dierbaar geworden contact gehad. De meeste geïnterviewden zijn inmiddels overleden. Bijzonder waren voor mij de vervolggesprekken die ik kort voor het afsluiten van mijn promotieonderzoek heb ge- had met de twee verzetsdeelnemers Meeuwis Hendrik Weeda en Maarten Castelein, respectievelijk van de knokploegen Zinkweg en Rotterdam-Zuid. Van Weeda ont- ving ik na het gesprek met hem een zeildoeken tas met daarin een onklaar gemaakte pistoolmitrailleur. Deze stengun, afkomstig van een geallieerde wapendropping die in oktober 1944 in de Hoeksche Waard plaatsvond, is als één van de weinige tastbare objecten die nog herinneren aan het verzet op dit eiland in eigendom overgedragen aan Museum Hoeksche Waard te Heinenoord.3 Via mijn gesprekken met de oud- verzetsmensen is hun geschiedenis, zoals zij zich die herinnerden, opgetekend in dit proefschrift. Hun namen zijn in de bronnenlijst opgenomen. Mijn belangstelling voor de Tweede Wereldoorlog richt zich speciaal op de vraag hoe mensen die in moeilijke omstandigheden met een moeilijke keuze werden 11 007-008 Nieuw licht op liquidaties.indd 11 17-03-2015 10:23:40 Nieuw licht op liquidaties. knokploegen in rotterdam 1944-1945 geconfronteerd daarmee zijn omgegaan. Kozen zij bewust voor of tegen de bezetter of accepteerden zij de bezetting noodgedwongen en probeerden er voor zichzelf, hun gezin en hun familie maar het beste van te maken? Bij mijn onderzoeken ben ik gedreven door nieuwsgierigheid naar de dynamiek van het lokale verzet. Het was niet mijn intentie om over mensen een scherp moreel oordeel te vellen, maar om recht te doen aan het verleden van met name hen die slachtoffer geworden zijn van acties van het gewapend verzet. In 1989 signaleerde ik bij het onderzoek voor mijn doctoraalscriptie over de Knokploeg Rotterdam-Zuid reeds misstanden binnen het verzet. Vooral het taboe op naspeuringen naar liquidaties tijdens de oorlog en naar moorden van datzelfde verzet kort erna, waaronder die op Kitty van der Have, trof mij. Mijn onderzoek naar het verzet in Rotterdam is onbedoeld een speurtocht ge- worden naar goed en fout onder leden van het verzet en hen die zich daar voor uitgaven.
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