Guiyu Oneiros Autor Tekstu: PZ Myers
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Constraints on the Timescale of Animal Evolutionary History
Palaeontologia Electronica palaeo-electronica.org Constraints on the timescale of animal evolutionary history Michael J. Benton, Philip C.J. Donoghue, Robert J. Asher, Matt Friedman, Thomas J. Near, and Jakob Vinther ABSTRACT Dating the tree of life is a core endeavor in evolutionary biology. Rates of evolution are fundamental to nearly every evolutionary model and process. Rates need dates. There is much debate on the most appropriate and reasonable ways in which to date the tree of life, and recent work has highlighted some confusions and complexities that can be avoided. Whether phylogenetic trees are dated after they have been estab- lished, or as part of the process of tree finding, practitioners need to know which cali- brations to use. We emphasize the importance of identifying crown (not stem) fossils, levels of confidence in their attribution to the crown, current chronostratigraphic preci- sion, the primacy of the host geological formation and asymmetric confidence intervals. Here we present calibrations for 88 key nodes across the phylogeny of animals, rang- ing from the root of Metazoa to the last common ancestor of Homo sapiens. Close attention to detail is constantly required: for example, the classic bird-mammal date (base of crown Amniota) has often been given as 310-315 Ma; the 2014 international time scale indicates a minimum age of 318 Ma. Michael J. Benton. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, U.K. [email protected] Philip C.J. Donoghue. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, U.K. [email protected] Robert J. -
Taxonomy and Classification Goals: Un Ders Tan D Traditi Onal and Hi Erarchi Cal Cl Assifi Cati Ons of Biodiversity, and What Information Classifications May Contain
Taxonomy and classification Goals: Un ders tan d tra ditional and hi erarchi cal cl assifi cati ons of biodiversity, and what information classifications may contain. Readings: 1. Chapter 1. Figure 1-1 from Pough et al. Taxonomy and classification (cont ’d) Some new words This is a cladogram. Each branching that are very poiiint is a nod dEhbhe. Each branch, starti ng important: at the node, is a clade. 9 Cladogram 9 Clade 9 Synapomorphy (Shared, derived character) 9 Monophyly; monophyletic 9 PhlParaphyly; parap hlihyletic 9 Polyphyly; polyphyletic Definitions of cladogram on the Web: A dichotomous phylogenetic tree that branches repeatedly, suggesting the classification of molecules or org anisms based on the time sequence in which evolutionary branches arise. xray.bmc.uu.se/~kenth/bioinfo/glossary.html A tree that depicts inferred historical branching relationships among entities. Unless otherwise stated, the depicted branch lengt hs in a cl ad ogram are arbi trary; onl y th e b ranchi ng ord er is significant. See phylogram. www.bcu.ubc.ca/~otto/EvolDisc/Glossary.html TAKE-HOME MESSAGE: Cladograms tell us about the his tory of the re lati onshi ps of organi sms. K ey word : Hi st ory. Historically, classification of organisms was mainlyypg a bookkeeping task. For this monumental job, Carrolus Linnaeus invented the s ystem of binomial nomenclature that we are all familiar with. (Did you know that his name was Carol Linne? He liidhilatinized his own name th e way h e named speci i!)es!) Merely giving species names and arranging them according to similar groups was acceptable while we thought species were static entities . -
New Osteichthyans (Bony Fishes) from the Devonian of Central Australia
Mitt. Mus. Nat.kd. Berl., Geowiss. Reihe 8 (2005), 13–35 / DOI 10.1002/mmng.200410002 New osteichthyans (bony fishes) from the Devonian of Central Australia Gavin C. Young*,1 & Hans-Peter Schultze2 1 Department of Earth & Marine Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia 2 Museum fu¨ r Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universita¨t zu Berlin, Invalidenstr. 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany Private: 2001 Vermont St., Lawrence, Kansas 66046, USA Received 30 October 2004, accepted 3 May 2005 Published online 02. 11. 2005 With 10 figures and 2 tables Key words: Osteichthyans, dipnoans, osteolepidids, onychodontids, Devonian, central Australia. Abstract Osteichthyan remains described from two localities in Central Australia (Mount Winter, Amadeus Basin, and southern Toom- ba Range, Georgina Basin) include the dipnoan Amadeodipterus kencampbelli n. gen., n. sp., the osteolepidid Muranjilepis winterensis n. gen., n. sp., and the onychodontid Luckeus abudda n. gen., n. sp., as well as indeterminate holoptychiid scales, osteolepidid scales of a new type from the Georgina Basin locality, and indeterminate onychodontid remains from both local- ities. Amadeodipterus n. gen. is a short-headed dipterid dipnoan with bones A and H enclosed into the skull roof; Muranjilepis n. gen. is a small form with short postparietal and parietoethmoidal shields, large orbits, and large pores of the sensory line system. It is closest to Thursius, and some Chinese osteolepidid material. Luckeus n. gen. is based on an onychodontid lower jaw with Meckel’s cartilage separately ossified perichondrally from the dentary and infradentary, and carrying the parasym- physial tooth whorl. Different osteichthyan taxa at the two localities indicate a difference in age and/or palaeoenvironment within the Early-Middle Devonian. -
(Sarcopterygii + Actinopterygii) Son El Grupo De Peces Más Diverso
OSTEICHTHYES (Sarcopterygii + Actinopterygii) Son el grupo de peces más diverso, contiene aproximadamente al 97% de todas las especies de peces Osteichthyes + Acanthodii formarían un grupo llamado Teleostomi, que sería el grupo hermano de Chondrichthyes La posición filogenética de Acanthodii ha sido discutida, a veces han sido relacionados a los ostracodermos, una rama independiente situada entre condríctios y osteíctios, o ubicados como un grupo de osteíctios SUBPHYLUM CRANIATA VERTEBRATA SUPERCLASE GNATHOSTOMATA (Chondrichthyes + Osteichthyes) EUTELEOSTOMI • Radios branquiostegos presentes Climatius (teleóstomo primitivo) OSTEICHTHYES •Con escamas óseas •Cráneo con suturas marcadas •Mandíbula superior formada por maxilar y premaxilar •Aberturas nasales dobles, más o menos dorsales •Desarrollo de un aparato opercular óseo dérmico •Aletas con rayos blandos, segmentados, de origen dérmico •Con pulmón o vejiga natatoria •Presencia de dientes en el paladar ORIGEN DE LOS OSTEÍCTIOS Los fósiles de los primeros peces óseos son muy similares a los acantodios, principalmente por numerosas características del cráneo y las mandíbulas, presencia de opérculo óseo, y rayos branquiostegos Esto hace pensar que los acantodios y los osteíctios comparten un ancestro común Zhu et al (1999) propusieron a Psarolepis como uno de estos posibles ancestros, dado que poseía una inusual combinación de caracteres de osteíctios y de no- osteíctios Guiyu (Silúrico, descripto en 2009) Constituiria elejemplar más cercano al Es un sarcopterigio basal, además de ser ancestro -
A Primitive Megalichthyid Fish (Sarcopterygii, Tetrapodomorpha)
A primitive megalichthyid fi sh (Sarcopterygii, Tetrapodomorpha) from the Upper Devonian of Turkey and its biogeographical implications Philippe JANVIER UMR 5143 du CNRS, Département Histoire de la Terre, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, case postale 38, 57 rue Cuvier, F-75231 Paris cedex 05 (France) [email protected] and Department of Palaeontology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD (United Kingdom) Gaël CLÉMENT UMR 5143 du CNRS, Département Histoire de la Terre, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, case postale 38, 57 rue Cuvier, F-75231 Paris cedex 05 (France) [email protected] Richard CLOUTIER Département de Biologie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec, G5L 3A1 (Canada) [email protected] Janvier P., Clément G. & Cloutier R. 2007. — A primitive megalichthyid fi sh (Sarcopterygii, Tetrapodomorpha) from the Upper Devonian of Turkey and its biogeographical implications. Geodiversitas 29 (2) : 249-268. ABSTRACT KEY WORDS Sarcopterygii, Th e vertebrate fauna of the red sandstone of Pamucak-Sapan Dere Unit of Tetrapodomorpha, the Upper Antalya Nappe (Frasnian?, Turkey) is reviewed on the basis of new Megalichthyidae, “Osteolepiformes”, material. Th e association of the phyllolepid Placolepis with the arthrodire Holo- Devonian, nema in this fauna strongly suggests a Frasnian age or, at any rate, older than Turkey, the Famennian. Th e unique osteolepiform sarcopterygian of this fauna is here biogeography, new genus, described in detail and referred to Sengoerichthys ottoman n. gen., n. sp., which new species. is considered as the most generalized megalichthyid known to date. GEODIVERSITAS • 2007 • 29 (2) © Publications Scientifi ques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. -
Достающее Звено. Книга 1. Обезьяны И Все-Все-Все Серия «Primus» Серия «Достающее Звено», Книга 1
Станислав Владимирович Дробышевский Достающее звено. Книга 1. Обезьяны и все-все-все Серия «Primus» Серия «Достающее звено», книга 1 Текст предоставлен правообладателем http://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=24427200 Достающее звено. Книга первая: Обезьяны и все-все-все / Станислав Дробышевский: АСТ : CORPUS; Москва; 2017 ISBN 978-5-17-099215-7 Аннотация Кто был непосредственным предком человека? Как выглядит цепь, на конце которой находится Homo sapiens, и все ли ее звенья на месте? Почему некоторые находки оказываются не тем, чем кажутся поначалу? И почему разумными стали именно гоминиды, а не другие млекопитающие? “Достающее звено” – история происхождения человека в двух книгах – подробно и увлекательно отвечает на эти и другие животрепещущие вопросы о нашем прошлом. Ведущий российский антрополог, научный редактор портала “Антропогенез.ру” и блестящий лектор Станислав Дробышевский знает об этом, вероятно, больше, чем любой другой живущий потомок палеоантропов, и как никто другой умеет заразить интересом к современной, бурно развивающейся науке, имеющей прямое отношение к каждому из нас. Первая книга посвящена тем, кто внес вклад в формирование нашего вида задолго до того, как мы встали на ноги, расправили плечи и отрастили мозг. Содержание Пролог, 8 Введение, 13 Методы познания бытия 18 Глава 1 20 Сила Духа: креационизм 22 Сила мысли: философские концепции 27 антропогенеза Сила доказательств: научные 32 концепции антропогенеза Глава 2 43 Палеоантропологические методы 43 Смежные науки 50 Глава 3 57 Особая обезьяна 67 Глава 4 67 Глава 5 77 Прямохождение 79 Рука, приспособленная к 115 использованию и изготовлению орудий Мозг 124 Тело человека от докембрия до наших 180 дней (история в четырнадцати звеньях с прологом и эпилогом) Пролог 180 Глава 6 185 Глава 7 190 Глава 8 201 Глава 9 220 Глава 10 230 Глава 11 239 Глава 12 251 Конец ознакомительного фрагмента. -
SCIENCE CHINA Cranial Morphology of the Silurian Sarcopterygian Guiyu Oneiros (Gnathostomata: Osteichthyes)
SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences • RESEARCH PAPER • December 2010 Vol.53 No.12: 1836–1848 doi: 10.1007/s11430-010-4089-6 Cranial morphology of the Silurian sarcopterygian Guiyu oneiros (Gnathostomata: Osteichthyes) QIAO Tuo1,2 & ZHU Min1* 1 Key Laboratory of Evolutionary Systematics of Vertebrates, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China; 2 Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China Received April 6, 2010; accepted July 13, 2010 Cranial morphological features of the stem-group sarcopterygian Guiyu oneiros Zhu et al., 2009 provided here include the dermal bone pattern and anatomical details of the ethmosphenoid. Based on those features, we restored, for the first time, the skull roof bone pattern in the Guiyu clade that comprises Psarolepis and Achoania. Comparisons with Onychodus, Achoania, coelacanths, and actinopterygians show that the posterior nostril enclosed by the preorbital or the preorbital process is shared by actinopterygians and sarcopterygians, and the lachrymals in sarcopterygians and actinopterygians are not homologous. The endocranium closely resembles that of Psarolepis, Achoania and Onychodus; however, the attachment area of the vomer pos- sesses irregular ridges and grooves as in Youngolepis and Diabolepis. The orbito-nasal canal is positioned mesial to the nasal capsule as in Youngolepis and porolepiforms. The position of the hypophysial canal at the same level or slightly anterior to the ethmoid articulation represents a synapmorphy of the Guiyu clade. The large attachment area of the basicranial muscle indi- cates the presence of a well-developed intracranial joint in Guiyu. Sarcopterygii, Osteichthyes, Cranial morphology, homology, Silurian, China Citation: Qiao T, Zhu M. -
Sarcopterygii, Tetrapodomorpha)
Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 421 Morphology, Taxonomy and Interrelationships of Tristichopterid Fishes (Sarcopterygii, Tetrapodomorpha) DANIEL SNITTING ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS ISSN 1651-6214 UPPSALA ISBN 978-91-554-7153-8 2008 urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8625 ! " ! #$ #%% &'$ ( ( ( ) * + , * - * #%% * . + / ( + " 0- + 1* ! * 2#* $2 * * /-3 45 646$$265$&6 * + 0- + 1 ( ( (* + ( ( , ( , , ( ( * 7 , ( ( 8 , ( ( (( 9* + ( , 9 , (, :( ( * / ( ( ( * + ( , , , * ; ( , ( ( + * + ( * ! ( , + ( , * + ( , 6, ( ( , ( < , , : * + , , < , , ( * ! ( * - + + + ! " # $ %& ' !()*+,- = - #%% /-- 8$68#2 /-3 45 646$$265$&6 ' ''' 6 8#$ 0 '>> **> ? @ ' ''' 6 8#$1 Et ignotas animum dimittit in artes. -Ovid, Metamorphoses VIII, 118 Trust your mechanic. -Dead Kennedys List of papers This thesis is based on the following papers, which will be referred to in the text by their Roman numerals: I Snitting, D. A redescription of the anatomy of Spodichthys buetleri Jarvik, 1985 (Sarcopterygii, Tetrapodomorpha) from -
Fin Ray Patterns at the Fin-To-Limb Transition
Fin ray patterns at the fin-to-limb transition Thomas A. Stewarta,1, Justin B. Lemberga, Natalia K. Taftb, Ihna Yooa, Edward B. Daeschlerc, and Neil H. Shubina,1 aDepartment of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; bDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin– Parkside, Kenosha, WI 53141; and cDepartment of Vertebrate Zoology, Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19103 Contributed by Neil H. Shubin, November 20, 2019 (sent for review September 17, 2019; reviewed by John R. Hutchinson and Adam Summers) The fin-to-limb transition was marked by the origin of digits and have a long unsegmented proximal region that spans most of the loss of dermal fin rays. Paleontological research into this the ray’slength(29,30),andraysoftheosteolepidGogonasus transformation has focused on the evolution of the endoskeleton, andrewsae have distinctive perforations and cross-sectional geometry with little attention paid to fin ray structure and function. To address (31). Broadly, the distribution and polarity of fin ray characters this knowledge gap, we study the dermal rays of the pectoral fins within tetrapodomorphs are undescribed, although it is hypothe- of 3 key tetrapodomorph taxa—Sauripterus taylori (Rhizodontida), sized that fin rays were reduced and ultimately lost as fin function Eusthenopteron foordi (Tristichopteridae), and Tiktaalik roseae shifted from resisting hydrodynamic forces to substrate-based (Elpistostegalia)—using computed tomography. These data show loading (32). several trends in the lineage leading to digited forms, including To understand how dermal rays evolved in the paired fins of the consolidation of fin rays (e.g., reduced segmentation and branch- tetrapodomorph fishes, we analyzed pectoral fins of 3 key taxa, ing), reduction of the fin web, and unexpectedly, the evolution of which are listed here by increasing proximity to the tetrapod crown asymmetry between dorsal and ventral hemitrichia. -
Lungfishes, Tetrapods, Paleontology, and Plesiomorphy
LUNGFISHES, TETRAPODS, PALEONTOLOGY, AND PLESIOMORPHY DONN E. ROSEN Curator, Department of Ichthyology American Museum of Natural History Adjunct Professor, City University of New York PETER L. FOREY Principal Scientific Officer, Department of Palaeontology British Museum (Natural History) BRIAN G. GARDINER Reader in Zoology, SirJohn Atkins Laboratories Queen Elizabeth College, London COLIN PATTERSON Research Associate, Department of Ichthyology American Museum of Natural History Senior Principal Scientyifc Officer, Department of Palaeontology British Museum (Natural History) BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME 167: ARTICLE 4 NEW YORK: 1981 BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 167, article 4, pages 159-276, figures 1-62, tables 1,2 Issued February 26, 1981 Price: $6.80 a copy ISSN 0003-0090 Copyright © American Museum of Natural History 1981 CONTENTS Abstract ........................................ 163 Introduction ...................... ........................ 163 Historical Survey ...................... ........................ 166 Choana, Nostrils, and Snout .............................................. 178 (A) Initial Comparisons and Inferences .......................................... 178 (B) Nasal Capsule ............. ................................. 182 (C) Choana and Nostril in Dipnoans ............................................ 184 (D) Choana and Nostril in Rhipidistians ........................................ 187 (E) Choana and Nostril in Tetrapods .......................................... -
Scotopic Rod Vision in Tetrapods Arose from Multiple Early Adaptive Shifts In
Scotopic rod vision in tetrapods arose from multiple BRIEF REPORT early adaptive shifts in the rate of retinal release Yang Liua,1, Yimeng Cuia, Hai Chia, Yu Xiaa, Haonan Liua, Stephen J. Rossiterb,1, and Shuyi Zhanga,1 aKey Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; and bSchool of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom Edited by W. Ford Doolittle, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada, and approved May 17, 2019 (received for review January 11, 2019) The ability of vertebrates to occupy diverse niches has been linked finned fishes (Sarcopterygii) (from 14.8 to 19.44 min). None of to the spectral properties of rhodopsin, conferring rod-based these values were greater than the cow’s t1/2, again suggesting vision in low-light conditions. More recent insights have come that these ancestors were less low-light adapted. from nonspectral kinetics, including the retinal release rate of the Two more dramatic shifts toward increasingly scotopic vision active state of rhodopsin, a key aspect of scotopic vision that occurred during the transition of early vertebrates to a terrestrial shows strong associations with light environments in diverse taxa. niche. We detected jumps in t1/2 from 19.44 min in the ancestor We examined the retinal release rates in resurrected proteins of Sarcopterygii to 29.1 min in that of Rhipidistia (tetrapods plus across early vertebrates and show that the earliest forms were lungfish), and then to 54.56 min in the Tetrapoda (a value 2 characterized by much faster rates of retinal release than more times longer than the cow’s t1/2) (Fig. -
Fishes of the World
Fishes of the World Fishes of the World Fifth Edition Joseph S. Nelson Terry C. Grande Mark V. H. Wilson Cover image: Mark V. H. Wilson Cover design: Wiley This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with the respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be createdor extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation.