Достающее Звено. Книга 1. Обезьяны И Все-Все-Все Серия «Primus» Серия «Достающее Звено», Книга 1
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Tiktaalik: Reconstructed at Left Tetrapod Testimony
Fa m i liar Fossils Tiktaalik fossil at right and Fossil site Tiktaalik: reconstructed at left Tetrapod Testimony IMAGINE a creature that looks like a crocodile with a neck but which also has gills like a fish! The stuff of nightmares, did you say? But it is just Tiktaalik roseae – a fish-like fossil that was introduced to the year old rocks. world on April 2006 by a team of researchers led by Neil They had a pretty Shubin, Edward Daeschler and Farish Jenkins, who clear idea about uncovered this bizarre specimen. It has been hailed as what sort of being the species that blurs the boundary between fish animal they were and the four-legged tetrapods. looking for. Tiktaalik was found on Ellesmere Island, Canada, However, success not too far from the North Pole in the Arctic Circle. It has was not been described as, “a cross between a fish and a crocodile.” immediate. It took It lived in the Devonian era lasting from 417m to 354m them five separate years ago. The name Tiktaalik is the Inuktitut word for expeditions to the freshwater fish burbot (Lota lota). The name was Canada before they suggested by Inuit elders of the area where the fossil was raised the discovered. The specific name roseae holds the clue to Tiktaalik. the name of an anonymous donor and is a tribute to the Tiktaalik was dubbed a “fishapod” by Daeschler. The person. media called it a “missing link” between fish and the Tiktaalik was a fish no doubt but a special one. Its four-legged tetrapods. -
Constraints on the Timescale of Animal Evolutionary History
Palaeontologia Electronica palaeo-electronica.org Constraints on the timescale of animal evolutionary history Michael J. Benton, Philip C.J. Donoghue, Robert J. Asher, Matt Friedman, Thomas J. Near, and Jakob Vinther ABSTRACT Dating the tree of life is a core endeavor in evolutionary biology. Rates of evolution are fundamental to nearly every evolutionary model and process. Rates need dates. There is much debate on the most appropriate and reasonable ways in which to date the tree of life, and recent work has highlighted some confusions and complexities that can be avoided. Whether phylogenetic trees are dated after they have been estab- lished, or as part of the process of tree finding, practitioners need to know which cali- brations to use. We emphasize the importance of identifying crown (not stem) fossils, levels of confidence in their attribution to the crown, current chronostratigraphic preci- sion, the primacy of the host geological formation and asymmetric confidence intervals. Here we present calibrations for 88 key nodes across the phylogeny of animals, rang- ing from the root of Metazoa to the last common ancestor of Homo sapiens. Close attention to detail is constantly required: for example, the classic bird-mammal date (base of crown Amniota) has often been given as 310-315 Ma; the 2014 international time scale indicates a minimum age of 318 Ma. Michael J. Benton. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, U.K. [email protected] Philip C.J. Donoghue. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, U.K. [email protected] Robert J. -
Early Tetrapod Relationships Revisited
Biol. Rev. (2003), 78, pp. 251–345. f Cambridge Philosophical Society 251 DOI: 10.1017/S1464793102006103 Printed in the United Kingdom Early tetrapod relationships revisited MARCELLO RUTA1*, MICHAEL I. COATES1 and DONALD L. J. QUICKE2 1 The Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637-1508, USA ([email protected]; [email protected]) 2 Department of Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL57PY, UK and Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW75BD, UK ([email protected]) (Received 29 November 2001; revised 28 August 2002; accepted 2 September 2002) ABSTRACT In an attempt to investigate differences between the most widely discussed hypotheses of early tetrapod relation- ships, we assembled a new data matrix including 90 taxa coded for 319 cranial and postcranial characters. We have incorporated, where possible, original observations of numerous taxa spread throughout the major tetrapod clades. A stem-based (total-group) definition of Tetrapoda is preferred over apomorphy- and node-based (crown-group) definitions. This definition is operational, since it is based on a formal character analysis. A PAUP* search using a recently implemented version of the parsimony ratchet method yields 64 shortest trees. Differ- ences between these trees concern: (1) the internal relationships of aı¨stopods, the three selected species of which form a trichotomy; (2) the internal relationships of embolomeres, with Archeria -
Center for Systematic Biology & Evolution
CENTER FOR SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY & EVOLUTION 2008 ACTIVITY REPORT BY THE NUMBERS Research Visitors ....................... 253 Student Visitors.......................... 230 Other Visitors.......................... 1,596 TOTAL....................... 2,079 Outgoing Loans.......................... 535 Specimens/Lots Loaned........... 6,851 Information Requests .............. 1,294 FIELD WORK Botany - Uruguay Diatoms – Russia (Commander Islands, Kamchatka, Magdan) Entomology – Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Hawaii, Lesotho, Minnesota, Mississippi, Mongolia, Namibia, New Jersey, New Mexico, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Africa, Tennessee LMSE – Zambia Ornithology – Alaska, England Vertebrate Paleontology – Canada (Nunavut Territory), Pennsylvania PROPOSALS BOTANY . Digitization of Latin American, African and other type specimens of plants at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Global Plants Initiative (GPI), Mellon Foundation Award. DIATOMS . Algal Research and Ecologival Synthesis for the USGS National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program Cooperative Agreement 3. Co-PI with Don Charles (Patrick Center for Environmental Research, Phycology). Collaborative Research on Ecosystem Monitoring in the Russian Northern Far-East, Trust for Mutual Understanding Grant. CSBE Activity Report - 2008 . Diatoms of the Northcentral Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Wild Rescue Conservation Grant. Renovation and Computerization of the Diatom Herbarium at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, National -
Phylogeny of Basal Tetrapoda
Stuart S. Sumida Biology 342 Phylogeny of Basal Tetrapoda The group of bony fishes that gave rise to land-dwelling vertebrates and their descendants (Tetrapoda, or colloquially, “tetrapods”) was the lobe-finned fishes, or Sarcopterygii. Sarcoptrygii includes coelacanths (which retain one living form, Latimeria), lungfish, and crossopterygians. The transition from sarcopterygian fishes to stem tetrapods proceeded through a series of groups – not all of which are included here. There was no sharp and distinct transition, rather it was a continuum from very tetrapod-like fishes to very fish-like tetrapods. SARCOPTERYGII – THE LOBE-FINNED FISHES Includes •Actinista (including Coelacanths) •Dipnoi (lungfishes) •Crossopterygii Crossopterygians include “tetrapods” – 4- legged land-dwelling vertebrates. The Actinista date back to the Devonian. They have very well developed lobed-fins. There remains one livnig representative of the group, the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae. A lungfish The Crossopterygii include numerous representatives, the best known of which include Eusthenopteron (pictured here) and Panderichthyes. Panderichthyids were the most tetrapod-like of the sarcopterygian fishes. Panderichthyes – note the lack of dorsal fine, but retention of tail fin. Coelacanths Lungfish Rhizodontids Eusthenopteron Panderichthyes Tiktaalik Ventastega Acanthostega Ichthyostega Tulerpeton Whatcheeria Pederpes More advanced amphibians Tiktaalik roseae – a lobe-finned fish intermediate between typical sarcopterygians and basal tetrapods. Mid to Late Devonian; 375 million years old. The back end of Tiktaalik’s skull is intermediate between fishes and tetrapods. Tiktaalik is a fish with wrist bones, yet still retaining fin rays. The posture of Tiktaalik’s fin/limb is intermediate between that of fishes an tetrapods. Coelacanths Lungfish Rhizodontids Eusthenopteron Panderichthyes Tiktaalik Ventastega Acanthostega Ichthyostega Tulerpeton Whatcheeria Pederpes More advanced amphibians Reconstructions of the basal tetrapod Ventastega. -
Terrestrial-Style Feeding in a Very Early Aquatic Tetrapod Is Supported by Evidence from Experimental Analysis of Suture Morphology
Terrestrial-style feeding in a very early aquatic tetrapod is supported by evidence from experimental analysis of suture morphology Molly J. Markey*† and Charles R. Marshall*‡ *Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and ‡Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 Communicated by Andrew H. Knoll, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, March 6, 2007 (received for review September 25, 2006) There is no consensus on when in the fish-tetrapod transition stega, captured prey using suction or biting (15). Specifically, the suction feeding, the primary method of prey capture in the aquatic fishes Eusthenopteron, Panderichthys, and Tiktaalik, and the early realm, evolved into the direct biting on prey typical of terrestrial tetrapod Ventastega, all possess large coronoid fangs, whereas animals. Here, we show that differences in the morphology of se- these teeth are absent in the more derived Acanthostega.In lected cranial sutures between species that span the fish–tetrapod addition, Eusthenopteron and Panderichthys both exhibit an transition (the Devonian osteolepiform fish Eusthenopteron, the ossified operculum, whereas the bony gill cover is lost in aquatic Devonian tetrapod Acanthostega, and the Permian terres- Tiktaalik, Ventastega, and Acanthostega. Finally, the glenoid fossa trial tetrapod Phonerpeton) can be used to infer when terrestrial of the articular faces posteriordorsally in the fish taxa discussed feeding first appeared. Our approach consists of defining a sutural here (Eusthenopteron, Panderichthys, and Tiktaalik) whereas, in morphospace, assigning functional fields to that morphospace the tetrapods Ventastega and Acanthostega, this fossa points based on our previous measurements of suture function made dorsally, indicating that the lower jaw changed the nature of its during feeding in the living fish Polypterus, inferring the functions articulation to the skull across the fish–tetrapod transition. -
Teacher's Guide: Tiktaalik: a Fish out of Water
Teacher’s Guide: Tiktaalik: A Fish Out of Water Recommended Grade Level: 5–8 (also applicable to grades 9–12 for students requiring significant support in learning) Suggested Time: About 50–60 minutes spread over one or more class periods, plus additional time to complete a writing assignment Goals Vocabulary Following are the big ideas that students • fossil should take away after completing this lesson: • characteristic • Transitional fossils help scientists establish • transition how living things are related • tetrapod • Physical features and behaviors may • species change over time to help living things sur- vive where they live • amphibian • evolution Key Literacy Strategies Following are the primary literacy strategies students will use to complete this activity: • Categorizing basic facts and ideas (screen 10) • Making inferences (screens 4 and 7, writing assignment 2) • Identifying and using text features (screens 4, 6, and 9) • Determining important information (screen 7, writing assignment 1) • Sequencing events (screen 9) Note: In addition to using the key literacy strategies listed above, students will use each of the strategies below to complete this lesson: • Monitoring comprehension • Synthesizing • Making predictions • Developing vocabulary • Connecting prior knowledge to new learning • Developing a topic in writing • Identifying and using text features (photographs, captions, diagrams, and/or maps) Overview Tiktaalik: A Fish Out of Water is a student-directed learning experience. However, while students are expected to work through the lesson on their own, teachers should be available to keep the lesson on track, organize groupings, facilitate discussions, answer questions, and ensure that all learning goals are met. Teacher’s Guide: Tiktaalik: A Fish Out of Water 1 The following is a summary of the lesson screens: Screen 1: Students learn that they will explore evolutionary relationships between animal groups that do not appear to be related. -
From Sea to Slime: Evolution of Amphibians Late Devonian: Rhipidistians an Important Link: Tooth Structure Skeletal Modification
Late Devonian: Rhipidistians From Sea to Slime: Evolution of Amphibians Lungs were developed in two groups of lobe-finned fishes - Rhipidistians and lungfishes . The Rhipidistians are considered to be the ultimate ancestors of later land animals. Rhipidistians such as Eusthenopteron had evolved "land animal-like features": Eusthenopteron Skeletal Modifications An Important Link: Tooth Structure Labyrinthodont tooth Labyrinthodont tooth of Rhipidistian fish of early amphibian (Eusthenopteron) (Archegosaurus) Labyrinthodont tooth structure (with complexly infolded enamel) is shared between Rhipidistian fishes and the earliest amphibians. This strongly supports a close relationship between the two groups. 1 Late Devonian: Ichthyostega and Acanthostega -Ichthyostega was a cross between a fish and an amphibian -Ichthyostega had legs and walked and was a true tetrapod. -With true legs, it could live on land for extended periods. -The primitive amphibians like Ichthyostega had a special kind of skin that helped them retain bodily fluids and deter desiccation. -Stronger skeletons allowed the primitive amphibians to live more comfortably with the increased gravity on land. -Animals like Ichthyostega used their limbs for locomotion and their tails for balance. Ichthyostega Carboniferous to Permian Evolution of neck and ear · Amphibian nostrils became increasingly functional for breathing air. · Amphibians evolved "hands" and "feet" with five digits. · Amphibian tails became reduced in size. · Amphibian backbones grew stronger (this enabled amphibian bodies to grow bigger). · Amphibians obtained eardrums. -Fishes need limbs to support bodies and ears to hear sounds in the air. -Fins changed to limbs -Several bones of the skull changed to the shoulder bones -Tongue cartilage (part of the jaw in fish) became an ear bone. -
Physical and Environmental Drivers of Paleozoic Tetrapod Dispersal Across Pangaea
ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07623-x OPEN Physical and environmental drivers of Paleozoic tetrapod dispersal across Pangaea Neil Brocklehurst1,2, Emma M. Dunne3, Daniel D. Cashmore3 &Jӧrg Frӧbisch2,4 The Carboniferous and Permian were crucial intervals in the establishment of terrestrial ecosystems, which occurred alongside substantial environmental and climate changes throughout the globe, as well as the final assembly of the supercontinent of Pangaea. The fl 1234567890():,; in uence of these changes on tetrapod biogeography is highly contentious, with some authors suggesting a cosmopolitan fauna resulting from a lack of barriers, and some iden- tifying provincialism. Here we carry out a detailed historical biogeographic analysis of late Paleozoic tetrapods to study the patterns of dispersal and vicariance. A likelihood-based approach to infer ancestral areas is combined with stochastic mapping to assess rates of vicariance and dispersal. Both the late Carboniferous and the end-Guadalupian are char- acterised by a decrease in dispersal and a vicariance peak in amniotes and amphibians. The first of these shifts is attributed to orogenic activity, the second to increasing climate heterogeneity. 1 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK. 2 Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany. 3 School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. 4 Institut -
Getting a Leg up on Land
GETTING A LEG UP in the almost four billion years since life on earth oozed into existence, evolution has generated some marvelous metamorphoses. One of the most spectacular is surely that which produced terrestrial creatures ON bearing limbs, fingers and toes from water-bound fish with fins. Today this group, the tetrapods, encompasses everything from birds and their dinosaur ancestors to lizards, snakes, turtles, frogs and mammals, in- cluding us. Some of these animals have modified or lost their limbs, but their common ancestor had them—two in front and two in back, where LAND fins once flicked instead. Recent fossil discoveries cast The replacement of fins with limbs was a crucial step in this transfor- mation, but it was by no means the only one. As tetrapods ventured onto light on the evolution of shore, they encountered challenges that no vertebrate had ever faced be- four-limbed animals from fish fore—it was not just a matter of developing legs and walking away. Land is a radically different medium from water, and to conquer it, tetrapods BY JENNIFER A. CLACK had to evolve novel ways to breathe, hear, and contend with gravity—the list goes on. Once this extreme makeover reached completion, however, the land was theirs to exploit. Until about 15 years ago, paleontologists understood very little about the sequence of events that made up the transition from fish to tetrapod. We knew that tetrapods had evolved from fish with fleshy fins akin to today’s lungfish and coelacanth, a relation first proposed by American paleontologist Edward D. -
The Devonian Tetrapod Acanthostega Gunnari Jarvik: Postcranial Anatomy, Basal Tetrapod Interrelationships and Patterns of Skeletal Evolution M
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 87, 363-421, 1996 The Devonian tetrapod Acanthostega gunnari Jarvik: postcranial anatomy, basal tetrapod interrelationships and patterns of skeletal evolution M. I. Coates ABSTRACT: The postcranial skeleton of Acanthostega gunnari from the Famennian of East Greenland displays a unique, transitional, mixture of features conventionally associated with fish- and tetrapod-like morphologies. The rhachitomous vertebral column has a primitive, barely differentiated atlas-axis complex, encloses an unconstricted notochordal canal, and the weakly ossified neural arches have poorly developed zygapophyses. More derived axial skeletal features include caudal vertebral proliferation and, transiently, neural radials supporting unbranched and unsegmented lepidotrichia. Sacral and post-sacral ribs reiterate uncinate cervical and anterior thoracic rib morphologies: a simple distal flange supplies a broad surface for iliac attachment. The octodactylous forelimb and hindlimb each articulate with an unsutured, foraminate endoskeletal girdle. A broad-bladed femoral shaft with extreme anterior torsion and associated flattened epipodials indicates a paddle-like hindlimb function. Phylogenetic analysis places Acanthostega as the sister- group of Ichthyostega plus all more advanced tetrapods. Tulerpeton appears to be a basal stem- amniote plesion, tying the amphibian-amniote split to the uppermost Devonian. Caerorhachis may represent a more derived stem-amniote plesion. Postcranial evolutionary trends spanning the taxa traditionally associated with the fish-tetrapod transition are discussed in detail. Comparison between axial skeletons of primitive tetrapods suggests that plesiomorphic fish-like morphologies were re-patterned in a cranio-caudal direction with the emergence of tetrapod vertebral regionalisation. The evolution of digited limbs lags behind the initial enlargement of endoskeletal girdles, whereas digit evolution precedes the elaboration of complex carpal and tarsal articulations. -
Film Guide for Teachers
FILM GUIDE FOR TEACHERS KEY CONCEPTS • The human body contains genes and structures that we inherited from distant animal ancestors. • Evolution, including human evolution, is a story of losses and gains in both genes and anatomy. • Research in various scientific disciplines — including paleontology, comparative anatomy, developmental biology, and genetics — provides evidence of our evolutionary history. • Humans are related to all other life on the planet. The phylogenetic tree of life is a representation of the evolutionary relationships among all species, including humans. • Relationships among species are deduced from shared characteristics, including sequences of DNA. • Humans are descendants of extinct species. While all species, both living and extinct, are related to humans, most of them are not in our direct lineage. • Transitional fossils provide evidence for the origin and divergence of major biological lineages — a lineage being a sequence of species that evolved from a common ancestor. Transitional fossils represent the ancestors of new groups of organisms and show us how new lineages evolved. • Very similar genes control the development of related structures in different animals. Examples of such structures include fins and limbs; scales, hair, teeth and sweat glands; and brains and nerve networks. CURRICULUM CONNECTIONS Textbook/Curriculum Chapter Sections/Curriculum Topics Miller and Levine, Biology (2010 ed.) 16.4, 17.4, 19.1, 25.2, 26.2, 26.3 Reece et al., Campbell Biology (9th ed.) 22.2, 22.3, 25.2, 25.5, 26.2, 26.4,